Mitchell S Mckinney
Biographic Data
| ID | 292164 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mitchell S Mckinney |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mitchell S |
| FAMILY NAME | Mckinney |
| SIGNATURE | MCKINNEY M S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Missouri |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 121 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Issue and Image Learning in Debates: Evidence from the Two Televised Presidential Debates in 2024
Scholars have studied the educational value of televised presidential debates for decades. The past three election cycles, with the addition of Donald Trump’s unconventional rhetorical style, these concerns have only magnified. We utilize the 2024 June debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump as well as the 2024 September debate between Kamala Harris and Donald Trump to determine whether viewers update their perceptions of where the candidates’ …
Partisan Identity and Affective Polarization in Presidential Debates
This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment to assess the effects of viewing the live televised general election presidential and vice-presidential campaign debates. We contribute to a growing empirical record on the polarizing effects of campaign debates by testing some contextual variables that have confounded past researchers. Specifically, we use Trump's aggressive first debate performance as a test-case of polarizing content and co…
In Defense of Journalism and Presidential Debates
In a special issue of Argumentation and Advocacy that analyzed the 2020 primary and general-election presidential debates (see McKinney, 2021), the overarching theme of these studies focused on the
The rhetoric of democracy in United States Senate campaign debates
This project analyzes the rhetoric of democracy, voting, and elections in United States Senate campaign debates during the 2022 midterm elections. Using C-SPAN video archives, we examine candidate exchanges focused on the 2020 election, ballot access, and the peaceful transfer of power. We find that while Democratic and Republican candidates used dramatically different language and arguments to describe their positions on elections, candidates in…
Do Presidential Primary Debates Increase Political Polarization
This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment to assess the effects of viewing a strategically manipulated portion of a 2020 Democratic Primary debate. Our aim was to assess the polarizing potential of primary debates on both ingroup (Democratic) and outgroup (Republican) viewers. Viewing the primary debate resulted in less perceived closeness with members of the opposing political party, greater feelings of social distance, and more attr…
Closing the Knowledge Gap: How Issue Priming Before Presidential Debate Viewing Encourages Learning and Opinion Articulation
One mechanism by which citizens learn about candidates and issues is through watching presidential debates. Some scholars have raised concerns that these events, however, disproportionately benefit those already high in political knowledge more so than others with lesser knowledge levels. We hypothesize that knowledge begets knowledge because it prompts a constructive cognitive process that results from elaboration and reflection. We test this hy…
Learning from Presidential Debates: Who Learns the Most and Why
Perhaps one of the most well-established findings stemming from decades of research exploring the effects of televised presidential debates is that exposure to this “information-rich” source of campaign communication enables viewers’ acquisition of issue knowledge. However, certain individuals will benefit more from the debate viewing experience because differences in individual characteristics allow some to learn more than others. In this quasi-…
Tweeting Along Partisan Lines: Identity-Motivated Elaboration and Presidential Debates
The influence of partisan identification infiltrates all aspects of a democracy. This study employs an innovative design to explore the presidential debate-viewing experience among young citizens. Data were collected from across the United States for all three 2016 presidential debates between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump using pretest/posttest surveys and debate viewers' Twitter posts. Examining Twitter expression as a form of political elab…
Reconsidering partisanship as a constraint on the persuasive effects of debates
This study tests persuasive effects of 30 debate performances drawn from samples (n = 5780) of 22 states over four election cycles (2004–2016). We test partisanship of the candidate, type of debate (presidential or vice-presidential), gender of the candidate, whether it was the first debate of the cycle, and whether it was a town-hall debate as possible moderators. Results reveal that viewers are likely to perceive their inparty candidate more fa…
Comic Agonism in the 2016 Campaign: A Study of Iowa Caucus Rallies
In this study, we assess the extent to which attending a candidate rally was associated with distrust of democratic institutions, epistemic rigidity, attribution of malevolent intentions to the political outgroup, and acceptance of political violence. Surveys ( N = 251) were distributed at rallies the night before and day of the 2016 Iowa Caucuses. Results suggest that attendees of rallies for Bernie Sanders or Donald Trump were more likely to di…
