Christine Min Wotipka
Biographic Data
| ID | 288357 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christine Min Wotipka |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christine Min |
| FAMILY NAME | Wotipka |
| SIGNATURE | WOTIPKA C M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Stanford University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4931-0854 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 237 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Contested Diversity? The Institutionalization of LGBTQ-Supportive Features in U.S. Higher Education, 1980 to 2018
This study seeks to understand the extent of and explanations for the institutionalization of sexuality and gender identity in U.S. higher education institutions (HEIs). Using original longitudinal data collected on a national probability sample of 234 four-year HEIs, covering 1980 to 2018, we examine whether and when HEIs establish two key lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) supportive features: LGBTQ resource centers and LGBT…
Gender disparities in Chinese middle school science textbooks: A semiotic analysis
Armed conflict, student achievement, and access to higher education by gender in Afghanistan, 2014–2019
Using data from its national university entrance exam, we examined the relationship between armed conflict and student achievement in Afghanistan. Exploiting the province-year variation in exposure to conflict intensity, we estimated the relationship between conflict and exam results generally and by gender for all test takers from 2014–2019. Findings show that a one standard deviation increase in conflict intensity at the province-year level was…
Opportunities for Faculty Tenure at Globally Ranked Universities: Cross-National Differences by Gender, Fields, and Tenure Status
Drawing on a unique data set of almost 12,000 faculty members from 52 globally ranked universities in four fields (sociology, biology, history, and engineering), this study describes and explains gender differences in tenure among faculty across 13 countries. In our sample, women comprise roughly one-third of all faculty and only 23 percent of tenured faculty, with significant variation across fields and countries. Findings from a series of multi…
A milestone in the pursuit of gender equality: Predicting first women presidents in U.S. higher education institutions, 1980–2018
While women’s higher education enrollments and graduation rates have outpaced those of men in the United States and most countries around the world, women are less frequently included in academic leadership roles, including the higher education presidency. This paper asks what predicts whether and when a higher education institution has its first woman president, conceptualizing this event as a milestone of gender equality. We use a national prob…
To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018
The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women …
Un análisis trasnacional del surgimiento e institucionalización de los planes académicos de los Estudios de las Mujeres
El presente proyecto se sirve de un enfoque cuantitativo para facilitar un análisis comparativo y longitudinal de la expansión de los Estudios de las Mujeres. Definidos éstos a partir del primer curso que una universidad, entre 1970 y 2000, oferta un curso oficial de Estudios de las Mujeres. Nuestra muestra se compone de 22 países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Utilizando modelos de estimación de…
Women's participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective
Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women's participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently,…
CER Moderated Discussion on “‘Participation Does Not Equal Voice’: Gendered Experiences in an Academic and Professional Society”
“Participation Does Not Equal Voice”: Gendered Experiences in an Academic and Professional Society
“Male culture” strongly persists in academic and professional societies, including at annual conferences and meetings, where women-identifying individuals report facing various forms of sexual harassment, discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization. This study goes beyond parity metrics to innovate the monitoring of gender by analyzing gender inequalities and inequities in the space of an academic and professional society and its annual meetin…
The status and agency of children in school textbooks, 1970–2012: A cross-national analysis
Via a cross-national and longitudinal analysis, this study seeks to understand whether and to what extent school textbooks portray children as entities with status and agency. Our core argument is that in a world in which individuals are imagined as central to national progress, the extension of individual personhood and citizenship to children is associated with their increased status and enhanced agency. Using 495 textbooks from 76 countries, w…
Effect of LGBT anti-discrimination laws on school climate and outcomes for lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) high school students face challenges that impede their academic, social, and emotional well-being. School policies that provide resources and protections for LGBT students mitigate these challenges and lead to better outcomes for LGBT students. At the same time, LGBT individuals face challenges in sectors like employment protection and hate crime prevalence, and many states have passed laws that expa…
Students’ Understanding of the History of Enslavement in America: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Students in the United States learn about the history of enslavement throughout their educational experiences. Yet our understanding of what students from different racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds know about this difficult period in American history is limited. In this study, we use mixed methods to examine written narratives of students’ understanding of the history of enslavement in the United States. As a whole, narratives about enslave…
Mothers’ gendered aspirations for their children: A case study of Forbesganj, Bihar
