Owen Crankshaw
Biographic Data
| ID | 295545 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Owen Crankshaw |
| GIVEN NAMES | Owen |
| FAMILY NAME | Crankshaw |
| SIGNATURE | CRANKSHAW O |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Cape Town |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9006-5005 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 219 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1990 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The changing occupational class structure of London, 1981–2024: Professionalisation or social polarisation
Recent studies addressing the social polarisation debate have produced conflicting evidence. Some studies have produced evidence of professionalisation, showing that most employment growth was in high-income managerial and professional occupations. Another study has produced evidence of asymmetrical polarisation, with more employment growth in high-income occupations but also some employment growth in low-income occupations. This study contribute…
Numerical Labour Market Flexibility in the Gauteng City-Region: Measuring the Extent of Non-Standard Forms of Employment, 1993–2021
This article examines the extent of the growth of temporary, casual and part-time jobs and how this has contributed to the social inequality caused by the occupational restructuring of employment in the Gauteng-City Region. It addresses the methodological problems of how to both conceptualise and measure the extent of earnings inequality caused by the growth of temporary and part-time employment in cities. The main argument is that studies that h…
Causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Natural population increase or migration
This article addresses the debate over the causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Are urbanisation and counter-urbanisation caused mostly by net migration or are they caused mostly by the natural growth or decline of the urban population? Using population censuses, we apply the intercensal forward survival ratio method to measure net migration and the natural population growth of urban and rural areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010. T…
Measuring Trends in Urban Inequality and Poverty in the Copperbelt, Zambia
Deindustrialization and racial inequality: Social polarisation in eThekwini
Social polarization in global cities: Measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality
Social polarization in global cities: measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality. Regional Studies. There is a paradox in the scholarly contributions to the social polarization debate. Studies that rely on occupational descriptions to measure employment change produce results that take the form of a professionalizing pattern of growth. By contrast, studies that rank occupations by income to measure employment change produce evidenc…
Causal Mechanisms, Job Search and the Labour Market Spatial Mismatch: A Realist Criticism of the Neo-positivist Method
Many studies of the labour market spatial mismatch rely on the deductivenomological model of causation to test the theory that low-skilled, inner-city residents have been isolated from the knowledge of job opportunities by the suburbanization of jobs. The logic of this approach follows the deductivenomological model of explanation which establishes causation by measuring the constant conjunctions between ‘causes’ and ‘effects’. As an alternative,…
Emerging Johannesburg
When Meadowlands, a township in Greater Soweto, was first estab-lished during the 1950s, the population was fairly homogeneous. As a result of the sustained economic upswing during the 1960s, a number, but not all, township residents experienced upward occupational mobility. Social differentiation increased even further over the 1980s and early 1990s. Some residents benefited from the drive toward encouraging homeownership, whereas many others si…
Does Deindustrialisation Cause Social Polarisation in Global Cities
The social polarisation hypothesis argues that deindustrialisation causes the polarisation of the occupational structure, which in turn causes the income polarisation of the employed workforce of global cities. A central argument is that social polarisation occurs because the service sector is more polarised in occupational and income terms than the manufacturing sector that it replaces. However, the results of many studies suggest that deindustr…
The politics of ‘race’ and the transformation of the post-apartheid space economy
Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town
Scholars argue that persistent racial inequality in Cape Town is caused by deindustrialization, which has led to high unemployment among blacks (Africans, coloreds and Indians) and the polarization of the occupational structure into a class of mostly white, highly paid managers and professionals and a class of mostly black, low-paid service-sector workers. This study shows that deindustrialization has not produced a large class of black low-wage …
Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg After Apartheid – By Martin Murray
Inter-generational Occupational Mobility Amongst Blacks in the Mitchell’s Plain Magisterial District, Cape Town: Evidence from the Khayelitsha/Mitchell’s Plain Survey