The twitterization of journalism: User perceptions of news tweets
Using an experiment and probability sample of Chicago and Los Angeles adults ( N = 1211), this study tested how tweet characteristics (tone, space) and participant age (younger, middle, older) affected attitudes about tweets from a local newspaper. Results indicate that non-opinionated tweets were perceived as more useful and credible than opinionated tweets, and local tweets resulted in more engagement than national tweets. Younger participants …
Tweeting Presidential Primary Debates: Debate Processing Through Motivated Twitter Instruction
Researchers have noted that an individual's processing of political media messages occurs through various filters including partisanship, interest, and cynicism. The phenomenon of motivated processing, however, is understudied particularly in the context of televised presidential debates. As major campaign events, presidential debates have been linked to increases in viewers' political knowledge, political information efficacy, and changes in can…
Civic Engagement Through Presidential Debates: Young Citizens’ Political Attitudes in the 2012 Election
This study explores the effects of televised presidential debate viewing on young citizens' candidate evaluations and normative democratic attitudes, including political cynicism and political information efficacy. Findings revealed that debate viewing decreases young citizens' political cynicism and strengthens political information efficacy. Longitudinal analysis tracked young citizens' democratic attitudes from pre-debate to post-election, fin…
Social Watching a 2012 Republican Presidential Primary Debate
This study examines the "Twitter election of 2012," and specifically young citizens' "social watching" behaviors while live-tweeting a 2012 nationally televised Republican primary debate. We find several important relationships between key demographic, social, and political engagement variables and participants' social watching activity (frequency of tweeting while watching the debate). We also find important links between tweet content (frequenc…
Live-Tweeting a Presidential Primary Debate: Exploring New Political Conversations
Twitter offers a function called live-tweeting that allows users to communicate about events with each other in real time. This study examines the use of live-tweeting during a 2012 Republican Primary Debate by examining the 181,780 tweets posted during the nationally televised debate. Live-tweeting offers users an opportunity to engage in public conversation about political events and thus potentially influence the framing of what occurred. Our …
Who Framed Sarah Palin? Viewer Reactions to the 2008 Vice Presidential Debate
This study analyzes viewer assessments of Sara Palin's vice presidential debate performance. Specifically, a national sample of debate viewers evaluated Palin and her vice presidential opponent Joe Biden on both image and issue measures before and after viewing their debate performance. We argue that the attendant media attention surrounding Palin before her debate performance-mostly negative in tone-framed Palin as unfit for office and created e…
Political Engagement Through Debates: Young Citizens' Reactions to the 2004 Presidential Debates
This study examines how exposure to a televised debate affects young citizens' normative democratic tendencies, attitudes that have been linked to increased civic and political participation, including voting behavior. The authors also are interested in the confidence young citizens express in the political knowledge they possess-their political information efficacy-and specifically how confidence in one's knowledge may be affected by exposure to…
On the Young Voters' Agenda: Exploring Issue Salience During the 2004 Presidential Election
Issue agendas for young adults spanning primary and general election phases of the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign are reported in this article. Results from pretest and posttest experiments and a postelection survey show that young adults' issues remained stable throughout early and late phases of the campaign. Issues such as the war in Iraq, education, terrorism and homeland security, economy and jobs, and health care were consistently among th…
Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: Examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement
(2005). Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement. Journalism Studies: Vol. 6, Content and Effects of Media in the 2004 US Presidential Campaign, pp. 153-163
Let the People Speak: The Public’s Agenda and Presidential Town Hall Debates
This study argues that a "devolution" of the presidential town hall debate as public sphere has occurred, whereby every 4 years citizens' freedom to participate in their debate-as they see fit-has been seriously restricted. The primary purpose of this study is to examine how well the town hall presidential debate, particularly in its current form, addresses issues of greatest concern to the American public. Specifically, to test how well the dial…
Effects of Watching Primary Debates in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Campaign
