Fiona Carmichael
Biographic Data
| ID | 282338 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fiona Carmichael |
| GIVEN NAMES | Fiona |
| FAMILY NAME | Carmichael |
| SIGNATURE | CARMICHAEL F |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Birmingham |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7932-2410 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 129 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 28 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Ida Greaves: A Pioneer Development Economist
Time poverty and gender in urban sub‐Saharan Africa: Long working days and long commutes in Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
This study uses a mixed‐methods approach and primary data to consider how the length of the working day in Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area is shaped by time in paid and unpaid work and commuting. The analysis investigates gender differences in the length of the working day and the incidence of time poverty, and explores the relationship between long working days, long and arduous commutes and well‐being. Women are found to be more time po…
The Impact of Early Marriage on the Life Satisfaction, Education and Subjective Health of Young Women in India: A Longitudinal Analysis
Despite progress in reducing rates of early marriage, it is still a widespread practice in India accounting for 30 per cent of the world’s early marriages. Understanding its impacts is thus of high importance to global gender equality goals. This article examines the impact of early marriage on multi-dimensional aspects of well-being: life satisfaction, subjectively assessed health and educational attainment. Difference-in-differences analysis wi…
Long Work Hours and Long Commutes in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana: Time Poverty and Gender
Well‐being and employment of young people in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Is work enough
The Contribution of Girls’ Longer Hours in Unpaid Work to Gender Gaps in Early Adult Employment: Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam
Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescenc…
Life Satisfaction and Job Insecurity
Fear of the threat of job loss is likely to elicit negative thoughts that have adverse consequences for not only job satisfaction, but also all-around happiness and satisfaction with life. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data, this study provides evidence of the negative effect of perceived job insecurity on life satisfaction in post-communist Albania, an under-researched context. This adverse effect is found to be more pronounced…
School closures and educational attainment in Ethiopia: Can extra classes help children to catch up
School closures impact children's attainment adversely, but understanding the effects of closures on children's attainment in lower‐income countries is still limited. Addressing this deficit, this study examines how past school closures have impacted children's educational attainment in Ethiopia. The study uses individual student‐level data from the Young Lives School Survey and standardised test scores in mathematics and language recorded at the…
Gendered workload allocation in universities: A feminist analysis of practices and possibilities in a European University
The negotiated allocation of teaching and institutional service workload in universities is a key determinant of the quantity and quality of all work for academic staff. There is abundant quantitative evidence that women and men experience differential outcomes from faculty, school, or departmental workload allocation processes and convincing theoretical explanations as to why this happens. We add to this knowledge through feminist analysis of a …
The Menopause Taboo at Work: Examining Women's Embodied Experiences of Menopause in the UK Police Service
This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge about gendered ageing at work through an examination of the embodied experiences of women undergoing menopause transition in the UK police service. Drawing on 1197 survey responses, providing both quantitative and qualitative data gathered across three police forces in 2017-18, the findings highlight the importance of a material-discursive approach that considers contextual influences on w…
Education of Biological and Fostered Children in Ghana: The Influence of Relationships with the Household Head and Household Structure
This study investigates how household structure and relationship with head of household impact on the education of children in Ghana. We estimate educational participation and selectivity‐corrected educational progress conditional on participation and find that fostered children are less likely to participate in education. Fostered children in dual‐parent‐headed households also make less educational progress compared with biological children. In …
Health and Well-being of Young People in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Life Course Impacts
Using data from four waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey, we follow the lives of 3,064 eight-year-old children over 12 years in four developing countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) to explore the links between children’s lives and their health and wellbeing in early adulthood. We apply a novel combination of sequence analysis with clustering and difference-in-differences estimation techniques to identify links between health and…
Why work? Disability, family care and employment
This article seeks to examine the ways in which ‘work’ is a crucial domain within a holistic approach to understanding disability and family life. The research is based on the experiences of 49 people who either self-identified as disabled or were family members of a person with an impairment. The analysis focuses on the meaningfulness of work and argues that the meaning of work needs to be expanded in order to be more inclusive of disabled peopl…
Female employment in hotels in Saudi Arabia and UAE
Purpose This paper aims to explore barriers to employment, problems caused by working, motivation to work and job satisfaction of women employed in hotels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 385 women working in 75 hotels in KSA and UAE. The sample included citizens of KSA and UAE ( n = 177), Arab and non-Arab expatriates ( n = 208) and women with and without cari…
Career Pathways into Retirement in the UK: Linking Older Women's Pasts to the Present
Understanding of how women's experiences in retirement are shaped by their pre‐retirement lives is limited. In this paper we utilize an innovative mix of measures to examine the link between career histories and expectations and experiences of retirement. Analysis of timeline data capturing the long working lives of a sample of older women identifies five different pathways into retirement. We explore these trajectories in detail to determine how…