Social Polarisation or Professionalisation? Another Look at Theory and Evidence on Deindustrialisation and the Rise of the Service Sector
The debate over whether or not the deindustrialisation of cities is accompanied by the occupational and income polarisation of their working populations has been characterised by some confusion over the relationship between incomes and occupations in the service sector. Specifically, many scholars have misunderstood the significance of middle-income service-sector occupations for their interpretations of the post-industrial class structure of cit…
Race, Space and the Post-Fordist Spatial Order of Johannesburg
The deindustrialisation of Johannesburg has taken a particular spatial form. Service-sector businesses are increasingly located in the mostly White northern suburbs, whereas the mostly Black southern suburbs bear the brunt of unemployment and increasingly resemble an excluded ghetto. Some authors argue that Johannesburg's post- apartheid spatial order is just as racially unequal as it was during apartheid. This study tests this argument by using …
The State of South African Cities a Decade after Democracy
Like other national urban policy documents, the State of the Cities Report 2004 affirms a vision of an inclusive non-racial city in which democracy is stable and development flourishes. But the 2004 report is different from preceding urban policy statements in a number of critical respects, not least that it is not a formal statement of government. In part, the relative autonomy of the Report's sponsor, the South African Cities Network (a quango …
Class, Race and Residence in Black Johannesburg, 1923-1970
This study examines the relationship between social class and residential differentiation in Johannesburg's African population on the eve of apartheid. During the high apartheid period, access by the African population to education, housing, jobs and even the right to live in the city bore little relationship to differences of social class. By contrast, in the 1940s and early 1950s, state policy on education, urbanisation and housing still differ…
World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality
This study was the first systematically to cover those cities beyond the core that most clearly can be considered world cities: Bangkok, Cairo, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Moscow, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Singapore. Fourteen leading authorities from diverse backgrounds bring their expertise to bear on these cities across four continents and consider the major regional and global roles they play in economic, polit…
Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg
The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa
The popular interpretation of the growth of squatter camps on the Witwatersrand is that it is the direct result of recent immigration from the rural areas of South Africa's 'homelands'. Evidence from surveys conducted in 1990 (Crankshaw 1990) does suggest that this road to 'Egoli' (the place of gold) is becoming an increasingly significant cause of squatting. However, up until very recently, squatting on the 'Witwatersrand has generally been the …
GIS technology and survey sampling methods: The Khayelitsha/Mitchell's plain 2000 survey
This research note is a discussion of the method that was used to draw a sample for the Mitchell's Plain Survey that was conducted in late 2000 under the auspices of the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town. Our reasons for publishing the information are to publicise a new method of drawing samples with the use of Geographical Information Systems technology and, more generally, to start developing a local literature on survey sampli…
Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg
This paper discusses the difficulties facing the post-apartheid metropolitan government of Johannesburg as it reforms itself, seeking to better respond to the needs of all its citizens, while also attracting new investment. These difficulties include high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality as well as the apartheid legacy of “separate development” with its large backlog of poor quality housing and inadequate basic services, much of it …
Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg
This paper discusses the difficulties facing the post-apartheid metropolitan government of Johannesburg as it reforms itself, seeking to better respond to the needs of all its citizens, while also attracting new investment. These difficulties include high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality as well as the apartheid legacy of "separate development" with its large backlog of poor quality housing and inadequate basic services, much of it …
The Causes of Unemployment in Post‐apartheid Johannesburg and the Livelihood Strategies of the Poor
Central to the increase in urban poverty in the post‐apartheid period is the rise in unemployment. This provides the point of departure for this paper. The first section shows how Johannesburg and its environs, although constituting the industrial and commercial heartland of South Africa, is a city that has not reached its potential economic development. Having outlined the causes and dimensions of this sluggish economic position, next is conside…