This essay reports the results of 2 studies measuring the effects of watching U.S. presidential primary debates. Using a pretest-posttest design, participants watched either a Republican (October 22, 1999) or a Democratic (October 27, 1999) New Hampshire primary debate. Those who watched each debate learned more about the candidates' policies, formed evaluations of candidates who were less well-known, and changed their evaluations of better known…
Beyond learning and persona: Extending the scope of presidential debate effects
Research on the effects of watching presidential debates tends to show that these messages can foster learning about the candidates' issue positions and influence voters' impressions of the candidates. This study uses a pretest/posttest design to assess more subtle effects of watching a 2000 presidential debate on attitudes and vote intention. Leadership and overall policy stance became more important factors in vote choice after watching the deb…
The Front-Runner, Contenders, and Also-Rans: Effects of Watching a 2000 Republican Primary Debate
This study reports the effects of viewing a Republican primary debate that took place December 2, 1999, in Manchester, New Hampshire, and includes six candidates: Gary Bauer, George Bush, Steve Forbes, Orrin Hatch, John McCain, and Alan Keyes. After viewing the debate, respondents' perceptions of candidate image changed, and candidate vote preferences also changed. Our results suggest that primary debate participation may have negative consequenc…
Beyond learning and persona: Extending the scope of presidential debate effects
Research on the effects of watching presidential debates tends to show that these messages can foster learning about the candidates' issue positions and influence voters' impressions of the candidates. This study uses a pretest/posttest design to assess more subtle effects of watching a 2000 presidential debate on attitudes and vote intention. Leadership and overall policy stance became more important factors in vote choice after watching the deb…
Live-Tweeting a Presidential Primary Debate: Exploring New Political Conversations
Twitter offers a function called live-tweeting that allows users to communicate about events with each other in real time. This study examines the use of live-tweeting during a 2012 Republican Primary Debate by examining the 181,780 tweets posted during the nationally televised debate. Live-tweeting offers users an opportunity to engage in public conversation about political events and thus potentially influence the framing of what occurred. Our …
Reconsidering partisanship as a constraint on the persuasive effects of debates
This study tests persuasive effects of 30 debate performances drawn from samples (n = 5780) of 22 states over four election cycles (2004–2016). We test partisanship of the candidate, type of debate (presidential or vice-presidential), gender of the candidate, whether it was the first debate of the cycle, and whether it was a town-hall debate as possible moderators. Results reveal that viewers are likely to perceive their inparty candidate more fa…
The Front-Runner, Contenders, and Also-Rans: Effects of Watching a 2000 Republican Primary Debate
This study reports the effects of viewing a Republican primary debate that took place December 2, 1999, in Manchester, New Hampshire, and includes six candidates: Gary Bauer, George Bush, Steve Forbes, Orrin Hatch, John McCain, and Alan Keyes. After viewing the debate, respondents' perceptions of candidate image changed, and candidate vote preferences also changed. Our results suggest that primary debate participation may have negative consequenc…
Social Watching a 2012 Republican Presidential Primary Debate
This study examines the "Twitter election of 2012," and specifically young citizens' "social watching" behaviors while live-tweeting a 2012 nationally televised Republican primary debate. We find several important relationships between key demographic, social, and political engagement variables and participants' social watching activity (frequency of tweeting while watching the debate). We also find important links between tweet content (frequenc…
The twitterization of journalism: User perceptions of news tweets
Using an experiment and probability sample of Chicago and Los Angeles adults ( N = 1211), this study tested how tweet characteristics (tone, space) and participant age (younger, middle, older) affected attitudes about tweets from a local newspaper. Results indicate that non-opinionated tweets were perceived as more useful and credible than opinionated tweets, and local tweets resulted in more engagement than national tweets. Younger participants …
Who Framed Sarah Palin? Viewer Reactions to the 2008 Vice Presidential Debate
This study analyzes viewer assessments of Sara Palin's vice presidential debate performance. Specifically, a national sample of debate viewers evaluated Palin and her vice presidential opponent Joe Biden on both image and issue measures before and after viewing their debate performance. We argue that the attendant media attention surrounding Palin before her debate performance-mostly negative in tone-framed Palin as unfit for office and created e…
Political Engagement Through Debates: Young Citizens' Reactions to the 2004 Presidential Debates
This study examines how exposure to a televised debate affects young citizens' normative democratic tendencies, attitudes that have been linked to increased civic and political participation, including voting behavior. The authors also are interested in the confidence young citizens express in the political knowledge they possess-their political information efficacy-and specifically how confidence in one's knowledge may be affected by exposure to…