Current literature on parent aspirations has not empirically explored the factors that may lead to differences in aspirations among similar types of parents. Additionally, little is known about the gendered nature of these differences. In this study, we seek to understand factors shaping mothers’ aspirations in regards to education, marriage, and careers of their daughters and sons, and to explore why differences may be found for mothers from sim…
Global linkages, the higher education pipeline, and national contexts: The worldwide growth of women faculty, 1970–2012
Despite the surge in women’s enrollments in higher education over the last several decades, women continue to be unequally represented in faculty careers around the world. In this article, we use data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to examine and explain regional and global trends in percentages of women faculty within 92 countries from 1970 to 2012. Drawing on world society and development per…
The Making of a Human Rights Issue: A Cross-National Analysis of Gender-Based Violence in Textbooks, 1950-2011
In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences. Previously a taboo topic, it is now viewed as a human rights violation in the broader world culture. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of 568 textbooks from 76 countries from across the world, we examine the extent to which this growing global attention to GBV has filter…
The rise, removal, and return of women: Gender representations in primary-level textbooks in Afghanistan, 1980–2010
Nearly four decades of instability and fragility have led to many changes in the status of women and girls in Afghanistan. Yet, little research focuses on these changes within the education system. To understand the country’s stance toward gender issues in formal practice, we examine gender representations in Afghan primary-level Dari language arts textbooks. Using a qualitative content analysis and longitudinal data, we examine how ideologies ab…
The Worldwide Expansion of Early Childhood Care and Education, 1985–2010
Although early childhood care and education (ECCE) enrollments have expanded significantly around the world since the 1960s, little is known about the economic, social, and cultural drivers explaining this growth. Using country fixed effects and a sample of 117 countries, this study explores three predictors framing the growth of ECCE enrollments across countries and over time: economic development, improvements in women’s status, and country lin…
World society and human rights: An event history analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
A worldwide human rights regime has emerged, expanded, and intensified throughout the twentieth century, especially in the post-Second World War era. This regime involves a global system of expanding organizations, social movements, conferences, rules, and discourse promoting the human rights of individuals. This regime is universalistic in aspiration: all humans are expected to be covered by the regime. This universalism involves a discursive an…
Global Human Rights and State Sovereignty: State Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965–2001 1
This research seeks to understand the factors that lead nation‐states to ratify international human rights treaties in the contemporary world, despite their potential cost for state sovereignty. We argue that normative pressure from international society, along with historical contingencies during the Cold War, encouraged many states to ratify these treaties. We present an event‐history analysis of ratification of seven key international human ri…
Un análisis trasnacional del surgimiento e institucionalización de los planes académicos de los Estudios de las Mujeres (A Cross-National Analysis of the Emergence and Institutionalization of Women's …
This project uses a quantitative approach to provide a comparative and longitudinal analysis of the expansion of women's studies curricula, defined as the offering of the first women's studies course at a university from 1970-2000. Our sample consists of 22 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Using event history models of estimation, we test a number of different explanations at the nationaland universit…
The Worldwide Diffusion of Business Education, 1881-1999: Historical Trajectory and Mechanisms of Expansion
The universalistic and standardized organizational forms resulting from globalization as argued in this volume have without a doubt caused dramatic changes in the business arena. Businesses regardless of nationality have come to be viewed as similar-organizational actors that share universal and standardized characteristics. Challenges for businesses are expected to call for similar solutions, i.e. new managerial knowledge and skills, and to be c…
Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations
We examine patterns of citizen participation in the global human rights movement through memberships in human rights international nongovernmental organizations (HRINGOs). After showing enormous growth in the number of HRINGOs in recent decades, we investigate country level characteristics leading to greater participation in the international human rights movement. Drawing on the social movement literature and world society theory, we employ mult…
Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92
Francisco O. Ramirez, Christine Min Wotipka, Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92, Sociology of Education, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 231-251
Global Human Rights and State Sovereignty: State Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965–2001 1
This research seeks to understand the factors that lead nation‐states to ratify international human rights treaties in the contemporary world, despite their potential cost for state sovereignty. We argue that normative pressure from international society, along with historical contingencies during the Cold War, encouraged many states to ratify these treaties. We present an event‐history analysis of ratification of seven key international human ri…
Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations
We examine patterns of citizen participation in the global human rights movement through memberships in human rights international nongovernmental organizations (HRINGOs). After showing enormous growth in the number of HRINGOs in recent decades, we investigate country level characteristics leading to greater participation in the international human rights movement. Drawing on the social movement literature and world society theory, we employ mult…
Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92
Francisco O. Ramirez, Christine Min Wotipka, Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92, Sociology of Education, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 231-251
Women's participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective
Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women's participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently,…
Effect of LGBT anti-discrimination laws on school climate and outcomes for lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) high school students face challenges that impede their academic, social, and emotional well-being. School policies that provide resources and protections for LGBT students mitigate these challenges and lead to better outcomes for LGBT students. At the same time, LGBT individuals face challenges in sectors like employment protection and hate crime prevalence, and many states have passed laws that expa…
Global linkages, the higher education pipeline, and national contexts: The worldwide growth of women faculty, 1970–2012
Despite the surge in women’s enrollments in higher education over the last several decades, women continue to be unequally represented in faculty careers around the world. In this article, we use data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to examine and explain regional and global trends in percentages of women faculty within 92 countries from 1970 to 2012. Drawing on world society and development per…
The rise, removal, and return of women: Gender representations in primary-level textbooks in Afghanistan, 1980–2010
Nearly four decades of instability and fragility have led to many changes in the status of women and girls in Afghanistan. Yet, little research focuses on these changes within the education system. To understand the country’s stance toward gender issues in formal practice, we examine gender representations in Afghan primary-level Dari language arts textbooks. Using a qualitative content analysis and longitudinal data, we examine how ideologies ab…
Mothers’ gendered aspirations for their children: A case study of Forbesganj, Bihar
Current literature on parent aspirations has not empirically explored the factors that may lead to differences in aspirations among similar types of parents. Additionally, little is known about the gendered nature of these differences. In this study, we seek to understand factors shaping mothers’ aspirations in regards to education, marriage, and careers of their daughters and sons, and to explore why differences may be found for mothers from sim…
The Making of a Human Rights Issue: A Cross-National Analysis of Gender-Based Violence in Textbooks, 1950-2011
In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences. Previously a taboo topic, it is now viewed as a human rights violation in the broader world culture. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of 568 textbooks from 76 countries from across the world, we examine the extent to which this growing global attention to GBV has filter…
The Worldwide Expansion of Early Childhood Care and Education, 1985–2010
Although early childhood care and education (ECCE) enrollments have expanded significantly around the world since the 1960s, little is known about the economic, social, and cultural drivers explaining this growth. Using country fixed effects and a sample of 117 countries, this study explores three predictors framing the growth of ECCE enrollments across countries and over time: economic development, improvements in women’s status, and country lin…
Opportunities for Faculty Tenure at Globally Ranked Universities: Cross-National Differences by Gender, Fields, and Tenure Status
Drawing on a unique data set of almost 12,000 faculty members from 52 globally ranked universities in four fields (sociology, biology, history, and engineering), this study describes and explains gender differences in tenure among faculty across 13 countries. In our sample, women comprise roughly one-third of all faculty and only 23 percent of tenured faculty, with significant variation across fields and countries. Findings from a series of multi…
A milestone in the pursuit of gender equality: Predicting first women presidents in U.S. higher education institutions, 1980–2018
While women’s higher education enrollments and graduation rates have outpaced those of men in the United States and most countries around the world, women are less frequently included in academic leadership roles, including the higher education presidency. This paper asks what predicts whether and when a higher education institution has its first woman president, conceptualizing this event as a milestone of gender equality. We use a national prob…
To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018
The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women …
Students’ Understanding of the History of Enslavement in America: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Students in the United States learn about the history of enslavement throughout their educational experiences. Yet our understanding of what students from different racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds know about this difficult period in American history is limited. In this study, we use mixed methods to examine written narratives of students’ understanding of the history of enslavement in the United States. As a whole, narratives about enslave…
Gender disparities in Chinese middle school science textbooks: A semiotic analysis
Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92
