Leslie J Francis
Biographic Data
| ID | 281982 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leslie J Francis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leslie J |
| FAMILY NAME | Francis |
| SIGNATURE | FRANCIS L J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Warwick |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2946-9980 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 539 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 230 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 535 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 4 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
A Replication Study Testing the Construct Validity and Internal Consistency Reliability of the Francis Burnout Inventory Revised Among Catholic Priests in Italy
This replication study draws on data provided by a snowball sample of 264 Catholic priests serving in Italy to test the construct validity of the operationalisation of the balanced affect conceptualisation of good work-related psychological wellbeing among clergy proposed by the Francis Burnout Inventory Revised. According to this conceptualisation, the detrimental effects of negative affect, as assessed by the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Mi…
Eco-anxiety, Psychology, and Theological Beliefs About Creation Among Clergy and Lay People in the Church of England
Interest in eco-anxiety is growing rapidly, partly for therapeutic reasons and partly because it may be a motivation for pro-environmental behaviours. There is little study of how religious identities or church traditions and specific theological beliefs are related to eco-anxiety. This cross-sectional survey of 3240 clergy and laity from the Church of England explored the relationships between eco-anxiety, psychological dispositions, church trad…
The psychological type profile of the gatekeepers who book tickets online for cathedral installations: A replication study
Employing the Francis Psychological Type Scales, this study presents the psychological type profile of 493 individuals who booked tickets for a pre-Christmas son et lumiere in Liverpool Cathedral. The data replicates the findings of an earlier study among 778 similar participants. Intuitive types and perceiving types were underrepresented, with an over-representation of the Epimethean (SJ) temperament. The implications of these findings are discu…
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Francis Burnout Inventory for application among Christian clergy in Brazil
The Francis Burnout Inventory assesses work-related psychological wellbeing by two scales designed to measure emotional exhaustion in ministry and satisfaction in ministry, applying the theory of balanced affect. The objective of the present study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and test the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Francis Burnout Inventory for the Brazilian context among a non-probabilistic sample…
Is the psychological type profile of stipendiary parochial clergy in the Church of England changing? Exploring data from 2020 to 2021
During 2020 and 2021, 591 clergymen and 486 clergywomen serving in stipendiary parochial ministry in the Church of England completed the Francis Psychological Type Scales. These data were compared with the profiles of 626 clergymen and 237 clergywomen published in 2007. Four significant differences were found between the two samples, with the more recent data showing among both clergymen and clergywomen higher levels of sensing, thinking, and jud…
Psychological type and charismatic orientation: A replication study among followers of Bishop Barron
In the context of an event in London animated by Bishop Barron during February 2025, 422 participants completed the Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales and the Traditional Charismatic Orientation Scale. The data demonstrated that higher scores of charismatic orientation were associated with preferences for extraversion, feeling, and perceiving. There was no association between charismatic orientation scores and emotionalit…
The Revised Turkish Francis Psychological Type Scales: Testing the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability among university students
This study was designed to test the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability of the Revised Turkish Francis Psychological Type Scales among a sample of 110 university students. These data supported the four-factor structure (with one-item cross-loading) and demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability (with room for further improvement on the perceiving process). The test–retest data supported t…
Testing the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Revised Turkish adaptation of the Francis Psychological Type Scales
The Francis Psychological Type Scales (FPTS) were developed during the early 2000s to operationalise the four components of psychological type theory within survey-style research, proposing measures of introversion and extraversion, sensing and intuition, feeling and thinking, judging and perceiving. Drawing on data provided by 743 university students, the present study examines the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and construct…