Tweeting Along Partisan Lines: Identity-Motivated Elaboration and Presidential Debates
The influence of partisan identification infiltrates all aspects of a democracy. This study employs an innovative design to explore the presidential debate-viewing experience among young citizens. Data were collected from across the United States for all three 2016 presidential debates between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump using pretest/posttest surveys and debate viewers' Twitter posts. Examining Twitter expression as a form of political elab…
Let the People Speak: The Public’s Agenda and Presidential Town Hall Debates
This study argues that a "devolution" of the presidential town hall debate as public sphere has occurred, whereby every 4 years citizens' freedom to participate in their debate-as they see fit-has been seriously restricted. The primary purpose of this study is to examine how well the town hall presidential debate, particularly in its current form, addresses issues of greatest concern to the American public. Specifically, to test how well the dial…
Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: Examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement
(2005). Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement. Journalism Studies: Vol. 6, Content and Effects of Media in the 2004 US Presidential Campaign, pp. 153-163
Comic Agonism in the 2016 Campaign: A Study of Iowa Caucus Rallies
In this study, we assess the extent to which attending a candidate rally was associated with distrust of democratic institutions, epistemic rigidity, attribution of malevolent intentions to the political outgroup, and acceptance of political violence. Surveys ( N = 251) were distributed at rallies the night before and day of the 2016 Iowa Caucuses. Results suggest that attendees of rallies for Bernie Sanders or Donald Trump were more likely to di…
Tweeting Presidential Primary Debates: Debate Processing Through Motivated Twitter Instruction
Researchers have noted that an individual's processing of political media messages occurs through various filters including partisanship, interest, and cynicism. The phenomenon of motivated processing, however, is understudied particularly in the context of televised presidential debates. As major campaign events, presidential debates have been linked to increases in viewers' political knowledge, political information efficacy, and changes in can…
Partisan Identity and Affective Polarization in Presidential Debates
This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment to assess the effects of viewing the live televised general election presidential and vice-presidential campaign debates. We contribute to a growing empirical record on the polarizing effects of campaign debates by testing some contextual variables that have confounded past researchers. Specifically, we use Trump's aggressive first debate performance as a test-case of polarizing content and co…
The rhetoric of democracy in United States Senate campaign debates
This project analyzes the rhetoric of democracy, voting, and elections in United States Senate campaign debates during the 2022 midterm elections. Using C-SPAN video archives, we examine candidate exchanges focused on the 2020 election, ballot access, and the peaceful transfer of power. We find that while Democratic and Republican candidates used dramatically different language and arguments to describe their positions on elections, candidates in…
Civic Engagement Through Presidential Debates: Young Citizens’ Political Attitudes in the 2012 Election
This study explores the effects of televised presidential debate viewing on young citizens' candidate evaluations and normative democratic attitudes, including political cynicism and political information efficacy. Findings revealed that debate viewing decreases young citizens' political cynicism and strengthens political information efficacy. Longitudinal analysis tracked young citizens' democratic attitudes from pre-debate to post-election, fin…
Beyond learning and persona: Extending the scope of presidential debate effects
Research on the effects of watching presidential debates tends to show that these messages can foster learning about the candidates' issue positions and influence voters' impressions of the candidates. This study uses a pretest/posttest design to assess more subtle effects of watching a 2000 presidential debate on attitudes and vote intention. Leadership and overall policy stance became more important factors in vote choice after watching the deb…
The Front-Runner, Contenders, and Also-Rans: Effects of Watching a 2000 Republican Primary Debate
This study reports the effects of viewing a Republican primary debate that took place December 2, 1999, in Manchester, New Hampshire, and includes six candidates: Gary Bauer, George Bush, Steve Forbes, Orrin Hatch, John McCain, and Alan Keyes. After viewing the debate, respondents' perceptions of candidate image changed, and candidate vote preferences also changed. Our results suggest that primary debate participation may have negative consequenc…
Effects of Watching Primary Debates in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Campaign
