Kristy Holtfreter
Biographic Data
| ID | 288715 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kristy Holtfreter |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kristy |
| FAMILY NAME | Holtfreter |
| SIGNATURE | HOLTFRETER K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Arizona State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2687-2141 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 179 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 24 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Ambivalent Sexism, Minority Threat, and Support for the Criminalization of Abortion
Following the Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision, abortion access in the United States has become increasingly restricted. Drawing on ambivalent sexism and minority threat perspectives, this study examines support for abortion criminalization. Using data from a national survey of U.S. adults (N = 1494), this study examines whether ambivalent sexism and perceived racial and ethnic minority threat are associated with support for criminal sanctions agai…
Understanding the Needs of Victims of Criminal Justice System-Related Harms
This study focuses on identifying the types of criminal justice harms via error and failure that can occur across multiple sectors of the criminal justice system (policing, courts, and corrections), and the groups of people who may be most at-risk for experiencing these harms. In the summer of 2024, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, including research experts, criminal justice system employees, formerly jus…
Beyond the Half‐Empty Glass
A large body of research demonstrates support for deterrence and organizational justice perspectives in regulating white‐collar and corporate crime. While much of this literature focuses on corporate America, there are nonetheless some established consistencies in “what works” to promote compliance. Parallel to this literature, policing scholars tend to focus on negative outcomes, such as excessive use of force and other forms of misconduct, rath…
Keeping the Women Out
Female representation in policing has stagnated over the past three decades, even with repeated calls for diversification. One explanation for this is that agency attempts to diversify the workforce are merely perfunctory—departments recruit and hire women to placate reformers, but then remove them at opportune times. Guided by the gendered organizations framework, this study uses secondary data from the New York Police Department (NYPD) to exami…
Gender differences in serious police misconduct
Sex-Based Differences in Criminal Victimization of Adolescents
Perceptions of Legal Authorities in a Longitudinal Study of Adjudicated Youth
Teen Pregnancy, Depression, and Substance Abuse
General Strain Theory (GST) suggests that individuals who experience strain are pressured into criminal and deviant behavior. Consistent with GST, the current study assesses the relationship between strain in the form of teenage pregnancy and substance use behavior, specifically alcohol problems and marijuana use. In addition, deviant peer association is a robust predictor of criminal behavior, therefore, we also investigate the role of deviant p…
The perceived causes of research misconduct among faculty members in the natural, social, and applied sciences
Little research has investigated the conditions that lead to research misconduct. To develop effective intervention/prevention strategies, this void must be filled. This study administered a mixed-mode survey (i.e. mail and online) to a stratified random sample of tenured and tenure-track faculty in the natural, social, and applied sciences (N = 613) during the 2016–17 academic year. The sample includes scholars from 100 universities in the Unite…
The Decision to Arrest in Sexual Assault Case Processing
Past research applying Donald Black's theory of the behavior of law to sexual assault case processing has focused on victim decisions to report the crime to the police. This study builds on and extends prior research by examining the next stage of legal mobilization (i.e., arrest). Using secondary data on 310 cases from the 1982-2012 Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Study in Los Angeles, California, the current study explores the effects of victim, off…
Moving Beyond Anger and Depression
General Strain Theory (GST) posits that different types of strain lead to different types of negative emotions, some of which increase the likelihood of maladaptive coping. Much research on GST has focused on anger and depression. Far less attention has been directed toward other negative emotions, including anxiety and envy. The current study uses cross-sectional data from surveys administered to a university-based sample (N = 500) to address th…
New Directions in Intersections, Inequality, and Sentencing
Intersectional approaches to sentencing move beyond simply predicting disparities to consider the ways in which social characteristics such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, and class combine to create even more pronounced inequalities. The current review examines research on intersectionality within the context of criminal sentencing. We identify some of the most promising recent trends in this literature, such as attention to family status in th…
The Impact of Feminist Pathways Research on Gender-Responsive Policy and Practice
Feminist pathways research has influenced theoretical development by challenging the gender neutrality of mainstream explanations for offending and victimization. This approach has also influenced data collection, analytic methods, and perhaps most importantly, gender-responsive policies and practices. This review examines the pathways to crime framework as a theoretically driven, empirically rigorous method for studying female offending and vict…
Gender and “Other People's Money”
Although the female share of white-collar crime arrests (e.g., fraud, forgery, and embezzlement) continues to increase, little is known about the nature of women's involvement in these offenses, or the extent to which the legal treatment of white-collar offenders differs by gender. Using national survey data on employee crime, the present research addresses these voids in the literature. Consistent with prior research, women's roles in fraud offe…