The psychological type profile of young adult members of the Student Christian Movement compared with church congregations
The Student Christian Movement positions itself among students as exploring the Christian faith in ways that are progressive, inclusive and radical. Drawing on psychological type theory and temperament theory, together with data provided by 129 female and 68 male young adults associated with the movement, this study illustrates how the profiles of these young men and women differ from the profiles of the men and women found in church congregation…
The Brazilian Version of the Mystical Orientation Scale Revised (Mosr-BR): An Exploratory Study
Mystical experiences are commonly described in the context of psychedelic use and other forms of expanded states of consciousness. Although the Mystical Orientation Scale Revised (MOSR) has been used in international studies, no Brazilian Portuguese version had been tested to date. This exploratory study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and examine the psychometric properties of the MOSR for the Brazilian population (MOSR-BR). The process fo…
Connection Between Perceived Resilience and Work-Related Psychological Wellbeing Among Anglican Clergy in Wales: A Pilot Study
Drawing on data provided by a convenience sample of 123 clergy serving in parish ministry in the Church in Wales, this pilot study was designed to test the predictive power of the Brief Resilience Scale on individual differences in susceptibility to professional burnout as conceptualised and assessed by the Francis Burnout Inventory, after controlling for personal factors (sex and age) and personality factors (introversion and emotionality). The …
Reading the Incident at the Pool Called Beth-zatha (John 5: (1–16) Through the Lenses of Dominant Introverted Feeling, Dominant Extraverted Feeling, and Dominant Extraverted Thinking: Evaluating Text …
The sensing, intuition, feeling, thinking (SIFT) approach to biblical hermeneutics focused initially on the four distinctive voices of the two perceiving functions (sensing and intuition) and of the two judging functions (thinking and feeling). Subsequent studies have introduced the additional nuance of distinguishing between the introverted and the extraverted expressions of these four functions. The present study brings into focus the distincti…
Exploring the missional capacity of cathedral installations and events: Theory and Data
Hosting income-generating installations and events in cathedrals remains controversial. This article examines three narratives suggesting that such activities are missional and supportive of Anglican ecclesiology. Then it explores new survey data gathered from people attending the 2024 pre-Christmas son et lumière in Liverpool Cathedral. Five statistics stand out within these data: while only 30% were churchgoers (attending at least six times a y…
How Catholic and how charismatic are the followers of Bishop Barron? A study in personality theory
The mission and ministry of the Word on Fire Institute and of Bishop Barron focus interesting questions regarding the ongoing connection between Catholic identity and charismatic influence. The present empirical enquiry, rooted in personality theory and the psychology of religious orientation, explored the profile of 490 participants attending an event in central London animated by Bishop Barron. Participants completed measures of Catholic orient…
Faith in science, implicit religion and antipathy to religions: A study among Christian and non-religious students
Bailey’s notion of implicit religion is invoked to explore the conflict between science and religion in the adolescent mind. This conflict is reconceptualised in terms of the theologies of religion. On this account, belief in science (as implicit religion) when adopted as a fundamentalist or exclusive position excludes the validity of other religious belief-systems (in this case explicit religions). This thesis is tested by exploring the effect o…
Sustaining church attendance and a positive attitude toward Christianity among students at Church of England voluntary primary schools: Effects of parental church attendance and the perceived Christia…
This study employs data provided by 531 students attending year 3, 4, 5 and 6 classes within Church of England voluntary primary schools to examine the effect of perception of the Christian character of the school and the effect of parental church attendance on sustaining church attendance and a positive attitude toward Christianity among students, after taking into account the effects of sex and age. The data demonstrated first that the main pre…
Assessing the impact of a cathedral pre-Christmas son et lumiere on participants’ psychological wellbeing and spiritual health
