Christina Pao
Biographic Data
| ID | 279993 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christina Pao |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christina |
| FAMILY NAME | Pao |
| SIGNATURE | PAO C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Princeton University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1442-6590 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 8 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 15 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 8 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Demographic Differences in Responses to a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure
Strategies for including noncisgender responses in demographic analyses remain subjects of ongoing debate and refinement. The Household Pulse Survey is one of the first data products by the U.S. Census Bureau to incorporate a two-step gender identity measure. This is significant because the survey, although experimental, is one of the largest federal nationally representative samples (n = 668,273) that allows for the enumeration of noncisgender p…
The Case for “Other: Measuring Gender and Sexual Identity in Survey Research
As more people identify outside of binary gender categories and heterosexuality, survey research must adapt to better capture respondents' gender and sexual identities. Making the case for “other,” in this article, we review the history and contemporary measurement of sex/gender and sexuality to show how “other, please specify” options provide more accurate means for collecting data. Drawing from race/ethnicity data collection's long history of e…
Within-Respondent Alignment between Single-Choice and Mark-All-That-Apply Survey Measures for Sexual Identity
With the rising disclosure of LGBTQ+ identities, there have been increasing efforts to capture inclusive sexual identity data. Commonly used survey measures are closed ended and single choice (i.e., “select one”) and may be restrictive for sexuality- and gender-diverse respondents. However, more expansive measures may be unwieldy to survey takers and analysts. In this data visualization, the authors compare single-choice and mark-all-that-apply m…
The Multiracial Complication: The 2020 Census and the Fictitious Multiracial Boom
The Census Bureau set off reports of a 'multiracial boom' when it announced that, according to the 2020 census, multiracial people accounted for 10.2 percent of the U.S. population. Only the year before, the bureau's American Community Survey had estimated their share as 3.4 percent. We provide evidence that the multiracial boom was largely a statistical illusion resulting from methodological changes that confounded ancestry with identity and mis…
What to Do with “Other, Describe
Measuring social categories and phenomena in survey questionnaires is complicated in a dynamic and diverse society. The use of “other, describe”–style open-ended text boxes can address this issue, but researchers rarely use these data because they lack guidance on how to code open-text information and manage small samples for analyses. The authors offer a roadmap to key decisions regarding the use of “other, describe” answer options and data duri…
Masculinity and Femininity by Racial Identification: Racialized Differences in Responses to Self-Rated Gender Scales for Cisgender Men and Women
Gradational gender scales, which ask respondents to rate their masculinity and femininity, have become increasingly popular on social surveys. Nonetheless, there is little descriptive work to show differences in response to gradational gender scales by other socially relevant identities, such as race and ethnicity. This data visualization uses original survey data (N = 2,483) to display the means and 95 percent confidence intervals of responses t…
Trajectories of General Health Status and Depressive Symptoms Among Persons With Cognitive Impairment in the United States
ObjectivesTo identify and examine heterogeneous trajectories of general health status (GHS) and depressive symptoms (DS) among persons with cognitive impairment (PCIs). Methods: We use group-based trajectory models to study 2361 PCIs for GHS and 1927 PCIs for DS from the National Health and Aging Trends Survey 2011-2018, and apply multinomial logistic regressions to predict identified latent trajectory group memberships using individual character…
Who has room for error? The effects of political scandal for minority candidates
Who has room for error? The effects of political scandal for minority candidates
The Case for “Other: Measuring Gender and Sexual Identity in Survey Research
As more people identify outside of binary gender categories and heterosexuality, survey research must adapt to better capture respondents' gender and sexual identities. Making the case for “other,” in this article, we review the history and contemporary measurement of sex/gender and sexuality to show how “other, please specify” options provide more accurate means for collecting data. Drawing from race/ethnicity data collection's long history of e…
The Multiracial Complication: The 2020 Census and the Fictitious Multiracial Boom
