Peter Baldwin
Biographic Data
| ID | 286596 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter Baldwin |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter |
| FAMILY NAME | Baldwin |
| SIGNATURE | BALDWIN P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Los Angeles |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1745-5119 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 68 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Proficiency order invariance of MLE, MAP, EAP, and WLE in item response theory
When high‐stakes decisions depend on test scores, it is natural to ask whether examinees' relative standing is determined by the response evidence or by the scoring rule. This paper characterizes when four IRT proficiency estimators—maximum likelihood, maximum a posteriori, expected a posteriori, and Warm's weighted likelihood estimator—can change the rank ordering of examinees under the 1PL (Rasch), 2PL, and 3PL models with fixed item parameters…
Audit-style framework for evaluating bias in large language models
One concern with AI systems is their potential to produce biased output. These biases can be difficult to detect due to the complex and often proprietary nature of the systems, which limits transparency. We propose an evaluation framework for assessing whether a system exhibits biased behavior. This evaluation consists of a series of tasks in which an AI system is instructed to select one of two students for an award based on their performance on…
Examining ChatGPT Performance on USMLE Sample Items and Implications for Assessment
Command and Persuade
Why, when we have been largely socialized into good behavior, are there more laws that govern our behavior than ever before? Levels of violent crime have been in a steady decline for centuries—for millennia, even. Over the past five hundred years, homicide rates have decreased a hundred-fold. We live in a time that is more orderly and peaceful than ever before in human history. Why, then, does fear of crime dominate modern politics? Why, when we …
Idtwo
People with intellectual disability (ID) experience higher rates of mental illness and reduced access to appropriate care and treatment. Tailored electronic mental health (eMH) programs offer opportunities to address these disparities. The aim of this study is to examine whether a fully automated and self-guided eMH program tailored to the needs of people with ID can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression and improve daily functioning in peopl…
Epidemics
Reviewed by: Epidemics: Hate and Compassion from the Plague of Athens to AIDS by Samuel K. Cohn Peter Baldwin Samuel K. Cohn. Epidemics: Hate and Compassion from the Plague of Athens to AIDS. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. xii + 643 pp. Ill. $125.00 (978–0–19–881966–0). If not before, the digital has now arrived in the history of medicine. Not only could a book this big—640 enormous pages, many thousands of footnotes—never have been compo…
The Effect of Rating Unfamiliar Items on Angoff Passing Scores
The Angoff standard setting method relies on content experts to review exam items and make judgments about the performance of the minimally proficient examinee. Unfortunately, at times content experts may have gaps in their understanding of specific exam content. These gaps are particularly likely to occur when the content domain is broad and/or highly technical, or when non-expert stakeholders are included in a standard setting panel (e.g., pare…
The Copyright Wars
Today's copyright wars can seem unprecedented. Sparked by the digital revolution that has made copyright -- and its violation -- a part of everyday life, fights over intellectual property have pitted creators, Hollywood, and governments against consumers, pirates, Silicon Valley, and open-access advocates. But while the digital generation can be forgiven for thinking the dispute between, for example, the publishing industry and Google is complete…
Response to Evans
Because my article was not a review of Richard J. Evans's book, but a thought piece on broader topics prompted by his work, it does not stick only to issues discussed by him. What a shame that Cosmopolitan Islanders was largely ignored, as Evans reports, for he raises important questions. Part of the reason for the book's stillbirth is exemplified in Evans’ response here: the self-isolation of the historical profession that is met by increasing i…
Smug Britannia
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Narcissism of Minor Differences
There is much heated rhetoric about the widening gulf between Europe and America. But are the US and Europe so different? Peter Baldwin, one of the world's leading historians of comparative social policy, thinks not, and in this bracingly argued but remarkably informed polemic, he lays out how similar the two continents really are. Drawing on the latest evidence from sources such as the United Nations, the World Bank, IMF, and other international…
Epidemics Laid Low
Bodily Matters
Reviewed by: Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853-1907 Peter Baldwin Nadia Durbach . Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853-1907. Radical Perspectives. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005. xiii + 277 pp. Ill. $22.95 (paperbound, 0-8223-3423-2). Antivaccinationism was one of the unjustly forgotten popular movements of the nineteenth century. It was strong in Germany, but nowhere more so than …
Beyond Weak and Strong
Most public problems can be approached in many ways. Urban noise, the honking of car horns, for example, could be tackled by building effective mass transit and discouraging automobile use, by forbidding the use of horns within city limits and fining violators, by encouraging harmonious social circumstances, or at least stress-reduction education programs, to make drivers less aggressive, by developing horns that target sound waves only at offend…
Disease and Democracy
Roger Davidson, Dangerous Liaisons
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
This book is a groundbreaking study of the historical reasons for the divergence in public health policies adopted in Britain, France, Germany and Sweden, and the spectrum of responses to the threat of contagious diseases such as cholera, smallpox and syphilis. In particular the book examines the link between politics and prevention. Did the varying political regimes influence the styles of precaution adopted? Or was it, as Peter Baldwin argues, …
Riding the subways of Gemeinschaft
Antieprostitution Reform and the Use of Public Space in Hartford, Connecticut, 1878-1914
Can We Define a European Welfare State Model?