This study employs The Index of Balanced Affect Change (TIBACh) and the Francis Index of Spiritual Health Change (FISH) to assess the perceived impact on 518 participants who attended the Starlight pre-Christmas son et lumiere in Liverpool Cathedral. The Index of Positive Affect Change demonstrated that up to two-thirds of the participants went away feeling more positive about life. The Index of Existential Spiritual Health Change demonstrated th…
Assessing visitor responses to Luke Jerram’s Gaia installation in Lincoln Cathedral: Prayers and well wishes for the world
For six days during the period that Lincoln Cathedral hosted Luke Jerram’s installation, Gaia, visitors were invited to reflect on the world and to write on postcards prayers and well wishes for the world. Analysis of the content of 112 postcards demonstrated that the installation stirred people to reflect on things that really mattered to them. Seven main themes were identified, four concerning vulnerability and three concerning faith and values…
Drawing on the concept of implicit religion and psychological type theory: Shaping a cathedral congregation survey and listening to diverse voices
Conceptualising cathedrals as welcoming spaces that soften the boundaries between common ground and sacred space, the present paper tests the thesis that a rich account of participants’ experience of a cathedral Sunday Choral Eucharist can be facilitated by intentionally engaging each of the four psychological functions identified by psychological type theory: sensing, intuition, feeling, and thinking (SIFT). Of the 139 participants who completed…
Who books the tickets for visitors to innovative installations and events in cathedrals? Exploring the psychological type profile of the gatekeepers
Previous research concerned with the psychographic segmentation of cathedral visitors, employing psychological type theory has drawn attention both to the psychological types under-represented among cathedral visitors and to the capacity of an innovative event to widen the psychographic appeal of cathedrals. This study tests the thesis that the requirement for advanced online booking to attend an innovative installation may nonetheless further de…
Introduction to the special issue on cathedral studies (part 3)
This is the third special issue of Journal of Beliefs and Values dedicated to advance the field of cathedral studies. Cathedrals play a distinctive part in the natural landscape of England and Wale
Accessing visitor evaluation of an immersive cathedral experience: Applying the Jungian lenses of feeling and thinking and Bailey’s theory of implicit religion
The SIFT hermeneutical approach, rooted in Jungian psychological type theory, distinguishes between two core cognitive processes: perceiving concerned with gathering information and judging concerned with evaluating information. The present study applies this approach to eliciting and interpreting visitor evaluation of an immersive cathedral installation (a pre-Christmas son et lumiere) by focusing on the evaluative lenses of feeling and thinking…
Accessing visitor perception of an immersive cathedral experience: Applying the Jungian lenses of sensing and intuition and Bailey’s theory of implicit religion
The SIFT hermeneutical approach, rooted in Jungian psychological type theory, distinguishes between two core cognitive processes: perceiving concerned with gathering information and judging concerned with evaluating information. The present study applies this approach to eliciting and interpreting visitor perceptions of an immersive cathedral installation (a pre-Christmas son et lumiere) by focusing on the perceiving lenses of sensing and intuiti…
Introducing the New Indices of God Images (Nigi): Distinguishing between God of Grace and God of Law
Building on a stream of research initiated by Benson and Spilka (1973) and drawing on insights afforded by empirical theology, the present study introduces the New Indices of God Images ( NIGI ) designed to distinguish between two divergent theological concepts of God, construed as God of Grace and God of Law, and each operationalised by brief three-item scales. Data provided by 5,269 students between the ages of 13 and 15 years who professed bel…
Assessing the Power of the Hexaco to Predict Professional Burnout Among Catholic Priests in Italy
This study tests the application of the HEXACO among Catholic priests and the power of this six factor model of personality to predict scores on the Francis Burnout Inventory among priests. Data provided by 264 priests serving in Italy lead to two conclusions. In this population three of the six scales of the HEXACO failed to display adequate levels of internal consistency reliability (emotionality, agreeableness, openness to experience). High sc…
Religiosity and Femininity: Do Women Really Hold a More Positive Attitude toward Christianity
Leslie J. Francis, Carolyn Wilcox, Religiosity and Femininity: Do Women Really Hold a More Positive Attitude toward Christianity?, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 462-469
Assessing Spiritual Health via Four Domains of Spiritual Wellbeing: The SH4DI
Burnout among Roman Catholic Parochial Clergy in England and Wales: Myth or Reality
Leslie J. Francis, Stephen H. Louden, Christopher J. F. Rutledge, Burnout among Roman Catholic Parochial Clergy in England and Wales: Myth or Reality?, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Sep., 2004), pp. 5-19
The Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Christian Faith and Practice in an Australian Population Sample
A random sample of 989 adults in an Australian community survey completed the Bradburn Balanced Affect Scale together with three measures of Christian faith and practice: belief in God, personal prayer, and church attendance. The data demonstrated a positive association between all three religious measures and psychological well-being. The analysis helps to account for discrepant findings in previous research
The Influence of Home, Church and School on Prayer among Sixteen-Year-Old Adolescents in England
Leslie J. Francis, Laurence B. Brown, The Influence of Home, Church and School on Prayer among Sixteen-Year-Old Adolescents in England, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Dec., 1991), pp. 112-122
Parental Influence and Adolescent Religiosity: A Study of Church Attendance and Attitude Toward Christianity Among Adolescents 11 to 12 and 15 to 16 Years Old
A sample of 3,414 11- to 12-year-old and 15- to 16-year-old pupils attending all the secondary schools in the city of Dundee, Scotland, completed a questionnaire concerned with their personal religious practices and attitudes. They also reported on parental religious practice. The data were modeled to compare the influence of mothers and fathers on male and female adolescents within the two age groups. In relation to adolescent religious practice…
Living in Sin? Religion and Cohabitation in Britain 1985–2005
Frequency of cohabitation among 13,703 adults from the British Social Attitudes data set for 1985–2005 peaked at around 26–30 years of age and increased significantly over the period of study. Cohabitation frequency was compared between those of no religious affiliation and Christian affiliates who (a) attended church at least once a month, (b) attended church but less than once a month, and (c) never attended church. Active Christians were 3.2 t…
Personality and charismatic experience among adult christians
Ministry and Stress: Listening to Anglican Clergy in Wales
The Oswald Clergy Burnout Scale: Reliability, Factor Structure and Preliminary Application Among Australian Clergy
The Relationship Between Religion and Happiness Among German Students
Mystical orientation and personality among anglican clergy
The Factor Structure of a Measure of Burnout Specific to Clergy, and Its Trial Application with Respect to Some Individual Personal Differences
Work-Related Psychological Health among Clergy Serving in the Presbyterian Church (USA): Testing the Idea of Balanced Affect
Drawing on the classic model of balanced affect, the Francis Burnout Inventory (FBI) conceptualises good work-related psychological health among clergy in terms of negative affect being balanced by positive affect. In a random sample of 744 clergy (539 clergymen and 205 clergywomen) serving in The Presbyterian Church (USA), negative affect was assessed by the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry (SEEM) and positive affect was assessed by the…
The Romanian Translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity: Internal Consistency Reliability, Re-test Reliability and Construct Validity Among Undergraduate Students Within a Greek …
Personality and Glossolalia: A Study Among Male Evangelical Clergy
The rural rectory: The impact of a resident Priest on local church life
School Influence and Pupil Attitude Towards Religion
Attitudes towards religion of 2,272 third and fourth year junior pupils were studied in relation to the type of religious education provided by their school. Comparisons were made between Roman Catholic aided, Church of England aided, and Local Education Authority schools. Comparisons were also made between schools which provide no religious education, schools which follow a 'traditional' syllabus, and schools which follow a 'modern' syllabus. It…
Purpose in Life as Protection Against Professional Burnout Among Catholic Priests and Religious in Italy: Testing the Insights of Logotherapy
Logotherapy, grounded in the insights of Viktor Frankl, suggests that meaning-making and the sense of purpose in life is central to healthy human functioning. This thesis was tested among a sample of 156 Catholic priests and religious sisters in Italy; their healthy human functioning was assessed through the two indices of positive affect (satisfaction in ministry) and negative affect (emotional exhaustion in ministry) proposed by the Francis Bur…
Psychological Predictors of Professional Burnout among Priests, Religious Brothers, and Religious Sisters in Italy: The Dark Triad versus the Bright Trinity
Drawing on data provided by 287 Catholic priests, religious brothers, and religious sisters from different parts of Italy (130 men and 157 women), this study explored the effect of three dark psychological variables and three bright psychological variables on levels of professional burnout as assessed by the two scales of the Francis Burnout Inventory (emotional exhaustion and satisfaction in ministry). The three dark psychological variables asse…
