Jan Kok
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 276916 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Jan Kok |
| NOMBRES | Jan |
| APELLIDO | Kok |
| FIRMA | KOK J |
| AFILIACIONES | Radboud University Nijmegen |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4010-2979 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 66 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 184 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 66 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1995 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
The decline of child stunting in 122 countries
INTRODUCTION: Child stunting, a measure of malnutrition, is a major global health challenge affecting 148.1 million children in 2022. Global stunting rates have declined from 47.2% in 1985 to 22.3% in 2022; however, trends before the mid-1980s are unclear, including whether child stunting was previously prevalent in current high-income countries (HICs). We conducted a systematic review of child growth studies before 1990 to reconstruct historical…
Moving targets in historical family demography. Reflections on a personal research agenda
Contains fulltext : 332331.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Fast Life Histories in Response to Death Clustering, Antwerp 1846–1910
Evolutionary biology predicts that when confronted with conditions of high mortality humans, like other species, will respond to these circumstances with a fast life history strategy with early sexual maturation, riskier courtship and earlier reproduction. Such responses in the form of an earlier start of menarche for women and lower ages at first sex and birth have already been found in contemporary populations, but there is far fewer research o…
Introduction
Over the past two centuries, global health has undergone a revolutionary transformation, with life expectancy more than doubling. While the decline in the burden of infant and childhood mortality has contributed significantly to this improvement, all age groups have experienced remarkable improvements in health and longevity. Yet this health revolution has been uneven and remains incomplete. This introductory article discusses key theoretical fra…
Host-Country Identification Among Early Modern Immigrants
This article investigates how early modern migrants articulated identification with their host society in the context of the late eighteenth-century Dutch Republic, a period preceding modern nationalism. Drawing on a unique dataset derived from the Prize Papers – a collection of testimonies from captured sailors interrogated by British Admiralty courts – we analyze migrants’ declarations of sovereign allegiance. We assess how factors such as dura…
Effects of life-place trajectories based on municipality of residence on old-age mortality
Research has shown that the place of residence may affect health and wellbeing but there has been little attention on whether long life-place trajectories based on municipality of residence are associated with old-age mortality. By applying a "life course of place" approach to health in later life, our aims are to examine (a) what patterns in individuals’ life-place trajectories during the first fifty years of life were identified in terms of pro…
Genetic and Shared-Environment Effects on Stature and Lifespan. A Study of Dutch Birth Cohorts (1785–1920) Based on Genealogies
Historical demography is generally concerned with the changing economic, social and normative contexts of human behaviour and health outcomes. To most historical demographers, the 'genetic' component of behaviour and health is either unknown or assumed to be constant. However, several studies point at the shift over time in the relative importance of environment and genes: in periods and social groups with strong normative or economic constraints…
Transgenerational effects of early-life experiences on descendants’ height and life span. An explorative study using Texel Island (Netherlands) genealogies, 18 th -21 st centuries
Early-life experiences can have lasting effects on health across multiple generations. The pathways of these transgenerational transmissions are difficult to explore, because of the complex interactions of social and biological factors involved. This study explores the potential role of one such pathway – inherited epigenetic modifications to gene expression – by controlling for shared environmental factors. It uses a database constructed from de…
Casting shadows
The central question in this special issue is a relatively new one in anthropometric history: how did body height affect the life course? This raises the issue of whether such an effect merely captures the underlying early-life conditions that impact growth, or whether some independent effect of stature can be discerned. Further, the effects of height on later-life outcomes need not be linear. These effects may also differ by gender, by context (…
Slavery in Suriname. A Reconstruction of Life Courses, 1830–1863