The Census Bureau set off reports of a 'multiracial boom' when it announced that, according to the 2020 census, multiracial people accounted for 10.2 percent of the U.S. population. Only the year before, the bureau's American Community Survey had estimated their share as 3.4 percent. We provide evidence that the multiracial boom was largely a statistical illusion resulting from methodological changes that confounded ancestry with identity and mis…
What to Do with “Other, Describe
Measuring social categories and phenomena in survey questionnaires is complicated in a dynamic and diverse society. The use of “other, describe”–style open-ended text boxes can address this issue, but researchers rarely use these data because they lack guidance on how to code open-text information and manage small samples for analyses. The authors offer a roadmap to key decisions regarding the use of “other, describe” answer options and data duri…
Trajectories of General Health Status and Depressive Symptoms Among Persons With Cognitive Impairment in the United States
ObjectivesTo identify and examine heterogeneous trajectories of general health status (GHS) and depressive symptoms (DS) among persons with cognitive impairment (PCIs). Methods: We use group-based trajectory models to study 2361 PCIs for GHS and 1927 PCIs for DS from the National Health and Aging Trends Survey 2011-2018, and apply multinomial logistic regressions to predict identified latent trajectory group memberships using individual character…
Who has room for error? The effects of political scandal for minority candidates
Masculinity and Femininity by Racial Identification: Racialized Differences in Responses to Self-Rated Gender Scales for Cisgender Men and Women
Gradational gender scales, which ask respondents to rate their masculinity and femininity, have become increasingly popular on social surveys. Nonetheless, there is little descriptive work to show differences in response to gradational gender scales by other socially relevant identities, such as race and ethnicity. This data visualization uses original survey data (N = 2,483) to display the means and 95 percent confidence intervals of responses t…
Within-Respondent Alignment between Single-Choice and Mark-All-That-Apply Survey Measures for Sexual Identity
With the rising disclosure of LGBTQ+ identities, there have been increasing efforts to capture inclusive sexual identity data. Commonly used survey measures are closed ended and single choice (i.e., “select one”) and may be restrictive for sexuality- and gender-diverse respondents. However, more expansive measures may be unwieldy to survey takers and analysts. In this data visualization, the authors compare single-choice and mark-all-that-apply m…
The Multiracial Complication: The 2020 Census and the Fictitious Multiracial Boom
The Census Bureau set off reports of a 'multiracial boom' when it announced that, according to the 2020 census, multiracial people accounted for 10.2 percent of the U.S. population. Only the year before, the bureau's American Community Survey had estimated their share as 3.4 percent. We provide evidence that the multiracial boom was largely a statistical illusion resulting from methodological changes that confounded ancestry with identity and mis…
What to Do with “Other, Describe
Measuring social categories and phenomena in survey questionnaires is complicated in a dynamic and diverse society. The use of “other, describe”–style open-ended text boxes can address this issue, but researchers rarely use these data because they lack guidance on how to code open-text information and manage small samples for analyses. The authors offer a roadmap to key decisions regarding the use of “other, describe” answer options and data duri…
Demographic Differences in Responses to a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure
Strategies for including noncisgender responses in demographic analyses remain subjects of ongoing debate and refinement. The Household Pulse Survey is one of the first data products by the U.S. Census Bureau to incorporate a two-step gender identity measure. This is significant because the survey, although experimental, is one of the largest federal nationally representative samples (n = 668,273) that allows for the enumeration of noncisgender p…
The Case for “Other: Measuring Gender and Sexual Identity in Survey Research
As more people identify outside of binary gender categories and heterosexuality, survey research must adapt to better capture respondents' gender and sexual identities. Making the case for “other,” in this article, we review the history and contemporary measurement of sex/gender and sexuality to show how “other, please specify” options provide more accurate means for collecting data. Drawing from race/ethnicity data collection's long history of e…
Psychology (6 works) · Sociology (6 works) · Gender Studies (5 works) · Gender Studies (5 works) · LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy (4 works) · Social Psychology (4 works) · Social Psychology (4 works) · Econometrics (3 works) · Economics (3 works) · Gender Diversity and Inequality (3 works)