Typologizing, as anyone who can still remember the tedium of memorizing the Linnaean hierarchy in high school biology will agree, is the lowest form of intellectual endeavour: necessary perhaps, a precondition no doubt for loftier and more sophisticated pursuits, but the preserve nonetheless of the bean counter and bookkeeper. The point of typologizing, of deciding which category or box something belongs in, is to highlight certain features share…
Regulating the Social
A Nation of Provincials
The Welfare State for Historians. A Review Article
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Beyond Weak and Strong
Most public problems can be approached in many ways. Urban noise, the honking of car horns, for example, could be tackled by building effective mass transit and discouraging automobile use, by forbidding the use of horns within city limits and fining violators, by encouraging harmonious social circumstances, or at least stress-reduction education programs, to make drivers less aggressive, by developing horns that target sound waves only at offend…
Reworking the past
Beveridge in the longue durée
Beveridge and his Plan occupy a singular place in the pantheon of social policy. This is due partly to the wartime circumstances under which the Plan was published and partly to T.H. Marshall's world‐historical reading of the Beveridge‐inspired welfare reforms of the first majority Labour government. Equally, Beveridge's reputation rests on his ability to balance the liberalism and collectivism inherent in any social policy. But this balance also…
Social Interpretations of Nazism
Social explanations, once a standard methodology in history, have been increasingly called into question during the past two decades.' Such accounts rely on a pyramidal conception of causation, from economic to social through political and finally to cultural and ideological levels. Crudely put, they explain political and cultural matters by reference to developments in what are regarded as causally prior strata. Ultimately, these are economic, b…
Liberalism, Nationalism, and Degeneration
How anyone today first comes to hear the name Max Nordau says much about his interests. He might, if his literary tastes so dictate, chance across him in Bram Stoker's Dracula , where Mina Harker cites Nordau as evidence that the count is a criminal and therefore of imperfectly formed mind. For Dracula's and Nordau's contemporaries, however, no such fortuitous encounters were necessary. Nordau was a household name whose most popular books appeare…
Disease and Democracy
The Welfare State for Historians. A Review Article
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Scandinavian Origins of the Social Interpretation of the Welfare State
If a question can bemal posée, surely an interpretation can bemal étendue. This has been the fate of the social interpretation of the welfare state. The cousin of social theories of bourgeois revolution, the social interpretation of the welfare state is part of a broader conception of the course of modern European history that until recently has laid claim to the status of a standard. The social interpretation sees the welfare states of certain c…
How Socialist is Solidaristic Social Policy? Swedish Postwar Reform as a Case in Point
The postwar welfare state, as epitomized by Beveridge's Plan, seemed to mark a major departure from social policy's traditional Bismarckian ambition to ameliorate and preserve existing social circumstances. Many have found the reason for this turnabout in the power that parties of the Left achieved in the immediate postwar years, in Britain and especially in Scandinavia where reform was most pronounced. The article questions this political pedigr…
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
Clausewitz in Nazi Germany
ion on the analogy of the Kantian Ding an sich. In its purely military essence, war is a struggle fought with all available means until one side is unable to offer any further resistance. Two rational creatures, locked in combat, both realize that the victory will go to whichever exerts the most effort. Thus a continual escalation of force follows until one is completely vanquished. True to his philosophical calling, when Clausewitz writes that, …
Smug Britannia
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Riding the subways of Gemeinschaft
The Politics of Social Solidarity
Time Present and Time Past
Class interests and the post‐war welfare state in Europe
Class, Interest and the Welfare State
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Liberalism, Nationalism, and Degeneration
How anyone today first comes to hear the name Max Nordau says much about his interests. He might, if his literary tastes so dictate, chance across him in Bram Stoker's Dracula , where Mina Harker cites Nordau as evidence that the count is a criminal and therefore of imperfectly formed mind. For Dracula's and Nordau's contemporaries, however, no such fortuitous encounters were necessary. Nordau was a household name whose most popular books appeare…
Clausewitz in Nazi Germany