Unpaid caregiving and paid work over life-courses: Different pathways, diverging outcomes
Using occupational history calendars to capture lengthy and complex working lives: A mixed method approach with older people
Accurately documenting the occupational biographies of older people can be challenging given their lengthy duration and the complexity of contemporary employment. This paper shows how a traditionally quantitative occupational history calendar (OHC) instrument can be adapted for use in a mixed methods research design, to gather in-depth information about long working lives. The OHCs were embedded within semi-structured interviews and recorded life…
Age-training gaps in the European Union
This paper examines the relationship between age and training in the 15 European Union countries (EU-15) that were member states prior to the 2004 enlargement. The analysis is carried out using European Union Labour Force Survey data. We report cross-country comparisons of the training undertaken by older people (aged 50–64) and younger people (aged 20–49). We extend previous research by adding an analysis of the training undertaken by non-worker…
Exploring Women's Retirement: Continuity, Context and Career Transition
This paper reports on an exploratory study examining women's views about and experiences of retirement. It has long been recognized that women's careers often follow a different path than men's due to the differential impact of family and domestic responsibilities and their relative underrepresentation at higher levels of organizations. However, many studies of retirement have implicitly assumed a conventional male career as the norm, where retir…
Why do governments invest in elite sport? A polemic
Elite sport currently enjoys high levels of investment in many advanced capitalist countries. The primary aim of this piece is to introduce and unpack the reasons generally given by states for prioritizing and investing in elite sport. While our core focus is the UK sport policy sector, many of the discussions will be relevant for other, advanced liberal capitalist systems (e.g. Australia and Canada) and even the now defunct dictatorships (e.g. t…
Who will care? Employment participation and willingness to supply informal care
Giving older workers a voice: Constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England
This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraints that older people feel hinder their employment prospects within the context of their daily lives. …
Work – life imbalance: Informal care and paid employment in the UK
In the United Kingdom, informal carers look after relatives or friends who need extra support because of age, physical or learning disability, or illness. The burden of informal care work falls on women, who often care for longer hours and durations than men. This paper considers the impact that caring responsibilities have on women's employment. The research is based on a dedicated questionnaire and in-depth interviews with informal caregivers. …
Benefit payments, informal care and female labour supply
This article examines the impact of informal care responsibilities on female earnings and labour supply. It extends previous work on the labour market costs of informal care by examining who, among the full set of carers has access to the two most relevant existing social security benefits (Attendance Allowance and Invalid Care Allowance) and to what effect. Results from previous work using an earlier data set are compared with those obtained her…
The opportunity costs of informal care: Does gender matter
Unpaid caregiving and paid work over life-courses: Different pathways, diverging outcomes
The Menopause Taboo at Work: Examining Women's Embodied Experiences of Menopause in the UK Police Service
This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge about gendered ageing at work through an examination of the embodied experiences of women undergoing menopause transition in the UK police service. Drawing on 1197 survey responses, providing both quantitative and qualitative data gathered across three police forces in 2017-18, the findings highlight the importance of a material-discursive approach that considers contextual influences on w…
Giving older workers a voice: Constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England
This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraints that older people feel hinder their employment prospects within the context of their daily lives. …
Work – life imbalance: Informal care and paid employment in the UK
In the United Kingdom, informal carers look after relatives or friends who need extra support because of age, physical or learning disability, or illness. The burden of informal care work falls on women, who often care for longer hours and durations than men. This paper considers the impact that caring responsibilities have on women's employment. The research is based on a dedicated questionnaire and in-depth interviews with informal caregivers. …
Exploring Women's Retirement: Continuity, Context and Career Transition
This paper reports on an exploratory study examining women's views about and experiences of retirement. It has long been recognized that women's careers often follow a different path than men's due to the differential impact of family and domestic responsibilities and their relative underrepresentation at higher levels of organizations. However, many studies of retirement have implicitly assumed a conventional male career as the norm, where retir…
Career Pathways into Retirement in the UK: Linking Older Women's Pasts to the Present
Understanding of how women's experiences in retirement are shaped by their pre‐retirement lives is limited. In this paper we utilize an innovative mix of measures to examine the link between career histories and expectations and experiences of retirement. Analysis of timeline data capturing the long working lives of a sample of older women identifies five different pathways into retirement. We explore these trajectories in detail to determine how…
Why work? Disability, family care and employment
This article seeks to examine the ways in which ‘work’ is a crucial domain within a holistic approach to understanding disability and family life. The research is based on the experiences of 49 people who either self-identified as disabled or were family members of a person with an impairment. The analysis focuses on the meaningfulness of work and argues that the meaning of work needs to be expanded in order to be more inclusive of disabled peopl…