Francisco O. Ramirez, Christine Min Wotipka, Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972-92, Sociology of Education, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 231-251
Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations
We examine patterns of citizen participation in the global human rights movement through memberships in human rights international nongovernmental organizations (HRINGOs). After showing enormous growth in the number of HRINGOs in recent decades, we investigate country level characteristics leading to greater participation in the international human rights movement. Drawing on the social movement literature and world society theory, we employ mult…
The Worldwide Diffusion of Business Education, 1881-1999: Historical Trajectory and Mechanisms of Expansion
The universalistic and standardized organizational forms resulting from globalization as argued in this volume have without a doubt caused dramatic changes in the business arena. Businesses regardless of nationality have come to be viewed as similar-organizational actors that share universal and standardized characteristics. Challenges for businesses are expected to call for similar solutions, i.e. new managerial knowledge and skills, and to be c…
Un análisis trasnacional del surgimiento e institucionalización de los planes académicos de los Estudios de las Mujeres (A Cross-National Analysis of the Emergence and Institutionalization of Women's …
This project uses a quantitative approach to provide a comparative and longitudinal analysis of the expansion of women's studies curricula, defined as the offering of the first women's studies course at a university from 1970-2000. Our sample consists of 22 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Using event history models of estimation, we test a number of different explanations at the nationaland universit…
World society and human rights: An event history analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
A worldwide human rights regime has emerged, expanded, and intensified throughout the twentieth century, especially in the post-Second World War era. This regime involves a global system of expanding organizations, social movements, conferences, rules, and discourse promoting the human rights of individuals. This regime is universalistic in aspiration: all humans are expected to be covered by the regime. This universalism involves a discursive an…
Global Human Rights and State Sovereignty: State Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965–2001 1
This research seeks to understand the factors that lead nation‐states to ratify international human rights treaties in the contemporary world, despite their potential cost for state sovereignty. We argue that normative pressure from international society, along with historical contingencies during the Cold War, encouraged many states to ratify these treaties. We present an event‐history analysis of ratification of seven key international human ri…
The rise, removal, and return of women: Gender representations in primary-level textbooks in Afghanistan, 1980–2010
Nearly four decades of instability and fragility have led to many changes in the status of women and girls in Afghanistan. Yet, little research focuses on these changes within the education system. To understand the country’s stance toward gender issues in formal practice, we examine gender representations in Afghan primary-level Dari language arts textbooks. Using a qualitative content analysis and longitudinal data, we examine how ideologies ab…
The Worldwide Expansion of Early Childhood Care and Education, 1985–2010
Although early childhood care and education (ECCE) enrollments have expanded significantly around the world since the 1960s, little is known about the economic, social, and cultural drivers explaining this growth. Using country fixed effects and a sample of 117 countries, this study explores three predictors framing the growth of ECCE enrollments across countries and over time: economic development, improvements in women’s status, and country lin…
Mothers’ gendered aspirations for their children: A case study of Forbesganj, Bihar
Current literature on parent aspirations has not empirically explored the factors that may lead to differences in aspirations among similar types of parents. Additionally, little is known about the gendered nature of these differences. In this study, we seek to understand factors shaping mothers’ aspirations in regards to education, marriage, and careers of their daughters and sons, and to explore why differences may be found for mothers from sim…
Global linkages, the higher education pipeline, and national contexts: The worldwide growth of women faculty, 1970–2012
Despite the surge in women’s enrollments in higher education over the last several decades, women continue to be unequally represented in faculty careers around the world. In this article, we use data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to examine and explain regional and global trends in percentages of women faculty within 92 countries from 1970 to 2012. Drawing on world society and development per…
The Making of a Human Rights Issue: A Cross-National Analysis of Gender-Based Violence in Textbooks, 1950-2011
In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences. Previously a taboo topic, it is now viewed as a human rights violation in the broader world culture. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of 568 textbooks from 76 countries from across the world, we examine the extent to which this growing global attention to GBV has filter…
Students’ Understanding of the History of Enslavement in America: Differences by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Students in the United States learn about the history of enslavement throughout their educational experiences. Yet our understanding of what students from different racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds know about this difficult period in American history is limited. In this study, we use mixed methods to examine written narratives of students’ understanding of the history of enslavement in the United States. As a whole, narratives about enslave…