ion on the analogy of the Kantian Ding an sich. In its purely military essence, war is a struggle fought with all available means until one side is unable to offer any further resistance. Two rational creatures, locked in combat, both realize that the victory will go to whichever exerts the most effort. Thus a continual escalation of force follows until one is completely vanquished. True to his philosophical calling, when Clausewitz writes that, …
How Socialist is Solidaristic Social Policy? Swedish Postwar Reform as a Case in Point
The postwar welfare state, as epitomized by Beveridge's Plan, seemed to mark a major departure from social policy's traditional Bismarckian ambition to ameliorate and preserve existing social circumstances. Many have found the reason for this turnabout in the power that parties of the Left achieved in the immediate postwar years, in Britain and especially in Scandinavia where reform was most pronounced. The article questions this political pedigr…
Class, Interest and the Welfare State
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
The Scandinavian Origins of the Social Interpretation of the Welfare State
If a question can bemal posée, surely an interpretation can bemal étendue. This has been the fate of the social interpretation of the welfare state. The cousin of social theories of bourgeois revolution, the social interpretation of the welfare state is part of a broader conception of the course of modern European history that until recently has laid claim to the status of a standard. The social interpretation sees the welfare states of certain c…
The Politics of Social Solidarity
This book examines the social bases of the European welfare state, and the interests developed in or against social policy by various classes of society, during the period 1875–1975 in Britain, France, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. By analysing the competing concerns of different social factors that lie behind the evolution of social policy, it explains why some nations have had an easy time in developing a generous and solidaristic welfare state …
Social Interpretations of Nazism
Social explanations, once a standard methodology in history, have been increasingly called into question during the past two decades.' Such accounts rely on a pyramidal conception of causation, from economic to social through political and finally to cultural and ideological levels. Crudely put, they explain political and cultural matters by reference to developments in what are regarded as causally prior strata. Ultimately, these are economic, b…
Class interests and the post‐war welfare state in Europe
Reworking the past
Reworking the past
The Welfare State for Historians. A Review Article
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Nations and nationalism since 1789
Coercion, capital, and European states, 990–1990
(1992). Coercion, capital, and European states, 990–1990. History of European Ideas: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 148-150
The Politics of Social Solidarity
Beveridge in the longue durée
Beveridge and his Plan occupy a singular place in the pantheon of social policy. This is due partly to the wartime circumstances under which the Plan was published and partly to T.H. Marshall's world‐historical reading of the Beveridge‐inspired welfare reforms of the first majority Labour government. Equally, Beveridge's reputation rests on his ability to balance the liberalism and collectivism inherent in any social policy. But this balance also…
The Politics of Social Solidarity
Time Present and Time Past
A Nation of Provincials
Regulating the Social
Can We Define a European Welfare State Model?
Typologizing, as anyone who can still remember the tedium of memorizing the Linnaean hierarchy in high school biology will agree, is the lowest form of intellectual endeavour: necessary perhaps, a precondition no doubt for loftier and more sophisticated pursuits, but the preserve nonetheless of the bean counter and bookkeeper. The point of typologizing, of deciding which category or box something belongs in, is to highlight certain features share…
Antieprostitution Reform and the Use of Public Space in Hartford, Connecticut, 1878-1914
Riding the subways of Gemeinschaft
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
This book is a groundbreaking study of the historical reasons for the divergence in public health policies adopted in Britain, France, Germany and Sweden, and the spectrum of responses to the threat of contagious diseases such as cholera, smallpox and syphilis. In particular the book examines the link between politics and prevention. Did the varying political regimes influence the styles of precaution adopted? Or was it, as Peter Baldwin argues, …
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930
Political science (32 works) · Law (26 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Law (17 works) · History (16 works) · Politics (16 works) · Political economy (13 works) · Computer Science (12 works) · Welfare state (11 works) · Economics (10 works)