Victims, Villains and Fixers: The Urban Environment and Johannesburg's Poor
Urban water supply, sanitation and electricity have been identified as basic needs by the post-apartheid government and the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (GJMC).This article explores the relationship of Johannesburg's poor to the urban environment and in particular these three key urban services.On the basis of survey data, case studies, textual analysis and in-depth interviews with policy makers and planners, it reviews how poorer ci…
Race, Space and the Post-Fordist Spatial Order of Johannesburg
The deindustrialisation of Johannesburg has taken a particular spatial form. Service-sector businesses are increasingly located in the mostly White northern suburbs, whereas the mostly Black southern suburbs bear the brunt of unemployment and increasingly resemble an excluded ghetto. Some authors argue that Johannesburg's post- apartheid spatial order is just as racially unequal as it was during apartheid. This study tests this argument by using …
The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa
The popular interpretation of the growth of squatter camps on the Witwatersrand is that it is the direct result of recent immigration from the rural areas of South Africa's 'homelands'. Evidence from surveys conducted in 1990 (Crankshaw 1990) does suggest that this road to 'Egoli' (the place of gold) is becoming an increasingly significant cause of squatting. However, up until very recently, squatting on the 'Witwatersrand has generally been the …
Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town
Scholars argue that persistent racial inequality in Cape Town is caused by deindustrialization, which has led to high unemployment among blacks (Africans, coloreds and Indians) and the polarization of the occupational structure into a class of mostly white, highly paid managers and professionals and a class of mostly black, low-paid service-sector workers. This study shows that deindustrialization has not produced a large class of black low-wage …
Backyard Soweto
Backyard accommodation is widespread in South African cities; a phenomenon that is rare in most other parts of the world. Such a 'solution' is an outcome of past and present policies and this article demonstrates that over the years there have been certain similarities in government policy between Chile and South Africa, the only other country with significant numbers of families living in backyard accommodation. However, Sowetan backyard dweller…
Causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Natural population increase or migration
This article addresses the debate over the causes of urbanisation and counter-urbanisation in Zambia: Are urbanisation and counter-urbanisation caused mostly by net migration or are they caused mostly by the natural growth or decline of the urban population? Using population censuses, we apply the intercensal forward survival ratio method to measure net migration and the natural population growth of urban and rural areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010. T…
Racial Desegregation and Inner City Decay in Johannesburg
The State of South African Cities a Decade after Democracy
Like other national urban policy documents, the State of the Cities Report 2004 affirms a vision of an inclusive non-racial city in which democracy is stable and development flourishes. But the 2004 report is different from preceding urban policy statements in a number of critical respects, not least that it is not a formal statement of government. In part, the relative autonomy of the Report's sponsor, the South African Cities Network (a quango …
Comparing South African and Latin American Experience: Migration and Housing Mobility in Soweto
Given similar levels of economic development and inequality, it seems strange that more effort has not been made by South Africans to learn from the earlier experience of urbanisation in countries such as Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The paper shows that there are problems in drawing comparisons about migration and residential movement in Latin America and South Africa, but that there are growing signs of similarity. Some of these similarities wer…
Social Polarisation or Professionalisation? Another Look at Theory and Evidence on Deindustrialisation and the Rise of the Service Sector
The debate over whether or not the deindustrialisation of cities is accompanied by the occupational and income polarisation of their working populations has been characterised by some confusion over the relationship between incomes and occupations in the service sector. Specifically, many scholars have misunderstood the significance of middle-income service-sector occupations for their interpretations of the post-industrial class structure of cit…
Class, Race and Residence in Black Johannesburg, 1923-1970
This study examines the relationship between social class and residential differentiation in Johannesburg's African population on the eve of apartheid. During the high apartheid period, access by the African population to education, housing, jobs and even the right to live in the city bore little relationship to differences of social class. By contrast, in the 1940s and early 1950s, state policy on education, urbanisation and housing still differ…
Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg
This paper discusses the difficulties facing the post-apartheid metropolitan government of Johannesburg as it reforms itself, seeking to better respond to the needs of all its citizens, while also attracting new investment. These difficulties include high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality as well as the apartheid legacy of “separate development” with its large backlog of poor quality housing and inadequate basic services, much of it …
Emerging Johannesburg
When Meadowlands, a township in Greater Soweto, was first estab-lished during the 1950s, the population was fairly homogeneous. As a result of the sustained economic upswing during the 1960s, a number, but not all, township residents experienced upward occupational mobility. Social differentiation increased even further over the 1980s and early 1990s. Some residents benefited from the drive toward encouraging homeownership, whereas many others si…
Squatting, Apartheid and Urbanisation on the Southern Witwatersrand1
Journal Article SQUATTING, APARTHEID AND URBANISATION ON THE SOUTHERN WITWATERSRAND1 Get access OWEN CRANKSHAW OWEN CRANKSHAW Owen Crankshaw is a Senior Researcher at the Human Sciences Research Council and a Ph.D candidate in the Sociology Department at the University of the Witwatersrand, both in Johannesburg, South Africa. He is grateful for comments on the paper by Hilary Sapire, Caroline White. Search for other works by this author on: Oxfor…
Social polarization in global cities: Measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality
Social polarization in global cities: measuring changes in earnings and occupational inequality. Regional Studies. There is a paradox in the scholarly contributions to the social polarization debate. Studies that rely on occupational descriptions to measure employment change produce results that take the form of a professionalizing pattern of growth. By contrast, studies that rank occupations by income to measure employment change produce evidenc…
Does Deindustrialisation Cause Social Polarisation in Global Cities
The social polarisation hypothesis argues that deindustrialisation causes the polarisation of the occupational structure, which in turn causes the income polarisation of the employed workforce of global cities. A central argument is that social polarisation occurs because the service sector is more polarised in occupational and income terms than the manufacturing sector that it replaces. However, the results of many studies suggest that deindustr…
Victims, Villains and Fixers: The Urban Environment and Johannesburg's Poor
Urban water supply, sanitation and electricity have been identified as basic needs by the post-apartheid government and the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (GJMC).This article explores the relationship of Johannesburg's poor to the urban environment and in particular these three key urban services.On the basis of survey data, case studies, textual analysis and in-depth interviews with policy makers and planners, it reviews how poorer ci…
Changes in the racial division of labour during the apartheid era
Scholarly attempts to address the dual impact of economic growth and apartheid labour policies on the racial division of labour in the 1970s and 1980s produced markedly divergent estimates of the extent to which the colour bar was being eroded by employment growth. This study revisits the debate by applying new concepts about the division of labour to South African employment statistics. The reason why scholars came up with such different estimat…
Deindustrialization and racial inequality: Social polarisation in eThekwini
The Causes of Unemployment in Post‐apartheid Johannesburg and the Livelihood Strategies of the Poor
Central to the increase in urban poverty in the post‐apartheid period is the rise in unemployment. This provides the point of departure for this paper. The first section shows how Johannesburg and its environs, although constituting the industrial and commercial heartland of South Africa, is a city that has not reached its potential economic development. Having outlined the causes and dimensions of this sluggish economic position, next is conside…
The politics of ‘race’ and the transformation of the post-apartheid space economy
GIS technology and survey sampling methods: The Khayelitsha/Mitchell's plain 2000 survey
This research note is a discussion of the method that was used to draw a sample for the Mitchell's Plain Survey that was conducted in late 2000 under the auspices of the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town. Our reasons for publishing the information are to publicise a new method of drawing samples with the use of Geographical Information Systems technology and, more generally, to start developing a local literature on survey sampli…
Apartheid and economic growth: Craft unions, capital and the state in the South African building industry, 1945-1975
During the 1940s, when the craft unions were still able to control the standards of their trades, and the training and employment of skilled labour, they exhibited a militant style of trade union organisation that had little need for state support. However, dramatic shifts in the nature of the labour market coupled with aggressive state policies that undermined mixed unionism, began to erode the basis of craft union strategies of exclusion during…