Age-training gaps in the European Union
This paper examines the relationship between age and training in the 15 European Union countries (EU-15) that were member states prior to the 2004 enlargement. The analysis is carried out using European Union Labour Force Survey data. We report cross-country comparisons of the training undertaken by older people (aged 50–64) and younger people (aged 20–49). We extend previous research by adding an analysis of the training undertaken by non-worker…
The Contribution of Girls’ Longer Hours in Unpaid Work to Gender Gaps in Early Adult Employment: Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam
Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescenc…
Gendered workload allocation in universities: A feminist analysis of practices and possibilities in a European University
The negotiated allocation of teaching and institutional service workload in universities is a key determinant of the quantity and quality of all work for academic staff. There is abundant quantitative evidence that women and men experience differential outcomes from faculty, school, or departmental workload allocation processes and convincing theoretical explanations as to why this happens. We add to this knowledge through feminist analysis of a …
Using occupational history calendars to capture lengthy and complex working lives: A mixed method approach with older people
Accurately documenting the occupational biographies of older people can be challenging given their lengthy duration and the complexity of contemporary employment. This paper shows how a traditionally quantitative occupational history calendar (OHC) instrument can be adapted for use in a mixed methods research design, to gather in-depth information about long working lives. The OHCs were embedded within semi-structured interviews and recorded life…
School closures and educational attainment in Ethiopia: Can extra classes help children to catch up
School closures impact children's attainment adversely, but understanding the effects of closures on children's attainment in lower‐income countries is still limited. Addressing this deficit, this study examines how past school closures have impacted children's educational attainment in Ethiopia. The study uses individual student‐level data from the Young Lives School Survey and standardised test scores in mathematics and language recorded at the…
Female employment in hotels in Saudi Arabia and UAE
Purpose This paper aims to explore barriers to employment, problems caused by working, motivation to work and job satisfaction of women employed in hotels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 385 women working in 75 hotels in KSA and UAE. The sample included citizens of KSA and UAE ( n = 177), Arab and non-Arab expatriates ( n = 208) and women with and without cari…
Multinational Enterprise and Strikes: Theory and Evidence
This paper considers the relationship between multinational enterprise and strike behavior. Bargaining between unions and multinational firms is modeled as a repeated game with asymmetric information about the latter. The analysis leads to the testable prediction that multinational enterprises will be more strike prone than firms that are not diversified across national boundaries. New evidence is presented that supports the theory. Copyright 199…
The labour market costs of community care
Catch-22 in a Signalling Game
In this paper signals are observed by two receivers who have different preferences about the sender and therefore respond to information about him in different ways. This can result in a Catch-22 for the sender; if he sends a signal to induce a positive response from one receiver, this may induce a negative response from the other. The problem is modelled as a three player game and the analysis shows that the Catch-22 can be resolved but only whe…
Benefit payments, informal care and female labour supply
This article examines the impact of informal care responsibilities on female earnings and labour supply. It extends previous work on the labour market costs of informal care by examining who, among the full set of carers has access to the two most relevant existing social security benefits (Attendance Allowance and Invalid Care Allowance) and to what effect. Results from previous work using an earlier data set are compared with those obtained her…
The opportunity costs of informal care: Does gender matter
Work – life imbalance: Informal care and paid employment in the UK
In the United Kingdom, informal carers look after relatives or friends who need extra support because of age, physical or learning disability, or illness. The burden of informal care work falls on women, who often care for longer hours and durations than men. This paper considers the impact that caring responsibilities have on women's employment. The research is based on a dedicated questionnaire and in-depth interviews with informal caregivers. …
Who will care? Employment participation and willingness to supply informal care
Giving older workers a voice: Constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England
This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraints that older people feel hinder their employment prospects within the context of their daily lives. …
Why do governments invest in elite sport? A polemic
Elite sport currently enjoys high levels of investment in many advanced capitalist countries. The primary aim of this piece is to introduce and unpack the reasons generally given by states for prioritizing and investing in elite sport. While our core focus is the UK sport policy sector, many of the discussions will be relevant for other, advanced liberal capitalist systems (e.g. Australia and Canada) and even the now defunct dictatorships (e.g. t…
Exploring Women's Retirement: Continuity, Context and Career Transition
This paper reports on an exploratory study examining women's views about and experiences of retirement. It has long been recognized that women's careers often follow a different path than men's due to the differential impact of family and domestic responsibilities and their relative underrepresentation at higher levels of organizations. However, many studies of retirement have implicitly assumed a conventional male career as the norm, where retir…
Using occupational history calendars to capture lengthy and complex working lives: A mixed method approach with older people
Accurately documenting the occupational biographies of older people can be challenging given their lengthy duration and the complexity of contemporary employment. This paper shows how a traditionally quantitative occupational history calendar (OHC) instrument can be adapted for use in a mixed methods research design, to gather in-depth information about long working lives. The OHCs were embedded within semi-structured interviews and recorded life…