Legal Cynicism, Legitimacy, and Criminal Offending
Prior research suggests that legal orientations (or domains of legal socialization), such as legitimacy and legal cynicism, influence compliance with the law (or criminal offending). The aim of this study was to assess a potential threat to the internal validity of these findings. Specifically, the authors test whether one potential confounder, low self-control, attenuates the observed effects of legal orientations on self-reported criminal offen…
Low Self-Control and Fraud
Extant research demonstrates that offending and victim populations overlap to some degree, suggesting that a common underlying factor partially explains both outcomes. The current study tests whether low self-control explains the overlap in fraud offending and victimization exposure. Using cross-sectional survey data from a sample of undergraduate students ( N = 305), the results from the regression models show that low self-control is associated…
Routine Online Activity and Internet Fraud Targeting
Routine activity theory predicts that changes in legitimate opportunity structures (e.g., technology) can increase the convergence of motivated offenders and suitable targets in the absence of capable guardianship. The Internet has fundamentally changed consumer practices and has simultaneously expanded opportunities for cyber-fraudsters to target online consumers. The authors draw on routine activity theory and consumer behavior research to unde…
Low Self‐control, Routine Activities, and Fraud Victimization
Recent research has used both routine activity/lifestyle frameworks and self‐control theory to explain victimization. Thus far, combined tests of these theories have focused on offending populations and street crime victimization. Whether these frameworks also explain exposure to and likelihood of nonviolent victimization (e.g., fraud) in general‐population samples remains an open empirical question. Building on prior work, we assess the independ…
Public perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment
Risk Factors for Abusive Relationships
This study identifies risk factors for Vietnamese American women's abuse. Intensive interviews with 129 Vietnamese women immigrants in a northeastern metropolitan area provided data to examine risk factors for sexual, physical, and verbal abuse. Patriarchal gender arrangements in the family, arguments about fulfilling gender and family roles, and partner's threat that divorce would compromise the participant's immigration status put women at risk…
Assessing Recidivism Risk Across Female Pathways to Crime
Actuarial tools, such as the Level of Supervision Inventory—Revised (LSI‐R), are regularly used to classify offenders as “high,” “medium,” and “low” recidivism risks. Its supporters argue the theory upon which the LSI‐R rests (i.e., social learning theory) accounts for criminal behavior among men and women. In short, the LSI‐R is gender‐neutral. Feminist criminologists question the LSI‐R’s validity for female offender populations, especially wome…
Is occupational fraud “typical” white-collar crime? A comparison of individual and organizational characteristics
Poverty, State Capital, and Recidivism Among Women Offenders
Research Summary: This research investigates the effects of poverty and state capital (i.e., state‐sponsored support) on recidivism among women offenders. We seek also to determine whether criticisms directed at actuarial risk tools, such as the failure to take into account gender‐related factors (e.g., poverty status), have merit. A community corrections sample of 134 female felony offenders from one county in the State of Oregon and in the citi…
The Needs of Women Offenders
Recent corrections research indicates that programs and community services providing assistance and training for women offenders are lacking. Using a sample of 402 female felony offenders, women's needs, including those thought to be criminogenic (i.e., characteristics and circumstances that heighten an individual's recidivism risk), are examined to determine whether certain groups of women possess similar sets of needs. Cluster analysis is used …
Low Self‐control, Routine Activities, and Fraud Victimization
Recent research has used both routine activity/lifestyle frameworks and self‐control theory to explain victimization. Thus far, combined tests of these theories have focused on offending populations and street crime victimization. Whether these frameworks also explain exposure to and likelihood of nonviolent victimization (e.g., fraud) in general‐population samples remains an open empirical question. Building on prior work, we assess the independ…
Poverty, State Capital, and Recidivism Among Women Offenders
Research Summary: This research investigates the effects of poverty and state capital (i.e., state‐sponsored support) on recidivism among women offenders. We seek also to determine whether criticisms directed at actuarial risk tools, such as the failure to take into account gender‐related factors (e.g., poverty status), have merit. A community corrections sample of 134 female felony offenders from one county in the State of Oregon and in the citi…
Public perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment
Risk Factors for Abusive Relationships
This study identifies risk factors for Vietnamese American women's abuse. Intensive interviews with 129 Vietnamese women immigrants in a northeastern metropolitan area provided data to examine risk factors for sexual, physical, and verbal abuse. Patriarchal gender arrangements in the family, arguments about fulfilling gender and family roles, and partner's threat that divorce would compromise the participant's immigration status put women at risk…
The Impact of Feminist Pathways Research on Gender-Responsive Policy and Practice
Feminist pathways research has influenced theoretical development by challenging the gender neutrality of mainstream explanations for offending and victimization. This approach has also influenced data collection, analytic methods, and perhaps most importantly, gender-responsive policies and practices. This review examines the pathways to crime framework as a theoretically driven, empirically rigorous method for studying female offending and vict…