Apartheid and economic growth: Craft unions, capital and the state in the South African building industry, 1945-1975
During the 1940s, when the craft unions were still able to control the standards of their trades, and the training and employment of skilled labour, they exhibited a militant style of trade union organisation that had little need for state support. However, dramatic shifts in the nature of the labour market coupled with aggressive state policies that undermined mixed unionism, began to erode the basis of craft union strategies of exclusion during…
Squatting, Apartheid and Urbanisation on the Southern Witwatersrand1
Journal Article SQUATTING, APARTHEID AND URBANISATION ON THE SOUTHERN WITWATERSRAND1 Get access OWEN CRANKSHAW OWEN CRANKSHAW Owen Crankshaw is a Senior Researcher at the Human Sciences Research Council and a Ph.D candidate in the Sociology Department at the University of the Witwatersrand, both in Johannesburg, South Africa. He is grateful for comments on the paper by Hilary Sapire, Caroline White. Search for other works by this author on: Oxfor…
Racial Desegregation and Inner City Decay in Johannesburg
Social differentiation, conflict and development in a South African township
Housing provision and the need for an urbanisation policy in the New South Africa
Changes in the racial division of labour during the apartheid era
Scholarly attempts to address the dual impact of economic growth and apartheid labour policies on the racial division of labour in the 1970s and 1980s produced markedly divergent estimates of the extent to which the colour bar was being eroded by employment growth. This study revisits the debate by applying new concepts about the division of labour to South African employment statistics. The reason why scholars came up with such different estimat…
Race, Class and the Changing Division of Labour under Apartheid
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree oi'Doctor of Philosophy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Comparing South African and Latin American Experience: Migration and Housing Mobility in Soweto
Given similar levels of economic development and inequality, it seems strange that more effort has not been made by South Africans to learn from the earlier experience of urbanisation in countries such as Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The paper shows that there are problems in drawing comparisons about migration and residential movement in Latin America and South Africa, but that there are growing signs of similarity. Some of these similarities wer…
Le paysage des townships à la fin de l'apartheid
Leer el paisaje de los townships en 1994 El paisaje urbano en Africa del Sur se divide entre los townships, «cajas de cerillas» alineadas del lado de la ciudad negra y las alegras y desperdigadas residencias del lado de la ciudad blanca. El ocaso del apartheid comienza a diversificar este paisaje. El batiborrillo de la chabola gana los townships mientras que las parcelaciones para clases medias se intercalan entre ambas ciudades
Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg
This paper discusses the difficulties facing the post-apartheid metropolitan government of Johannesburg as it reforms itself, seeking to better respond to the needs of all its citizens, while also attracting new investment. These difficulties include high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality as well as the apartheid legacy of “separate development” with its large backlog of poor quality housing and inadequate basic services, much of it …
Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg
This paper discusses the difficulties facing the post-apartheid metropolitan government of Johannesburg as it reforms itself, seeking to better respond to the needs of all its citizens, while also attracting new investment. These difficulties include high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality as well as the apartheid legacy of "separate development" with its large backlog of poor quality housing and inadequate basic services, much of it …
The Causes of Unemployment in Post‐apartheid Johannesburg and the Livelihood Strategies of the Poor
Central to the increase in urban poverty in the post‐apartheid period is the rise in unemployment. This provides the point of departure for this paper. The first section shows how Johannesburg and its environs, although constituting the industrial and commercial heartland of South Africa, is a city that has not reached its potential economic development. Having outlined the causes and dimensions of this sluggish economic position, next is conside…
Victims, Villains and Fixers: The Urban Environment and Johannesburg's Poor
Urban water supply, sanitation and electricity have been identified as basic needs by the post-apartheid government and the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (GJMC).This article explores the relationship of Johannesburg's poor to the urban environment and in particular these three key urban services.On the basis of survey data, case studies, textual analysis and in-depth interviews with policy makers and planners, it reviews how poorer ci…
