Richard K Moule
Biographic Data
| ID | 288758 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard K Moule |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard K |
| FAMILY NAME | Moule |
| SIGNATURE | MOULE R K |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of South Florida |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0221-0146 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 137 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Prime Time for Crime? A Multi-City Analysis of Sporting Events, Sports Venues, and Crime
Perceptions of Police as Heroes and Support for Law Enforcement
Police are frequently portrayed as heroes in media, literature, and political discourse, but little research has explored public perceptions of police as heroic. This study evaluates whether perceived police heroism is distinct from other perceptions of police, explores possible antecedents of perceived police heroism, including procedural justice, perceptions of policing as dangerous, and binding moral foundations, and examines possible associat…
Institutional Anomie Theory and Country-Level Public Corruption
Public-sector corruption siphons trillions of dollars from the global economy and contributes to social instability. Institutional Anomie Theory, with its focus on the links between social institutions, individualistic and achievement-oriented cultural norms, and crime, offers a possible framework for understanding corruption. This possibility is contrasted with research indicating that individualistic values and free markets reduce corruption. U…
Examining Public Perceptions of Government Exploitation of National Emergencies
The public expects governments to effectively respond to emergencies. These responses can raise concerns that governments are exploiting emergencies, consolidating power and infringing upon civil liberties. Despite these concerns, little research has explicitly examined perceptions that governments exploit emergencies or the possible correlates of these perceptions. Using a national sample of 600 American adults surveyed in the spring of 2020, an…
Should We Defund “Bad Police” or Reform “Bad Policing”? Examining Person-Centered and Act-Based Moral Evaluations of Police and Policing Policy Preferences
Despite widespread calls to defund or reform police, little research has explored the factors shaping public support for these proposals. We draw from person-centered morality theory to argue that person-centered moral evaluations of police (moral character beliefs) drive support for defunding police, while act-based moral evaluations of police (procedural justice) drive support for reforming police. Using data from a national survey ( N = 1,225)…
Cyber Hygiene Intentions: Assessing the Effects of Fear Appeal Styles Through Protection Motivation Theory and Individual Differences
This study examines changes in cyber hygiene using protection motivation theory. It considers how individual traits—self-control, technical skill, and thoughtfully reflective decision-making (TRDM)—shape intentions to improve cybersecurity. We randomly assigned Participants to one of four identity-theft messages: statistical, authoritative, narrative, or combined. Cyber hygiene was measured before and after exposure. Message style had no differen…
The Legacy of Scott H. Decker
This chapter traces the legacy of Scott H. Decker’s career in gang research. Situated in the life-course perspective, it documents the micro- and macro-level factors that shaped his legacy of scholarly impact. His entrance into the field of gang research was in response to the rise of gang violence in St. Louis in the late 1980s, along with a parallel track of professional ties to government stakeholders and community outreach. Over the course of…
Testing racial and ethnic differences in the correlates of court legitimacy
Assessing public support for expanded police powers in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic: Testing the limits of Sunshine and Tyler's empowerment hypothesis
What motivates users to adopt cybersecurity practices? A survey experiment assessing protection motivation theory
Research Summary A 2 × 2 × 3 fully crossed factorial experiment is used to examine the linkages between key dimensions of protection motivation theory (PMT; perceived severity of risk, vulnerability to risk, and response costs) and the intentions to adopt information technology (IT) cybersecurity recommendations after being informed of degrees of risk in the vignettes. Data in this study consist of a nationwide sample of 720 American adults. Resu…
Impulsivity or Discounting? Evaluating the Influence of Individual Differences in Temporal Orientation on Offending
Legal Socialization and Individual Belief in the Code of the Streets: A Theoretical Integration and Longitudinal Test
A popular model of legal socialization contends that interactions with authority figures impact the internalization of pro-social values and beliefs, including authority legitimacy. Simultaneously, subcultural theories, including the code of the street, emphasize that negative contextual and experiential factors promote subcultural beliefs. The current study examines whether legal socialization processes are associated with the development of sub…