Dogmatism, Religion, and Psychological Type
Reliability and Validity of a French Translation of a Short Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity
Assessing-Emotional Exhaustion among the Australian Clergy: Internal Reliability and Construct Validity of the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry (Seem)
The Relationship Between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers
Unmasking the clerical persona: Interpreting the correlation between neuroticism and lie scale scores among Roman Catholic and male and female Anglican clergy
Three samples of 1482 Roman Catholic, 1071 male Anglican and 1239 female Anglican clergy completed the short form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The correlations between lie scale scores and neuroticism scores revealed by the three separate samples suggests that male clergy, both Roman Catholic and Anglican, may be more inclined than female clergy to wish to project a clerical persona of integrity and stability
School Influence and Pupil Attitude Towards Religion
Attitudes towards religion of 2,272 third and fourth year junior pupils were studied in relation to the type of religious education provided by their school. Comparisons were made between Roman Catholic aided, Church of England aided, and Local Education Authority schools. Comparisons were also made between schools which provide no religious education, schools which follow a 'traditional' syllabus, and schools which follow a 'modern' syllabus. It…
Church Aided Secondary Schools, Religious Education as an Examination Subject and Pupil Attitude Towards Religion
S ummary . Attitudes towards religion of 802 fifth‐year secondary pupils were studied in relationship to whether they attended a church voluntary aided or Local Education Authority school and whether they belonged to a CSE/GCE examination group in religious education. Comparisons were made between pupils in Local Education Authority schools taking RE as an examination subject, pupils in Local Education Authority schools not taking RE, pupils in C…
Extraversion and Performance on Raven's Matrices in 15–16 Year Old Children: An Examination of Anthony's Theory of the Development of Extraversion
S ummary . Anthony's theory (1973) of the development of extraversion in children requires that there should be a negative correlation between extraversion and intelligence in adolescents over the age of 13 or 14. To test this, Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory were administered to a large group (802) of 15‐ and 16‐year‐olds. There was a significant positive correlation between extraversion and the Matrices…
Are Religious Children Bigger Liars
1,088 fourth and fifth year English Secondary School pupils completed a scale of attitude towards religion, Form ASC4B, and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory. A positive relationship was found between Lie scale scores and religiosity scores. The results are discussed in relation to the various interpretations of the Lie scale
Psychological studies of religion head for derailment
Richard Hutch's recent survey article' poses the question `Are psychological studies of religion on the right track?' In the course of his survey he draws upon the debate between Ian Vine and myself which we began at the Second Lancaster Colloquium on the Pschology of Religion in 1977 and subsequently continued through the pages of the Bulletin of the British Psychological Society .' I am pleased to have been invited to reply to Hutch's review ar…
Attitude Towards Religion: Definition, Measurement and Evaluation
Attitude towards religion: Definition, measurement and evaluation
Partnership in Rural Education: Research in Progress
"Partnership in Rural Education: Research in Progress." Journal of Beliefs and Values, 6(2), pp. 7–8
Denominational Schools and Pupil Attitude Towards Christianity
The 1944 Education Act enables the churches in England to provide voluntary aided schools. The Roman Catholic church currently provides 9.9% of state maintained primary school places and the Church of England provides 7.9% through voluntary aided schools. In order to evaluate the influence of church voluntary aided schools on pupil attitudes towards Christianity, an attitude scale was administered to three generations of third and fourth year jun…
Measuring attitudes towards christianity: From childhood into adulthood
Religiosity and Lie Scores: A Question of Interpretation
3,228 11 – to 16- year olds completed the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity and the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The positive relationship between religiosity and lie scale scores is examined in light of the three theories that religious people are less mature, more socially conforming, or simply bigger liars
Measuring attitude towards Christianity during childhood and adolescence
Monitoring Changing Attitudes Towards Christianity Among Secondary School Pupils Between 1974 and 1986