Age-training gaps in the European Union
This paper examines the relationship between age and training in the 15 European Union countries (EU-15) that were member states prior to the 2004 enlargement. The analysis is carried out using European Union Labour Force Survey data. We report cross-country comparisons of the training undertaken by older people (aged 50–64) and younger people (aged 20–49). We extend previous research by adding an analysis of the training undertaken by non-worker…
Career Pathways into Retirement in the UK: Linking Older Women's Pasts to the Present
Understanding of how women's experiences in retirement are shaped by their pre‐retirement lives is limited. In this paper we utilize an innovative mix of measures to examine the link between career histories and expectations and experiences of retirement. Analysis of timeline data capturing the long working lives of a sample of older women identifies five different pathways into retirement. We explore these trajectories in detail to determine how…
Unpaid caregiving and paid work over life-courses: Different pathways, diverging outcomes
Female employment in hotels in Saudi Arabia and UAE
Purpose This paper aims to explore barriers to employment, problems caused by working, motivation to work and job satisfaction of women employed in hotels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Design/methodology/approach The study surveyed 385 women working in 75 hotels in KSA and UAE. The sample included citizens of KSA and UAE ( n = 177), Arab and non-Arab expatriates ( n = 208) and women with and without cari…
Education of Biological and Fostered Children in Ghana: The Influence of Relationships with the Household Head and Household Structure
This study investigates how household structure and relationship with head of household impact on the education of children in Ghana. We estimate educational participation and selectivity‐corrected educational progress conditional on participation and find that fostered children are less likely to participate in education. Fostered children in dual‐parent‐headed households also make less educational progress compared with biological children. In …
Health and Well-being of Young People in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Life Course Impacts
Using data from four waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey, we follow the lives of 3,064 eight-year-old children over 12 years in four developing countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) to explore the links between children’s lives and their health and wellbeing in early adulthood. We apply a novel combination of sequence analysis with clustering and difference-in-differences estimation techniques to identify links between health and…
Why work? Disability, family care and employment
This article seeks to examine the ways in which ‘work’ is a crucial domain within a holistic approach to understanding disability and family life. The research is based on the experiences of 49 people who either self-identified as disabled or were family members of a person with an impairment. The analysis focuses on the meaningfulness of work and argues that the meaning of work needs to be expanded in order to be more inclusive of disabled peopl…
Gendered workload allocation in universities: A feminist analysis of practices and possibilities in a European University
The negotiated allocation of teaching and institutional service workload in universities is a key determinant of the quantity and quality of all work for academic staff. There is abundant quantitative evidence that women and men experience differential outcomes from faculty, school, or departmental workload allocation processes and convincing theoretical explanations as to why this happens. We add to this knowledge through feminist analysis of a …
The Menopause Taboo at Work: Examining Women's Embodied Experiences of Menopause in the UK Police Service
This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge about gendered ageing at work through an examination of the embodied experiences of women undergoing menopause transition in the UK police service. Drawing on 1197 survey responses, providing both quantitative and qualitative data gathered across three police forces in 2017-18, the findings highlight the importance of a material-discursive approach that considers contextual influences on w…
Well‐being and employment of young people in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Is work enough
The Contribution of Girls’ Longer Hours in Unpaid Work to Gender Gaps in Early Adult Employment: Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam
Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescenc…
Life Satisfaction and Job Insecurity
Fear of the threat of job loss is likely to elicit negative thoughts that have adverse consequences for not only job satisfaction, but also all-around happiness and satisfaction with life. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data, this study provides evidence of the negative effect of perceived job insecurity on life satisfaction in post-communist Albania, an under-researched context. This adverse effect is found to be more pronounced…
School closures and educational attainment in Ethiopia: Can extra classes help children to catch up
School closures impact children's attainment adversely, but understanding the effects of closures on children's attainment in lower‐income countries is still limited. Addressing this deficit, this study examines how past school closures have impacted children's educational attainment in Ethiopia. The study uses individual student‐level data from the Young Lives School Survey and standardised test scores in mathematics and language recorded at the…
Time poverty and gender in urban sub‐Saharan Africa: Long working days and long commutes in Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
This study uses a mixed‐methods approach and primary data to consider how the length of the working day in Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area is shaped by time in paid and unpaid work and commuting. The analysis investigates gender differences in the length of the working day and the incidence of time poverty, and explores the relationship between long working days, long and arduous commutes and well‐being. Women are found to be more time po…
Economics (22 works) · Demographic economics (16 works) · Psychology (16 works) · Economic growth (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Medicine (10 works) · Political science (10 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (9 works) · Business (8 works) · Retirement, Disability, and Employment (8 works)