This essay reports the results of 2 studies measuring the effects of watching U.S. presidential primary debates. Using a pretest-posttest design, participants watched either a Republican (October 22, 1999) or a Democratic (October 27, 1999) New Hampshire primary debate. Those who watched each debate learned more about the candidates' policies, formed evaluations of candidates who were less well-known, and changed their evaluations of better known…
Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: Examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement
(2005). Rocking the Youth Vote Through Debate: examining the effects of a citizen versus journalist controlled debate on civic engagement. Journalism Studies: Vol. 6, Content and Effects of Media in the 2004 US Presidential Campaign, pp. 153-163
Let the People Speak: The Public’s Agenda and Presidential Town Hall Debates
This study argues that a "devolution" of the presidential town hall debate as public sphere has occurred, whereby every 4 years citizens' freedom to participate in their debate-as they see fit-has been seriously restricted. The primary purpose of this study is to examine how well the town hall presidential debate, particularly in its current form, addresses issues of greatest concern to the American public. Specifically, to test how well the dial…
Political Engagement Through Debates: Young Citizens' Reactions to the 2004 Presidential Debates
This study examines how exposure to a televised debate affects young citizens' normative democratic tendencies, attitudes that have been linked to increased civic and political participation, including voting behavior. The authors also are interested in the confidence young citizens express in the political knowledge they possess-their political information efficacy-and specifically how confidence in one's knowledge may be affected by exposure to…
On the Young Voters' Agenda: Exploring Issue Salience During the 2004 Presidential Election
Issue agendas for young adults spanning primary and general election phases of the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign are reported in this article. Results from pretest and posttest experiments and a postelection survey show that young adults' issues remained stable throughout early and late phases of the campaign. Issues such as the war in Iraq, education, terrorism and homeland security, economy and jobs, and health care were consistently among th…
Who Framed Sarah Palin? Viewer Reactions to the 2008 Vice Presidential Debate
This study analyzes viewer assessments of Sara Palin's vice presidential debate performance. Specifically, a national sample of debate viewers evaluated Palin and her vice presidential opponent Joe Biden on both image and issue measures before and after viewing their debate performance. We argue that the attendant media attention surrounding Palin before her debate performance-mostly negative in tone-framed Palin as unfit for office and created e…
Live-Tweeting a Presidential Primary Debate: Exploring New Political Conversations
Twitter offers a function called live-tweeting that allows users to communicate about events with each other in real time. This study examines the use of live-tweeting during a 2012 Republican Primary Debate by examining the 181,780 tweets posted during the nationally televised debate. Live-tweeting offers users an opportunity to engage in public conversation about political events and thus potentially influence the framing of what occurred. Our …
Civic Engagement Through Presidential Debates: Young Citizens’ Political Attitudes in the 2012 Election
This study explores the effects of televised presidential debate viewing on young citizens' candidate evaluations and normative democratic attitudes, including political cynicism and political information efficacy. Findings revealed that debate viewing decreases young citizens' political cynicism and strengthens political information efficacy. Longitudinal analysis tracked young citizens' democratic attitudes from pre-debate to post-election, fin…
Social Watching a 2012 Republican Presidential Primary Debate
This study examines the "Twitter election of 2012," and specifically young citizens' "social watching" behaviors while live-tweeting a 2012 nationally televised Republican primary debate. We find several important relationships between key demographic, social, and political engagement variables and participants' social watching activity (frequency of tweeting while watching the debate). We also find important links between tweet content (frequenc…
Tweeting Presidential Primary Debates: Debate Processing Through Motivated Twitter Instruction
Researchers have noted that an individual's processing of political media messages occurs through various filters including partisanship, interest, and cynicism. The phenomenon of motivated processing, however, is understudied particularly in the context of televised presidential debates. As major campaign events, presidential debates have been linked to increases in viewers' political knowledge, political information efficacy, and changes in can…
The twitterization of journalism: User perceptions of news tweets
Using an experiment and probability sample of Chicago and Los Angeles adults ( N = 1211), this study tested how tweet characteristics (tone, space) and participant age (younger, middle, older) affected attitudes about tweets from a local newspaper. Results indicate that non-opinionated tweets were perceived as more useful and credible than opinionated tweets, and local tweets resulted in more engagement than national tweets. Younger participants …