The slavenregisters or slave registers of Suriname offer a unique perspective on the social and demographic history of a people in bondage. Thanks to a citizen science project, the archival sources were transcribed in 2017 by hundreds of volunteers. The transcriptions were used to create a longitudinal database of more than 90,000 enslaved persons. This paper describes the sources, data entry, and cleaning to create a standardized database as wel…
Hostages of time
Parallèlement au baby boom , la période qui a suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale correspond à un autre changement démographique en Europe et plus largement dans l’espace occidental, nettement moins étudié : l’ère du baby scoop , soit une augmentation des grossesses hors mariage suivi d’un accroissement du nombre d’enfants confiés à l’adoption. Cette étude explore ces changements sociaux et démographiques à la lumière du cas néerlandais où l’adoptio…
Hostages of time
Parallèlement au baby boom , la période qui a suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale correspond à un autre changement démographique en Europe et plus largement dans l’espace occidental, nettement moins étudié : l’ère du baby scoop , soit une augmentation des grossesses hors mariage suivi d’un accroissement du nombre d’enfants confiés à l’adoption. Cette étude explore ces changements sociaux et démographiques à la lumière du cas néerlandais où l’adoptio…
Internal migrant trajectories within The Netherlands, 1850–1972
Based on the life course perspective, this work adopts a sequence analysis approach to examine internal migrant trajectories and their interdependencies with life course factors. The analyses are based on longitudinal data from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands. The internal migrant trajectories of Dutch cohorts born between 1850 and 1922 are followed from birth until age fifty. Two sequence analysis methods are applied: (1) main migration…
Coping with ageing
A return migration later in life can be seen as a coping strategy to deal with care needs and other difficulties. Understanding these return migrations requires a comprehensive approach that takes previous migrant trajectories into account
Persecuted or permitted? Fraternal Polyandry in a Calvinist colony, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Several studies assume that Calvinist Christianity severely undermined or even persecuted the practice of polyandry in the Sri Lankan areas under Dutch control. We analyze Dutch colonial policy and Church activities toward polyandry by combining ecclesiastical and legal sources. Moreover, we use the Dutch colonial administration of the Sinhalese population to estimate the prevalence of polyandry. We conclude that polyandry was far from extinct by…
Not Like Everybody Else. Essays in Honor of Kees Mandemakers
This collection of essays pays tribute to Kees Mandemaker's great contribution to the data infrastructure of social science history, in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Several essays discuss (the future of) historical databases. Yet other provide examples of research on topics covering important life course transitions. All demonstrate the scale, scope and variation of research based on well-constructed databases
The Life Span of Large Historical Databases
Large historical databases, although intended to last for a long time, can become obsolete for a variety of reasons. In this essay these reasons are explored and used for a 'health check' of the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN). The HSN leaders are examined for their visionary qualities and their sense of ownership, and the database for its complementarity, versatility and consistency. The essay concludes that, despite challenges ahead,…
Kept in the Family
Widowhood involves many practical challenges next to the emotional impact of bereavement. Remarriage to a blood relative of a deceased spouse can often help a bereaved spouse to solve issues related to inheritance, child care, and comfort in a stressful period. A study of 15,540 widowers and 18,837 widows in the Dutch province of Zeeland-of whom about 8,000 men and 5,000 women eventually remarried-which uses genealogical data about their partners…
Jochem Kroes, Bij de groote op Texel. De elite van het eiland Texel in de lange achttiende eeuw (1700-1810)
n Contains fulltext :\n 230319.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Dutch Lives. The Historical Sample of the Netherlands (1987–)
The HSN was initiated during the period 1987–1989 when an interdisciplinary and interuniversity group of Dutch scholars started discussing the foundation of one large database with data on individuals. Building one general prospective database with multiple research possibilities was considered as the only way to realize a cost-effective and properly documented tool for historical research from economic, social, demographic, epidemiological and g…
The Thombo Treasure. Colonial Population Administration as Source for the Historical Demography of Early Modern Sri Lanka