Is occupational fraud “typical” white-collar crime? A comparison of individual and organizational characteristics
Moving Beyond Anger and Depression
General Strain Theory (GST) posits that different types of strain lead to different types of negative emotions, some of which increase the likelihood of maladaptive coping. Much research on GST has focused on anger and depression. Far less attention has been directed toward other negative emotions, including anxiety and envy. The current study uses cross-sectional data from surveys administered to a university-based sample (N = 500) to address th…
Sex-Based Differences in Criminal Victimization of Adolescents
Teen Pregnancy, Depression, and Substance Abuse
General Strain Theory (GST) suggests that individuals who experience strain are pressured into criminal and deviant behavior. Consistent with GST, the current study assesses the relationship between strain in the form of teenage pregnancy and substance use behavior, specifically alcohol problems and marijuana use. In addition, deviant peer association is a robust predictor of criminal behavior, therefore, we also investigate the role of deviant p…
The Decision to Arrest in Sexual Assault Case Processing
Past research applying Donald Black's theory of the behavior of law to sexual assault case processing has focused on victim decisions to report the crime to the police. This study builds on and extends prior research by examining the next stage of legal mobilization (i.e., arrest). Using secondary data on 310 cases from the 1982-2012 Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Study in Los Angeles, California, the current study explores the effects of victim, off…
Gender differences in serious police misconduct
Perceptions of Legal Authorities in a Longitudinal Study of Adjudicated Youth
The perceived causes of research misconduct among faculty members in the natural, social, and applied sciences
Little research has investigated the conditions that lead to research misconduct. To develop effective intervention/prevention strategies, this void must be filled. This study administered a mixed-mode survey (i.e. mail and online) to a stratified random sample of tenured and tenure-track faculty in the natural, social, and applied sciences (N = 613) during the 2016–17 academic year. The sample includes scholars from 100 universities in the Unite…
The Needs of Women Offenders
Recent corrections research indicates that programs and community services providing assistance and training for women offenders are lacking. Using a sample of 402 female felony offenders, women's needs, including those thought to be criminogenic (i.e., characteristics and circumstances that heighten an individual's recidivism risk), are examined to determine whether certain groups of women possess similar sets of needs. Cluster analysis is used …
Poverty, State Capital, and Recidivism Among Women Offenders
Research Summary: This research investigates the effects of poverty and state capital (i.e., state‐sponsored support) on recidivism among women offenders. We seek also to determine whether criticisms directed at actuarial risk tools, such as the failure to take into account gender‐related factors (e.g., poverty status), have merit. A community corrections sample of 134 female felony offenders from one county in the State of Oregon and in the citi…
Is occupational fraud “typical” white-collar crime? A comparison of individual and organizational characteristics
Assessing Recidivism Risk Across Female Pathways to Crime
Actuarial tools, such as the Level of Supervision Inventory—Revised (LSI‐R), are regularly used to classify offenders as “high,” “medium,” and “low” recidivism risks. Its supporters argue the theory upon which the LSI‐R rests (i.e., social learning theory) accounts for criminal behavior among men and women. In short, the LSI‐R is gender‐neutral. Feminist criminologists question the LSI‐R’s validity for female offender populations, especially wome…
Risk Factors for Abusive Relationships
This study identifies risk factors for Vietnamese American women's abuse. Intensive interviews with 129 Vietnamese women immigrants in a northeastern metropolitan area provided data to examine risk factors for sexual, physical, and verbal abuse. Patriarchal gender arrangements in the family, arguments about fulfilling gender and family roles, and partner's threat that divorce would compromise the participant's immigration status put women at risk…
Low Self‐control, Routine Activities, and Fraud Victimization
Recent research has used both routine activity/lifestyle frameworks and self‐control theory to explain victimization. Thus far, combined tests of these theories have focused on offending populations and street crime victimization. Whether these frameworks also explain exposure to and likelihood of nonviolent victimization (e.g., fraud) in general‐population samples remains an open empirical question. Building on prior work, we assess the independ…
Public perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment
Low Self-Control and Fraud
Extant research demonstrates that offending and victim populations overlap to some degree, suggesting that a common underlying factor partially explains both outcomes. The current study tests whether low self-control explains the overlap in fraud offending and victimization exposure. Using cross-sectional survey data from a sample of undergraduate students ( N = 305), the results from the regression models show that low self-control is associated…
Routine Online Activity and Internet Fraud Targeting
Routine activity theory predicts that changes in legitimate opportunity structures (e.g., technology) can increase the convergence of motivated offenders and suitable targets in the absence of capable guardianship. The Internet has fundamentally changed consumer practices and has simultaneously expanded opportunities for cyber-fraudsters to target online consumers. The authors draw on routine activity theory and consumer behavior research to unde…
Legal Cynicism, Legitimacy, and Criminal Offending
Prior research suggests that legal orientations (or domains of legal socialization), such as legitimacy and legal cynicism, influence compliance with the law (or criminal offending). The aim of this study was to assess a potential threat to the internal validity of these findings. Specifically, the authors test whether one potential confounder, low self-control, attenuates the observed effects of legal orientations on self-reported criminal offen…