S ummary . The Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity Form ASC4B was administered to the whole pupil population in years one through five of two co‐educational comprehensive schools in 1974. The study was replicated at four‐yearly intervals in 1978, 1982 and 1986. The results confirm the finding that attitudes towards Christianity decline throughout the years of compulsory secondary schooling and also establish that there has been a signi…
Rural Anglicanism: A Future for Young Christians
The Religious Profile of Pupils in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is one of the most deeply divided countries in the world. These divisions are reflected in a separate system of Protestant and Catholic schools. This paper examines the distinctive religious cultures of 1,177 fourth, fifth and sixth year secondary pupils educated in the two types of schools, by means of a survey which included three major psychometric instruments, namely a scale of attitude towards Christianity, a scale of reject…
The Predisposition To Pray
Previous research into prayer during childhood and adolescence has tended to emerge from the context of developmental psychology with little regard for the role of social and contextual influences. The present study redresses that balance by employing path analysis to examine the influence of home, church and denominational identity on an attitudinal predisposition to pray and the practice of prayer among 4,948 eleven year old children in England…
Theology of Education
Theology of education
Personality Characteristics of Midcareer Male Anglican Clergy
Forty male Anglican clergy completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire during mid-career development consultations. The findings that the clergy display elevated neuroticism scores and psychoticism scores no lower than men in general contradict predictions emerging from recent studies concerned with the relationship between personality and religion and suggest the need for further research
Religion in the Primary School: Partnership between Church and State
Journal Article Religion in the Primary School: Partnership between Church and State?, by Leslie J. Francis. London: Collins, 1987, 216 pp. Get access Edward Bailey Edward Bailey Network for the Study of Implicit Religion, Bristol, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 51, Issue 4, Winter 1990, Pages 422–424, https://doi.org/10.2307/3711094 Published: 01 December 1990
The Changing Parish: A Study of Parishes, Priests, and Parishioners after Vatican II
Journal Article The Changing Parish: A Study of Parishes, Priests, and Parishioners after Vatican II, by Michael P. Hornsby-Smith. New York: Routledge, 1989, xii + 241 pp. $55 Get access Leslie J. Francis Leslie J. Francis Trinity College, Wales Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 51, Issue 4, Winter 1990, Pages 421–422, https://doi.org/10.2307/3711093 Published: 01 December 1990
Shared Pilgrimage
This study examines the theory promoted by the recent Church of England report Children in the Way that active work among children sustains and enhances church life among adults, by measuring the relationship between the presence of active children's work and indices of adult church membership in a sample of 1,570 non-rural parishes ranging in size from 2,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. After controlling for the influence of population size, the numbe…
Clergy Response Rates to Work-Related Questionnaires: A Relationship Between Age, Work Load and Burnout
While previous research has suggested that older clergy are less inclined to respond to work-related questionnaires, the present study among 158 clergy finds that this is the case only among those in multiparish benefices. This finding is discussed against the background of ministry burnout theory and the suggestion that older clergy find multi-parish benefices especially stressful
Measuring Attitudes Towards Local Ecumenism in England
This study describes the development of a 24-item Likert scale of attitude towards local ecumenism among 496 secretaries of Local Councils of Churches in England. Variations in scale scores owe more to the geographical location of the councils than to the personal characteristics of the secretaries. Recommendations are made for replication to monitor changes in the climate of local ecumenism
The Dual Nature of the Epq Lie Scale? A Study Among University Students in Israel
A series of earlier studies, conducted in England, Australia and the USA has suggested that the EPQ lie scale contains two empirically distinct components, one functioning partly as an index of socially conforming behavior and the other functioning as a purer index of lying or dissimulation less contaminated by social conformity. The present study among a sample of 190 Hebrew speaking Israeli students fails to confirm these earlier findings. The …
Psychology (450 works) · Social Psychology (398 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (330 works) · Philosophy (223 works) · Sociology (215 works) · Personality (188 works) · Theology (158 works) · Big Five personality traits (149 works) · Extraversion and introversion (148 works) · Clinical Psychology (142 works)