During their occupation of Sri Lanka (1640–1796) and following Sinhalese and Portuguese practices, the Dutch created an elaborate registration of people, estates, and labour services. The administrative records known as the thombos are incomparable in their level of detail, yet they have hardly been used for the purposes of demographic or economic history. This article describes the challenges involved in ‘decoding’ the thombos, that is, reconstr…
Drafting the Dutch
Conscription records are considered to be the best sources for studying heights over cohorts. This article discusses the various steps and selection mechanisms involved in the conscription system of the Netherlands, which was more or less similar to the systems found in other European countries. Starting with a birth cohort of 4,436 boys, we run a series of regressions on the likelihood to be registered at all and to have one’s height recorded. W…
Homemakers and heights. Intra-household resource allocation and male stature in the Netherlands, 1860–1930
Introduction
Systematic research on urban-rural variation in demographic behavior is necessary to overcome dichotomous views resulting from studying cities and the countryside separately. After all, a web of interactions facilitating the diffusion of ideas and behavior connects cities and rural areas. That is why it is especially important to study the comportment of migrants moving between urban and rural environments. In line with this argument five case st…
Contested conjugality? Sinhalese marriage practices in eighteenth-century Dutch colonial Sri Lanka
A mixed effects model of birth spacing for pre-transition populations
n Contains fulltext :\n 86608.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Birth Spacing in the Netherlands. The Effects of Family Composition, Occupation and Religion on Birth Intervals, 1820–1885
Sibship size and status attainment across contexts
This paper investigates the effects of sibship size on status attainment across different contexts and subgroups. Resource dilution theory predicts that with larger sibship size, childrenâ s status outcomes fall. However, the empirical record has shown
Youth labor migration and its family setting, The Netherlands 1850–1940
This article is based on the reconstructed life course patterns of about 1500 adolescent men and women, born between 1833 and 1912 in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The incidence of youth migration is investigated by sex, birth period, and birthplace. The influence of the family on the decision to migrate is analyzed with event history techniques. The results are evaluated in the context of regional customs related to the process of leaving home.…
They Live in Indifference Together”
This article investigates developments in and antecedents of socially mixed marriage in the rural Dutch province of Zeeland during the long nineteenth century, taking individual and family histories, community contexts, and temporal influences into account. A government report of the 1850s said of Zeeland that farmers and workers lived “in indifference together”. However, our analysis of about 163,000 marriage certificates reveals that 30 to 40 p…
Permanent Celibacy and Late Marriage in the Netherlands, 1890-1960
Demographers usually assume that the proportion never marrying and age at marriage vary together, since permanent celibacy is held to be merely the consequence of delayed marriage. By observing a representative sample extracted from the cohorts born between 1890 and 1909 in the Netherlands, Theo ENGELEN and Jan KOK show that this is not always the case. In thefirst half of the twentieth century, very high levels of permanent celibacy coexisted wi…
The role of religion in the Dutch fertility transition
This contribution investigates how religion retarded the Dutch fertility transition by looking at how denominations were associated with the timing of first births (starting), the length of birth intervals (spacing), and the timing of last births (stopping). First, we apply a simple descriptive model of starting, spacing, and stopping to life-course data from the province of Utrecht. Then, we apply multivariate regression to assess the independen…
Choices and constraints in the migration of families
This article is based on the migration trajectories of several hundreds of families from the centrally located province of Utrecht (the Netherlands) in the period between 1850 and 1940. How were timing and frequencies of moves and their distances related to the circumstances and needs of the families involved? Family migrations in this area can best be understood as short-term adaptations rather than as strategies for future improvement. The freq…
Bridegrooms and Biases
Contrôle social et transmission intergénérationnelle de l'âge au mariage en Hollande rurale de 1850 à 1940
Cet article étudie la transmission intergénérationnelle de l'âge au premier mariage de mère en fille en Hollande-du-Nord rurale, entre 1850 et 1940, avant et pendant les premières étapes de transition de la fécondité. À partir d'une base de données détaillée, complétée par la reconstitution des familles des filles émigrées dans les autres provinces, des modèles multiniveaux sont utilisés pour analyser l'effet des caractéristiques familiales des m…