Gender and “Other People's Money”
Although the female share of white-collar crime arrests (e.g., fraud, forgery, and embezzlement) continues to increase, little is known about the nature of women's involvement in these offenses, or the extent to which the legal treatment of white-collar offenders differs by gender. Using national survey data on employee crime, the present research addresses these voids in the literature. Consistent with prior research, women's roles in fraud offe…
The Impact of Feminist Pathways Research on Gender-Responsive Policy and Practice
Feminist pathways research has influenced theoretical development by challenging the gender neutrality of mainstream explanations for offending and victimization. This approach has also influenced data collection, analytic methods, and perhaps most importantly, gender-responsive policies and practices. This review examines the pathways to crime framework as a theoretically driven, empirically rigorous method for studying female offending and vict…
New Directions in Intersections, Inequality, and Sentencing
Intersectional approaches to sentencing move beyond simply predicting disparities to consider the ways in which social characteristics such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, and class combine to create even more pronounced inequalities. The current review examines research on intersectionality within the context of criminal sentencing. We identify some of the most promising recent trends in this literature, such as attention to family status in th…
The Decision to Arrest in Sexual Assault Case Processing
Past research applying Donald Black's theory of the behavior of law to sexual assault case processing has focused on victim decisions to report the crime to the police. This study builds on and extends prior research by examining the next stage of legal mobilization (i.e., arrest). Using secondary data on 310 cases from the 1982-2012 Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Study in Los Angeles, California, the current study explores the effects of victim, off…
Moving Beyond Anger and Depression
General Strain Theory (GST) posits that different types of strain lead to different types of negative emotions, some of which increase the likelihood of maladaptive coping. Much research on GST has focused on anger and depression. Far less attention has been directed toward other negative emotions, including anxiety and envy. The current study uses cross-sectional data from surveys administered to a university-based sample (N = 500) to address th…
The perceived causes of research misconduct among faculty members in the natural, social, and applied sciences
Little research has investigated the conditions that lead to research misconduct. To develop effective intervention/prevention strategies, this void must be filled. This study administered a mixed-mode survey (i.e. mail and online) to a stratified random sample of tenured and tenure-track faculty in the natural, social, and applied sciences (N = 613) during the 2016–17 academic year. The sample includes scholars from 100 universities in the Unite…
Sex-Based Differences in Criminal Victimization of Adolescents
Perceptions of Legal Authorities in a Longitudinal Study of Adjudicated Youth
Teen Pregnancy, Depression, and Substance Abuse
General Strain Theory (GST) suggests that individuals who experience strain are pressured into criminal and deviant behavior. Consistent with GST, the current study assesses the relationship between strain in the form of teenage pregnancy and substance use behavior, specifically alcohol problems and marijuana use. In addition, deviant peer association is a robust predictor of criminal behavior, therefore, we also investigate the role of deviant p…
Keeping the Women Out
Female representation in policing has stagnated over the past three decades, even with repeated calls for diversification. One explanation for this is that agency attempts to diversify the workforce are merely perfunctory—departments recruit and hire women to placate reformers, but then remove them at opportune times. Guided by the gendered organizations framework, this study uses secondary data from the New York Police Department (NYPD) to exami…
Gender differences in serious police misconduct
Understanding the Needs of Victims of Criminal Justice System-Related Harms
This study focuses on identifying the types of criminal justice harms via error and failure that can occur across multiple sectors of the criminal justice system (policing, courts, and corrections), and the groups of people who may be most at-risk for experiencing these harms. In the summer of 2024, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, including research experts, criminal justice system employees, formerly jus…
Beyond the Half‐Empty Glass
A large body of research demonstrates support for deterrence and organizational justice perspectives in regulating white‐collar and corporate crime. While much of this literature focuses on corporate America, there are nonetheless some established consistencies in “what works” to promote compliance. Parallel to this literature, policing scholars tend to focus on negative outcomes, such as excessive use of force and other forms of misconduct, rath…
Ambivalent Sexism, Minority Threat, and Support for the Criminalization of Abortion
Following the Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision, abortion access in the United States has become increasingly restricted. Drawing on ambivalent sexism and minority threat perspectives, this study examines support for abortion criminalization. Using data from a national survey of U.S. adults (N = 1494), this study examines whether ambivalent sexism and perceived racial and ethnic minority threat are associated with support for criminal sanctions agai…
Crime Patterns and Interventions (18 works) · Psychology (17 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 works) · Criminology (12 works) · Political science (11 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Law (8 works) · Medicine (8 works) · Sociology (7 works) · Computer Science (6 works)