Backyard Soweto
Backyard accommodation is widespread in South African cities; a phenomenon that is rare in most other parts of the world. Such a 'solution' is an outcome of past and present policies and this article demonstrates that over the years there have been certain similarities in government policy between Chile and South Africa, the only other country with significant numbers of families living in backyard accommodation. However, Sowetan backyard dweller…
GIS technology and survey sampling methods: The Khayelitsha/Mitchell's plain 2000 survey
This research note is a discussion of the method that was used to draw a sample for the Mitchell's Plain Survey that was conducted in late 2000 under the auspices of the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town. Our reasons for publishing the information are to publicise a new method of drawing samples with the use of Geographical Information Systems technology and, more generally, to start developing a local literature on survey sampli…
The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa
The popular interpretation of the growth of squatter camps on the Witwatersrand is that it is the direct result of recent immigration from the rural areas of South Africa's 'homelands'. Evidence from surveys conducted in 1990 (Crankshaw 1990) does suggest that this road to 'Egoli' (the place of gold) is becoming an increasingly significant cause of squatting. However, up until very recently, squatting on the 'Witwatersrand has generally been the …
World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality
This study was the first systematically to cover those cities beyond the core that most clearly can be considered world cities: Bangkok, Cairo, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Moscow, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Singapore. Fourteen leading authorities from diverse backgrounds bring their expertise to bear on these cities across four continents and consider the major regional and global roles they play in economic, polit…
Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg
Class, Race and Residence in Black Johannesburg, 1923-1970
This study examines the relationship between social class and residential differentiation in Johannesburg's African population on the eve of apartheid. During the high apartheid period, access by the African population to education, housing, jobs and even the right to live in the city bore little relationship to differences of social class. By contrast, in the 1940s and early 1950s, state policy on education, urbanisation and housing still differ…
The State of South African Cities a Decade after Democracy
Like other national urban policy documents, the State of the Cities Report 2004 affirms a vision of an inclusive non-racial city in which democracy is stable and development flourishes. But the 2004 report is different from preceding urban policy statements in a number of critical respects, not least that it is not a formal statement of government. In part, the relative autonomy of the Report's sponsor, the South African Cities Network (a quango …
Race, Space and the Post-Fordist Spatial Order of Johannesburg
The deindustrialisation of Johannesburg has taken a particular spatial form. Service-sector businesses are increasingly located in the mostly White northern suburbs, whereas the mostly Black southern suburbs bear the brunt of unemployment and increasingly resemble an excluded ghetto. Some authors argue that Johannesburg's post- apartheid spatial order is just as racially unequal as it was during apartheid. This study tests this argument by using …
Inter-generational Occupational Mobility Amongst Blacks in the Mitchell’s Plain Magisterial District, Cape Town: Evidence from the Khayelitsha/Mitchell’s Plain Survey
Social Polarisation or Professionalisation? Another Look at Theory and Evidence on Deindustrialisation and the Rise of the Service Sector
The debate over whether or not the deindustrialisation of cities is accompanied by the occupational and income polarisation of their working populations has been characterised by some confusion over the relationship between incomes and occupations in the service sector. Specifically, many scholars have misunderstood the significance of middle-income service-sector occupations for their interpretations of the post-industrial class structure of cit…
Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg After Apartheid – By Martin Murray
Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town
Scholars argue that persistent racial inequality in Cape Town is caused by deindustrialization, which has led to high unemployment among blacks (Africans, coloreds and Indians) and the polarization of the occupational structure into a class of mostly white, highly paid managers and professionals and a class of mostly black, low-paid service-sector workers. This study shows that deindustrialization has not produced a large class of black low-wage …
Economics (23 works) · Political science (23 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Economic growth (20 works) · Geography (20 works) · Urban and Rural Development Challenges (16 works) · Legal Issues in South Africa (12 works) · Inequality (10 works) · Demographic economics (9 works) · Law (9 works)