Digital thombos
The Sri Lanka National Archives (SLNA) in Colombo preserve under the names of head thombo and land thombo several hundreds of eighteenth-century registers on family composition and landownership. At the time of their compilation by the Dutch East India Company or VOC the thombos suited a general administrative purpose; currently they are used only in genealogical research and in court cases concerning land disputes. Demographic, family and coloni…
A life-course approach to co-residence in the Netherlands, 1850–1940
In this article, we study variations in co-residence with kin in the Netherlands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We use the reconstructed life courses of 17,527 individuals derived from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN) database. The life-course approach allows us to look at co-residence from the perspectives of both the receiving households and the co-resident kin. What made households take in relatives and do …
Social Control and the Intergenerational Transmission of Age at Marriage in Rural Holland, 1850-1940
Cet article étudie la transmission intergénérationnelle de l’âge au premier mariage de mère en fille en Hollande-du-Nord rurale, entre 1850 et 1940, avant et pendant les premières étapes de transition de la fécondité. À partir d’une base de données détaillée, complétée par la reconstitution des familles des filles émigrées dans les autres provinces, des modèles multiniveaux sont utilisés pour analyser l’effet des caractéristiques familiales des m…
Célibat définitif et mariage tardif aux Pays-Bas, 1890-1960
Cet article traite des deux mécanismes bien connus de limitation de l'accès au mariage en Europe. La question est de savoir si le célibat définitif est une conséquence non intentionnelle du report du mariage, ou s'il peut être vu comme un phénomène plus ou moins indépendant. Nous utilisons un échantillon représentatif des générations nées aux Pays-Bas de 1890 à 1909 pour comparer les trajectoires biographiques des personnes qui ne se sont jamais …
Slavery in Suriname. A Reconstruction of Life Courses, 1830–1863
The slavenregisters or slave registers of Suriname offer a unique perspective on the social and demographic history of a people in bondage. Thanks to a citizen science project, the archival sources were transcribed in 2017 by hundreds of volunteers. The transcriptions were used to create a longitudinal database of more than 90,000 enslaved persons. This paper describes the sources, data entry, and cleaning to create a standardized database as wel…
A lost family-planning regime in eighteenth-century Ceylon
Based on Dutch colonial registers (thombos), this paper reconstructs fertility for two districts in Ceylon, 1756-68. It overcomes challenges in data quality by establishing the outer bounds of plausible estimates in a series of scenarios. Among these, total fertility rates (TFRs) averaged 5.5 in one district, but only 2.7 in the other. These figures exclude the victims of infanticide, a custom noted in European travelogues between about 1660 and …
Cohabitation in Europe
Unmarried cohabitation is often seen as a radically ‘new’ phenomenon, originating in the 1960s, but in fact it has long historical antecedents. The question is, however, whether traditional and modern cohabitation are comparable and whether we can speak of persistence. This article offers a literature review on cohabitation in Europe, with the focus on persistence over time, integrating the results of a 2013 conference on this topic. What sources…
Rebellious Families
Internal migrant trajectories within The Netherlands, 1850–1972
Based on the life course perspective, this work adopts a sequence analysis approach to examine internal migrant trajectories and their interdependencies with life course factors. The analyses are based on longitudinal data from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands. The internal migrant trajectories of Dutch cohorts born between 1850 and 1922 are followed from birth until age fifty. Two sequence analysis methods are applied: (1) main migration…
Life and Death of Singles in Dutch Cities, 1850-1940
Our study entails a quantitative analysis of the life courses of permanent celibates in Dutch cities. We make use of a large database with randomly selected life courses (Historical Sample of the Netherlands), which covers the entire country in the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. The database allows us to look at the family backgrounds, households, and mortality of urban singles. Singles were characteriz…
Van geboortebank tot collaboratory. Een reflectie op twintig jaar dataverzameling en onderzoek met de HSN
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
The family strategies concept
Contains fulltext : 61418.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
The Challenge of Strategy