Concern, Cynicism, and the Coronavirus: Assessing the Influence of Instrumental and Normative Factors on Individual Defiance of Covid-19 Mitigation Guidelines
In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments enacted guidelines to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus. Public defiance of these guidelines invoked instrumental concerns about the virus and normative concerns regarding government mandates and overreach during the pandemic. Drawing on normative and instrumental explanations for compliance with the law, the current study uses a national sample of 600 American adults surveyed during …
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview-Jail (Sitbi-J) Version
Suicides, and related self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs), are among the leading public health concerns in American jails. Despite suicide being the leading cause of death in jails, there is little information about the prevalence of SITBs among incarcerated individuals. The Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) was developed to assess the presence, frequency, and characteristics of self-injurious thoughts and behavior…
Adverse childhood experiences and offending among Hispanic adults in the U.S: Examining differences in prevalence and effects across nativity
Belief in the Code of the Street and Individual Involvement in Offending: A Meta-Analysis
Anderson’s Code of the Street thesis suggests that stronger belief in, and adherence to, subcultural “street code” norms increases the risk of criminal and aggressive behaviors, particularly among adolescents and young adults in urban communities. This study uses a meta-analysis to assess the overall relationship between individual belief in the street code and risk of offending. Effect sizes ( n = 38) from 20 unique studies produced a weighted c…
Heterogeneity in the Continuity and Change of Early and Adult Risk Factor Profiles of Incarcerated Individuals: A Latent Transition Analysis
Considerable research has examined risk factors for offending, but far less is known on the constellations of co-occurring risk factors, such as adverse childhood experiences and low self-control, and the overall continuity in risk between childhood/adolescence and adulthood. Using data on 735 adults incarcerated in a county jail in Florida, this study examines the latent heterogeneity in risk profiles using risk factors prominent in early years …
Modeling Individual Defiance of Covid-19 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies: Insights From the Expanded Model of Deterrence and Protection Motivation Theory
The governmental responses to the COVID-19 pandemic include concerns for both public health and formal social control. Government leaders asked the public to help mitigate the spread of the virus by adopting various protective behaviors. Our purpose was to evaluate and explain defiance of COVID-19 mitigation strategies, drawing from the expanded model of deterrence and protection motivation theory. A national sample of 600 American adults were su…
Look Who’s Talking: The Snitching Paradox in a Representative Sample of Prisoners
Snitching refers to conveying inside and potentially incriminating information about others to authorities. In contrast to prior criminological accounts of snitching, which rely on small and purposive samples, we used a probability sample of 802 male prisoners in Texas to study the status, prevalence, acceptability and correlates of snitching. We arrive at several key quantitative findings. First, snitches are positioned at the bottom of the inma…
An Examination of Location-Based Real-Time Dating Application Infrastructure, Profile Features, and Cybervictimization
The use of location-based real-time dating applications (LBRTDAs) has become commonplace among college-aged persons. With an increase in their use, these applications may serve as vectors for experiencing cybervictimization. Limited research has examined the implications that application usage has on individual experiences with cybervictimization, particularly cyberstalking, cyberharassment, image-based abuse, and identity deception. Using a samp…
Is Seeing believing: On the Content Validity of Video Recordings for Use in Criminological Research
Video recordings of police-citizen interactions are becoming increasingly commonplace and accessible to the public. The ability of these recordings to expose multiple individuals to a single encounter makes them ideal for use in criminological research, though little is known regarding the content validity of these videos. Given how open to interpretation these recordings are, it is necessary to ensure the validity of video content. To address th…
Under siege: Assessing public perceptions of the “War on Police”
Legal socialization and subcultural norms: Examining linkages between perceptions of procedural justice, legal cynicism, and the code of the street
Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Legitimacy on Public Empowerment of Police: A Study of Public Support for Police Militarization in America
The process-based model dominates contemporary American research on police-community relations and perceptions of police. A sizable literature has examined the linkages between procedural justice, legitimacy, compliance with the law, and cooperation with police. Less examined is the relationship between legitimacy and public empowerment of police. This study examines this relationship, focusing on police militarization. We first examine the direc…