Effect of LGBT anti-discrimination laws on school climate and outcomes for lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) high school students face challenges that impede their academic, social, and emotional well-being. School policies that provide resources and protections for LGBT students mitigate these challenges and lead to better outcomes for LGBT students. At the same time, LGBT individuals face challenges in sectors like employment protection and hate crime prevalence, and many states have passed laws that expa…
CER Moderated Discussion on “‘Participation Does Not Equal Voice’: Gendered Experiences in an Academic and Professional Society”
“Participation Does Not Equal Voice”: Gendered Experiences in an Academic and Professional Society
“Male culture” strongly persists in academic and professional societies, including at annual conferences and meetings, where women-identifying individuals report facing various forms of sexual harassment, discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization. This study goes beyond parity metrics to innovate the monitoring of gender by analyzing gender inequalities and inequities in the space of an academic and professional society and its annual meetin…
The status and agency of children in school textbooks, 1970–2012: A cross-national analysis
Via a cross-national and longitudinal analysis, this study seeks to understand whether and to what extent school textbooks portray children as entities with status and agency. Our core argument is that in a world in which individuals are imagined as central to national progress, the extension of individual personhood and citizenship to children is associated with their increased status and enhanced agency. Using 495 textbooks from 76 countries, w…
Women's participation and challenges to the liberal script: A global perspective
Existing scholarship documents large worldwide increases in women's participation in the public sphere over recent decades, for example, in education, politics, and the labor force. Some scholars have argued that these changes follow broader trends in world society, especially its growing liberalism, which increasingly has reconfigured social life around the choices of empowered and rights-bearing individuals, regardless of gender. Very recently,…
Armed conflict, student achievement, and access to higher education by gender in Afghanistan, 2014–2019
Using data from its national university entrance exam, we examined the relationship between armed conflict and student achievement in Afghanistan. Exploiting the province-year variation in exposure to conflict intensity, we estimated the relationship between conflict and exam results generally and by gender for all test takers from 2014–2019. Findings show that a one standard deviation increase in conflict intensity at the province-year level was…
Opportunities for Faculty Tenure at Globally Ranked Universities: Cross-National Differences by Gender, Fields, and Tenure Status
Drawing on a unique data set of almost 12,000 faculty members from 52 globally ranked universities in four fields (sociology, biology, history, and engineering), this study describes and explains gender differences in tenure among faculty across 13 countries. In our sample, women comprise roughly one-third of all faculty and only 23 percent of tenured faculty, with significant variation across fields and countries. Findings from a series of multi…
A milestone in the pursuit of gender equality: Predicting first women presidents in U.S. higher education institutions, 1980–2018
While women’s higher education enrollments and graduation rates have outpaced those of men in the United States and most countries around the world, women are less frequently included in academic leadership roles, including the higher education presidency. This paper asks what predicts whether and when a higher education institution has its first woman president, conceptualizing this event as a milestone of gender equality. We use a national prob…
To STEM or not to STEM: A cross-national analysis of gender and tertiary graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math, 1998–2018
The comparative literature on gender and higher education has increasingly focused on differences in access to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). We contribute to this literature through a cross-national analysis of STEM graduates by gender between 1998 and 2018 across 90 countries. Many earlier studies emphasize the positive influence of a global liberal culture on women. More recent scholarship contends that women …
Un análisis trasnacional del surgimiento e institucionalización de los planes académicos de los Estudios de las Mujeres
El presente proyecto se sirve de un enfoque cuantitativo para facilitar un análisis comparativo y longitudinal de la expansión de los Estudios de las Mujeres. Definidos éstos a partir del primer curso que una universidad, entre 1970 y 2000, oferta un curso oficial de Estudios de las Mujeres. Nuestra muestra se compone de 22 países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Utilizando modelos de estimación de…
Gender disparities in Chinese middle school science textbooks: A semiotic analysis
Contested Diversity? The Institutionalization of LGBTQ-Supportive Features in U.S. Higher Education, 1980 to 2018
This study seeks to understand the extent of and explanations for the institutionalization of sexuality and gender identity in U.S. higher education institutions (HEIs). Using original longitudinal data collected on a national probability sample of 234 four-year HEIs, covering 1980 to 2018, we examine whether and when HEIs establish two key lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) supportive features: LGBTQ resource centers and LGBT…
Political science (19 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Law (10 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Gender Studies (9 works) · Gender Politics and Representation (8 works) · Gender Studies (7 works) · Economics (6 works) · Demography (5 works) · Economic growth (5 works)