Is “strategy” merely a sympathetic and convenient phrase, on closer scrutiny devoid of explanatory value as a scientific concept? Have we been beguiled by its appeal and should we now, wiser and sadder, return to less pretentious concepts such as tactics or agency? Or do we need more empirical applications and have we just begun to explore strategy's vistas
Coping with ageing
A return migration later in life can be seen as a coping strategy to deal with care needs and other difficulties. Understanding these return migrations requires a comprehensive approach that takes previous migrant trajectories into account
Drafting the Dutch
Conscription records are considered to be the best sources for studying heights over cohorts. This article discusses the various steps and selection mechanisms involved in the conscription system of the Netherlands, which was more or less similar to the systems found in other European countries. Starting with a birth cohort of 4,436 boys, we run a series of regressions on the likelihood to be registered at all and to have one’s height recorded. W…
"La cause principale des différences c'est le crime"
During the last quarter of the 19th century, illegitimate children had much higher infant mortality than legitimate children. To investigate which factors played a role in this, we collected information on the household situation and the life course of all illegitimate children, born in the Dutch city of The Hague in the years 1850-1852. Use was made of birth and death certificates and of the population registers of the city. We compared our info…
Youth labor migration and its family setting, The Netherlands 1850–1940
This article is based on the reconstructed life course patterns of about 1500 adolescent men and women, born between 1833 and 1912 in the Dutch province of Utrecht. The incidence of youth migration is investigated by sex, birth period, and birthplace. The influence of the family on the decision to migrate is analyzed with event history techniques. The results are evaluated in the context of regional customs related to the process of leaving home.…
Success or Selection? [The Effect of Migration on Occupational Mobility in a Dutch Province, 1840-1950.]
The relationship between geographical and social mobility is investigated by comparing the life courses of movers and stayers in a Dutch province in the XIXth and XX century. Intergenerational mobility is measured by comparing the occupational position of the groom at the time of his marriage with that of his father at the time of his birth. The occupation of the husband is compared with that of the bride's father and the occupation at age fifty …
Bridegrooms and Biases
Les sentiers invisibles
Migration over the life course in XIXth century Netherlands and the american north
Comme les sources pour l'étude des migrations sont dépendantes de chaque unité territoriale d'enregistrement, dès qu'une personne franchit une frontière, elle échappe ipso facto à l'observation des greffiers locaux. En conséquence, pour pister les individus mobiles, il faut user de sources couvrant une aire régionale, voire nationale. La chronologie et le déroulement des migrations dans la durée de vie des individus sont, pour cette raison, en pr…
The Challenge of Strategy
Is “strategy” merely a sympathetic and convenient phrase, on closer scrutiny devoid of explanatory value as a scientific concept? Have we been beguiled by its appeal and should we now, wiser and sadder, return to less pretentious concepts such as tactics or agency? Or do we need more empirical applications and have we just begun to explore strategy's vistas
Permanent Celibacy and Late Marriage in the Netherlands, 1890-1960
Demographers usually assume that the proportion never marrying and age at marriage vary together, since permanent celibacy is held to be merely the consequence of delayed marriage. By observing a representative sample extracted from the cohorts born between 1890 and 1909 in the Netherlands, Theo ENGELEN and Jan KOK show that this is not always the case. In thefirst half of the twentieth century, very high levels of permanent celibacy coexisted wi…
Permanent Celibacy and Late Marriage in the Netherlands, 1890-1960
Cet article traite des deux mécanismes bien connus de limitation de l’accès au mariage en Europe. La question est de savoir si le célibat définitif est une conséquence non intentionnelle du report du mariage, ou s’il peut être vu comme un phénomène plus ou moins indépendant. Nous utilisons un échantillon représentatif des générations nées aux Pays-Bas de 1890 à 1909 pour comparer les trajectoires biographiques des personnes qui ne se sont jamais …
Célibat définitif et mariage tardif aux Pays-Bas, 1890-1960
Cet article traite des deux mécanismes bien connus de limitation de l'accès au mariage en Europe. La question est de savoir si le célibat définitif est une conséquence non intentionnelle du report du mariage, ou s'il peut être vu comme un phénomène plus ou moins indépendant. Nous utilisons un échantillon représentatif des générations nées aux Pays-Bas de 1890 à 1909 pour comparer les trajectoires biographiques des personnes qui ne se sont jamais …
Choices and constraints in the migration of families