Googling in Fear: Measuring Moral Panic Using Internet Searches Before and After Obama's 2008 Election
The rhetoric, rumor, and hostility that surrounded the election of Barack Obama in 2008 appeared to correspond with the notion of a “moral panic.” However, systematically measuring phenomena like moral panics, which are volatile and dispersed in nature, can be difficult. This paper utilizes Google search data combined with other sources to examine the reaction to the candidacy and initial election of Obama. Given the nature of this particular pan…
Criminal and Routine Activities in Online Settings: Gangs, Offenders, and the Internet
Crime and deviance reflect the dynamic nature of social life. The Internet has changed opportunities for crime and deviance, much as it has changed other aspects of social life. Accompanying the movement of offending and victimization to the Internet has been the expansion of deviant groups-including gangs-into online settings. Drawing from web-facilitated and web-enhanced classifications of online deviant behavior and identity, we extend the stu…
Disengagement From Gangs as Role Transitions
Most research has focused on the onset and consequences of gang membership, neglecting the importance of leaving the gang. Disengagement from gangs often occurs during the transition to adulthood, a critical period of the life course. While leaving gangs has received growing attention over the past decade, absent from this research has been a suitable theoretical perspective with which to frame disengagement. This study drew on Ebaugh's theory of…
Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Legitimacy on Public Empowerment of Police: A Study of Public Support for Police Militarization in America
The process-based model dominates contemporary American research on police-community relations and perceptions of police. A sizable literature has examined the linkages between procedural justice, legitimacy, compliance with the law, and cooperation with police. Less examined is the relationship between legitimacy and public empowerment of police. This study examines this relationship, focusing on police militarization. We first examine the direc…
Internet Adoption and Online Behaviour Among American Street Gangs: Integrating Gangs and Organizational Theory
The globalization of street gangs has drawn attention to the mechanisms associated with the diffusion of gang culture. One mechanism, the Internet, is of growing interest to gang researchers. Yet, research on the online behaviours of street gangs remains descriptive, failing to elaborate on the factors that distinguish gangs that adopt, or do not adopt, technology and engage in online behaviours. The present study integrates insights from organiz…
Legal socialization and subcultural norms: Examining linkages between perceptions of procedural justice, legal cynicism, and the code of the street
From 'What the F#@% is a Facebook?' to 'Who Doesn't Use Facebook: The role of criminal lifestyles in the adoption and use of the Internet
Categorically complex: A latent class analysis of public perceptions of police militarization
Under siege: Assessing public perceptions of the “War on Police”
Look Who’s Talking: The Snitching Paradox in a Representative Sample of Prisoners
Snitching refers to conveying inside and potentially incriminating information about others to authorities. In contrast to prior criminological accounts of snitching, which rely on small and purposive samples, we used a probability sample of 802 male prisoners in Texas to study the status, prevalence, acceptability and correlates of snitching. We arrive at several key quantitative findings. First, snitches are positioned at the bottom of the inma…
Adverse childhood experiences and offending among Hispanic adults in the U.S: Examining differences in prevalence and effects across nativity
Assessing public support for expanded police powers in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic: Testing the limits of Sunshine and Tyler's empowerment hypothesis
What motivates users to adopt cybersecurity practices? A survey experiment assessing protection motivation theory
Research Summary A 2 × 2 × 3 fully crossed factorial experiment is used to examine the linkages between key dimensions of protection motivation theory (PMT; perceived severity of risk, vulnerability to risk, and response costs) and the intentions to adopt information technology (IT) cybersecurity recommendations after being informed of degrees of risk in the vignettes. Data in this study consist of a nationwide sample of 720 American adults. Resu…
Is Seeing believing: On the Content Validity of Video Recordings for Use in Criminological Research
Video recordings of police-citizen interactions are becoming increasingly commonplace and accessible to the public. The ability of these recordings to expose multiple individuals to a single encounter makes them ideal for use in criminological research, though little is known regarding the content validity of these videos. Given how open to interpretation these recordings are, it is necessary to ensure the validity of video content. To address th…