Reconsidering partisanship as a constraint on the persuasive effects of debates
This study tests persuasive effects of 30 debate performances drawn from samples (n = 5780) of 22 states over four election cycles (2004–2016). We test partisanship of the candidate, type of debate (presidential or vice-presidential), gender of the candidate, whether it was the first debate of the cycle, and whether it was a town-hall debate as possible moderators. Results reveal that viewers are likely to perceive their inparty candidate more fa…
Comic Agonism in the 2016 Campaign: A Study of Iowa Caucus Rallies
In this study, we assess the extent to which attending a candidate rally was associated with distrust of democratic institutions, epistemic rigidity, attribution of malevolent intentions to the political outgroup, and acceptance of political violence. Surveys ( N = 251) were distributed at rallies the night before and day of the 2016 Iowa Caucuses. Results suggest that attendees of rallies for Bernie Sanders or Donald Trump were more likely to di…
Learning from Presidential Debates: Who Learns the Most and Why
Perhaps one of the most well-established findings stemming from decades of research exploring the effects of televised presidential debates is that exposure to this “information-rich” source of campaign communication enables viewers’ acquisition of issue knowledge. However, certain individuals will benefit more from the debate viewing experience because differences in individual characteristics allow some to learn more than others. In this quasi-…
Tweeting Along Partisan Lines: Identity-Motivated Elaboration and Presidential Debates
The influence of partisan identification infiltrates all aspects of a democracy. This study employs an innovative design to explore the presidential debate-viewing experience among young citizens. Data were collected from across the United States for all three 2016 presidential debates between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump using pretest/posttest surveys and debate viewers' Twitter posts. Examining Twitter expression as a form of political elab…
Closing the Knowledge Gap: How Issue Priming Before Presidential Debate Viewing Encourages Learning and Opinion Articulation
One mechanism by which citizens learn about candidates and issues is through watching presidential debates. Some scholars have raised concerns that these events, however, disproportionately benefit those already high in political knowledge more so than others with lesser knowledge levels. We hypothesize that knowledge begets knowledge because it prompts a constructive cognitive process that results from elaboration and reflection. We test this hy…
In Defense of Journalism and Presidential Debates
In a special issue of Argumentation and Advocacy that analyzed the 2020 primary and general-election presidential debates (see McKinney, 2021), the overarching theme of these studies focused on the
The rhetoric of democracy in United States Senate campaign debates
This project analyzes the rhetoric of democracy, voting, and elections in United States Senate campaign debates during the 2022 midterm elections. Using C-SPAN video archives, we examine candidate exchanges focused on the 2020 election, ballot access, and the peaceful transfer of power. We find that while Democratic and Republican candidates used dramatically different language and arguments to describe their positions on elections, candidates in…
Do Presidential Primary Debates Increase Political Polarization
This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment to assess the effects of viewing a strategically manipulated portion of a 2020 Democratic Primary debate. Our aim was to assess the polarizing potential of primary debates on both ingroup (Democratic) and outgroup (Republican) viewers. Viewing the primary debate resulted in less perceived closeness with members of the opposing political party, greater feelings of social distance, and more attr…
Partisan Identity and Affective Polarization in Presidential Debates
This study presents the results of a quasi-experiment to assess the effects of viewing the live televised general election presidential and vice-presidential campaign debates. We contribute to a growing empirical record on the polarizing effects of campaign debates by testing some contextual variables that have confounded past researchers. Specifically, we use Trump's aggressive first debate performance as a test-case of polarizing content and co…
Issue and Image Learning in Debates: Evidence from the Two Televised Presidential Debates in 2024
Scholars have studied the educational value of televised presidential debates for decades. The past three election cycles, with the addition of Donald Trump’s unconventional rhetorical style, these concerns have only magnified. We utilize the 2024 June debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump as well as the 2024 September debate between Kamala Harris and Donald Trump to determine whether viewers update their perceptions of where the candidates’ …
Political science (22 works) · Politics (20 works) · Social Media and Politics (20 works) · Law (19 works) · Presidential system (17 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Media Studies and Communication (12 works) · Sociology (11 works)