This article is based on the migration trajectories of several hundreds of families from the centrally located province of Utrecht (the Netherlands) in the period between 1850 and 1940. How were timing and frequencies of moves and their distances related to the circumstances and needs of the families involved? Family migrations in this area can best be understood as short-term adaptations rather than as strategies for future improvement. The freq…
The family strategies concept
Contains fulltext : 61418.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Labor strategies of families
Contains fulltext : 60860.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Birth Spacing in the Netherlands. The Effects of Family Composition, Occupation and Religion on Birth Intervals, 1820–1885
Rebellious Families
The role of religion in the Dutch fertility transition
This contribution investigates how religion retarded the Dutch fertility transition by looking at how denominations were associated with the timing of first births (starting), the length of birth intervals (spacing), and the timing of last births (stopping). First, we apply a simple descriptive model of starting, spacing, and stopping to life-course data from the province of Utrecht. Then, we apply multivariate regression to assess the independen…
City Nomads
The article analyzes residential mobility patterns of the Amsterdam poor from the perspective of their coping strategies. In periods when cheap houses were available, casual and unskilled laborers tended to move very often from house to house. Generally, they remained in the immediate vicinity, thus preserving their social networks. After the First World War, the typical proletarian mobility was less conspicuous, due to the housing shortage and i…
They Live in Indifference Together”
This article investigates developments in and antecedents of socially mixed marriage in the rural Dutch province of Zeeland during the long nineteenth century, taking individual and family histories, community contexts, and temporal influences into account. A government report of the 1850s said of Zeeland that farmers and workers lived “in indifference together”. However, our analysis of about 163,000 marriage certificates reveals that 30 to 40 p…
Stemming the tide. Denomination and religiousness in the Dutch fertility transition, 1845–1945
Principles and Prospects of the Life Course Paradigm
La démographie historique semble avoir pris un tournant « micro » en se concentrant de plus en plus sur l’analyse des parcours de vie. Si l’on suit ses avocats, il ne s’agit de rien moins que d’un nouveau paradigme de la démographie (historique). Cet article propose une vue critique de cette affirmation, en examinant les succès en termes de recherche et en discutant les obstacles potentiels à la réussite des promesses de cette nouvelle approche. …
Who Married How? Modeling Marital Decisions in Early-Twentieth Century Taiwan
Marriage in Taiwan in the early twentieth century was a very diverse phenomenon. Marriages could be in the “minor” fashion, in which the bride was adopted at an early age by her parents-in-law. They could also be of the virilocal “major” type, in which young adults married and lived in the household of the husband's parents. Finally, they could be “uxorilocal,” in which the husband came to live with his in-laws. The diversity of types reflects a …
Social Control and the Intergenerational Transmission of Age at Marriage in Rural Holland, 1850-1940
Cet article étudie la transmission intergénérationnelle de l’âge au premier mariage de mère en fille en Hollande-du-Nord rurale, entre 1850 et 1940, avant et pendant les premières étapes de transition de la fécondité. À partir d’une base de données détaillée, complétée par la reconstitution des familles des filles émigrées dans les autres provinces, des modèles multiniveaux sont utilisés pour analyser l’effet des caractéristiques familiales des m…
Van geboortebank tot collaboratory. Een reflectie op twintig jaar dataverzameling en onderzoek met de HSN
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Contrôle social et transmission intergénérationnelle de l'âge au mariage en Hollande rurale de 1850 à 1940
Cet article étudie la transmission intergénérationnelle de l'âge au premier mariage de mère en fille en Hollande-du-Nord rurale, entre 1850 et 1940, avant et pendant les premières étapes de transition de la fécondité. À partir d'une base de données détaillée, complétée par la reconstitution des familles des filles émigrées dans les autres provinces, des modèles multiniveaux sont utilisés pour analyser l'effet des caractéristiques familiales des m…
A mixed effects model of birth spacing for pre-transition populations
n Contains fulltext :\n 86608.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)\n
Sociology (45 obras) · Demography (34 obras) · Political science (27 obras) · Geography (26 obras) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (24 obras) · Economics (22 obras) · History (20 obras) · Demography (19 obras) · Demographic economics (18 obras) · Population (18 obras)