Criminal and Routine Activities in Online Settings: Gangs, Offenders, and the Internet
Crime and deviance reflect the dynamic nature of social life. The Internet has changed opportunities for crime and deviance, much as it has changed other aspects of social life. Accompanying the movement of offending and victimization to the Internet has been the expansion of deviant groups-including gangs-into online settings. Drawing from web-facilitated and web-enhanced classifications of online deviant behavior and identity, we extend the stu…
From 'What the F#@% is a Facebook?' to 'Who Doesn't Use Facebook: The role of criminal lifestyles in the adoption and use of the Internet
The Contribution of Gang Membership to the Victim–Offender Overlap
Objective: Although a vast literature has investigated the consequences of gang membership for offending and victimization, little is known about the contribution of gang membership to the victim–offender overlap. We advance a group process theoretical model and provide an empirical extension of the victim–offender overlap to gang membership. Method: Using data gathered from 621 respondents in five cities, the contribution of gang membership to t…
Disengagement From Gangs as Role Transitions
Most research has focused on the onset and consequences of gang membership, neglecting the importance of leaving the gang. Disengagement from gangs often occurs during the transition to adulthood, a critical period of the life course. While leaving gangs has received growing attention over the past decade, absent from this research has been a suitable theoretical perspective with which to frame disengagement. This study drew on Ebaugh's theory of…
Internet Adoption and Online Behaviour Among American Street Gangs: Integrating Gangs and Organizational Theory
The globalization of street gangs has drawn attention to the mechanisms associated with the diffusion of gang culture. One mechanism, the Internet, is of growing interest to gang researchers. Yet, research on the online behaviours of street gangs remains descriptive, failing to elaborate on the factors that distinguish gangs that adopt, or do not adopt, technology and engage in online behaviours. The present study integrates insights from organiz…
An experimental investigation into perceptions of disrespect during interpersonal conflict
Categorically complex: A latent class analysis of public perceptions of police militarization
Legal socialization and subcultural norms: Examining linkages between perceptions of procedural justice, legal cynicism, and the code of the street
Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Legitimacy on Public Empowerment of Police: A Study of Public Support for Police Militarization in America
The process-based model dominates contemporary American research on police-community relations and perceptions of police. A sizable literature has examined the linkages between procedural justice, legitimacy, compliance with the law, and cooperation with police. Less examined is the relationship between legitimacy and public empowerment of police. This study examines this relationship, focusing on police militarization. We first examine the direc…
Googling in Fear: Measuring Moral Panic Using Internet Searches Before and After Obama's 2008 Election
The rhetoric, rumor, and hostility that surrounded the election of Barack Obama in 2008 appeared to correspond with the notion of a “moral panic.” However, systematically measuring phenomena like moral panics, which are volatile and dispersed in nature, can be difficult. This paper utilizes Google search data combined with other sources to examine the reaction to the candidacy and initial election of Obama. Given the nature of this particular pan…
Under siege: Assessing public perceptions of the “War on Police”
Belief in the Code of the Street and Individual Involvement in Offending: A Meta-Analysis
Anderson’s Code of the Street thesis suggests that stronger belief in, and adherence to, subcultural “street code” norms increases the risk of criminal and aggressive behaviors, particularly among adolescents and young adults in urban communities. This study uses a meta-analysis to assess the overall relationship between individual belief in the street code and risk of offending. Effect sizes ( n = 38) from 20 unique studies produced a weighted c…
Heterogeneity in the Continuity and Change of Early and Adult Risk Factor Profiles of Incarcerated Individuals: A Latent Transition Analysis
Considerable research has examined risk factors for offending, but far less is known on the constellations of co-occurring risk factors, such as adverse childhood experiences and low self-control, and the overall continuity in risk between childhood/adolescence and adulthood. Using data on 735 adults incarcerated in a county jail in Florida, this study examines the latent heterogeneity in risk profiles using risk factors prominent in early years …
Modeling Individual Defiance of Covid-19 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies: Insights From the Expanded Model of Deterrence and Protection Motivation Theory
The governmental responses to the COVID-19 pandemic include concerns for both public health and formal social control. Government leaders asked the public to help mitigate the spread of the virus by adopting various protective behaviors. Our purpose was to evaluate and explain defiance of COVID-19 mitigation strategies, drawing from the expanded model of deterrence and protection motivation theory. A national sample of 600 American adults were su…
Look Who’s Talking: The Snitching Paradox in a Representative Sample of Prisoners
Snitching refers to conveying inside and potentially incriminating information about others to authorities. In contrast to prior criminological accounts of snitching, which rely on small and purposive samples, we used a probability sample of 802 male prisoners in Texas to study the status, prevalence, acceptability and correlates of snitching. We arrive at several key quantitative findings. First, snitches are positioned at the bottom of the inma…
An Examination of Location-Based Real-Time Dating Application Infrastructure, Profile Features, and Cybervictimization
The use of location-based real-time dating applications (LBRTDAs) has become commonplace among college-aged persons. With an increase in their use, these applications may serve as vectors for experiencing cybervictimization. Limited research has examined the implications that application usage has on individual experiences with cybervictimization, particularly cyberstalking, cyberharassment, image-based abuse, and identity deception. Using a samp…
Is Seeing believing: On the Content Validity of Video Recordings for Use in Criminological Research
Video recordings of police-citizen interactions are becoming increasingly commonplace and accessible to the public. The ability of these recordings to expose multiple individuals to a single encounter makes them ideal for use in criminological research, though little is known regarding the content validity of these videos. Given how open to interpretation these recordings are, it is necessary to ensure the validity of video content. To address th…
Impulsivity or Discounting? Evaluating the Influence of Individual Differences in Temporal Orientation on Offending
Legal Socialization and Individual Belief in the Code of the Streets: A Theoretical Integration and Longitudinal Test
A popular model of legal socialization contends that interactions with authority figures impact the internalization of pro-social values and beliefs, including authority legitimacy. Simultaneously, subcultural theories, including the code of the street, emphasize that negative contextual and experiential factors promote subcultural beliefs. The current study examines whether legal socialization processes are associated with the development of sub…
Concern, Cynicism, and the Coronavirus: Assessing the Influence of Instrumental and Normative Factors on Individual Defiance of Covid-19 Mitigation Guidelines
In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments enacted guidelines to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus. Public defiance of these guidelines invoked instrumental concerns about the virus and normative concerns regarding government mandates and overreach during the pandemic. Drawing on normative and instrumental explanations for compliance with the law, the current study uses a national sample of 600 American adults surveyed during …
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview-Jail (Sitbi-J) Version
Suicides, and related self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs), are among the leading public health concerns in American jails. Despite suicide being the leading cause of death in jails, there is little information about the prevalence of SITBs among incarcerated individuals. The Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) was developed to assess the presence, frequency, and characteristics of self-injurious thoughts and behavior…
Adverse childhood experiences and offending among Hispanic adults in the U.S: Examining differences in prevalence and effects across nativity
What motivates users to adopt cybersecurity practices? A survey experiment assessing protection motivation theory
Research Summary A 2 × 2 × 3 fully crossed factorial experiment is used to examine the linkages between key dimensions of protection motivation theory (PMT; perceived severity of risk, vulnerability to risk, and response costs) and the intentions to adopt information technology (IT) cybersecurity recommendations after being informed of degrees of risk in the vignettes. Data in this study consist of a nationwide sample of 720 American adults. Resu…
The Legacy of Scott H. Decker
This chapter traces the legacy of Scott H. Decker’s career in gang research. Situated in the life-course perspective, it documents the micro- and macro-level factors that shaped his legacy of scholarly impact. His entrance into the field of gang research was in response to the rise of gang violence in St. Louis in the late 1980s, along with a parallel track of professional ties to government stakeholders and community outreach. Over the course of…
Testing racial and ethnic differences in the correlates of court legitimacy
Psychology (26 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (17 works) · Criminology (16 works) · Political science (16 works) · Law (13 works) · Perception (11 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Medicine (10 works) · Policing Practices and Perceptions (10 works)