M Ramesh
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 297889 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | M Ramesh |
| NOMBRES | M |
| APELLIDO | Ramesh |
| FIRMA | RAMESH M |
| AFILIACIONES | National University of Singapore |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7376-2300 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 94 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 882 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 90 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 4 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1992 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Policy Capacity Under Decentralization
The paper examines the relationship between policy capacity and policy effectiveness in decentralized governance setups. It challenges the conventional view that policy functions should only be decentralized when requisite capacities already exist at lower levels of government. Instead, the paper proposes that capacity can follow function ‐ as non‐central authorities perform decentralized responsibilities over time, they build the capacity to suc…
Aging Out of Place in Singapore
This paper examines how healthcare fragmentation produces institutional displacement for Singapore's aging population, a phenomenon we conceptualise as ‘aging out of place’. It examines how older adults become systematically disconnected from care coordination while remaining physically in place. Analysis of Singapore's healthcare system reveals that institutional displacement operates through three reinforcing mechanisms: structural fragmentatio…
Inferential reasoning in policy analysis
Contemporary policy problems often involve calls for action in contexts marked by high levels of uncertainty and value-laden conflict. This poses a challenge to traditional approaches to policy analysis based on expectations of the availability of relatively uncontested norms and evidence and, often, more or less unlimited time. This article proposes a diagnostic approach to policy problems which combines multiple knowledge types (scientific, cra…
Accountability for policy decisions
Despite accountability’s centrality to good governance , policymakers such as senior government officials are rarely held responsible for the quality of and reasoning behind their policy choices. Conventional accountability mechanisms are mostly fixated on procedural compliance , without sufficiently attending to whether policies are well-designed , evidence-based , or achieve intended outcomes. This paper argues that “policy choice accountabilit…
Exploring Factors Affecting Business Letter Writing Proficiency in ESP Learners
Proficiency in business letter writing is a critical component of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), directly influencing career advancement and organizational communication. This study examines the key factors affecting the business letter writing competence of undergraduate students in selected Indian colleges, emphasizing the ESP perspective. A quantitative, descriptive research design is employed to assess the current state of these factors…
Comparing Dental Microwear in the Populations at an Iron Age (c. 4010 BP) and Early Historic (c. 2600 BP) Site in South India
Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) has proven to be a valuable tool for separating bioarchaeological samples by subsistence practice, preferred diet, food‐processing technology, and cooking method. In this study, we compared samples of individuals from two South Indian sites—an Iron Age site (Adichchanallur, ~4010 BP, n = 27) and an Early Historical site (Keeladi, ~2600 BP, n = 31). Both samples represent farming communities that likely had…
Building integrated primary health care
While the importance of primary health care (PHC) as a foundation for a strong healthcare system is widely accepted, the policies needed to achieve it remain deeply controversial. Some proponents call for a greater role for market and user choice in expanding and strengthening PHC, whereas others recommend a greater role for the government in directing its development. The objective of this paper is to assess these arguments by comparing the expe…
Effect of Junction Temperature on System Level Reliability of Grid Connected PV Inverter
The number of cycles to the end of life for high-power IGBT modules is expressed as a function of the stress parameters in the model.Most of the time, these models are generated on the basis of experimental data from accelerated power-cycling experiments that are done at preset temperatures and stress levels.This paper proposed a systematic Reliability evaluation process for large-scale commercial and utility-level PV power systems.The major cont…
Knowledge–practice gap in healthcare payments
Fee-for-service remains a popular mode of paying for healthcare despite widespread knowledge of its ill effects. This has resulted in a gap between policy knowledge (understood as consensus among experts) and policy practice (actual policy measures to implement the consensus) in healthcare. The existing literature attributes such gaps to a range of factors, including the stakeholders’ different interests, incentives, ideas, and values. Our focus …
Dealing with the challenges of legitimacy, values, and politics in policy advice
Policy advice has been the subject of ongoing research in the policy sciences as it raises fundamental issues about what constitutes policy knowledge, expertise, and their effects on policymaking. This introduction reviews the existing literature on the subject and introduces the themes motivating the articles in the issue. It highlights the need to consider several key subjects in the topic in the contemporary era: namely the challenge of legiti…
The design roots of policy problems
While policy design scholars have made significant conceptual and empirical advances in identifying and evaluating procedural tools, there has been a little focus on understanding how they interact with the more traditional “substantive” elements of a policy mix and their critical functions in policy mix designs. As a result, there is uncertainty about how procedural tools affect policy effectiveness—at adoption or over time. To address this gap,…
The role of tool calibrations and policy specifications in policy change
Policy studies have addressed many issues on the topic of policy change, generally following the ideas about policy composition set out by Hall and others. These typically view ‘significant’ policy change as related to alterations in the macro elements of policies, namely policy paradigms and governance preferences. These studies have also examined the roles of meso-level policy objectives and policy instrument preferences in these dynamics but s…
Health policy and Covid-19
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has tested the mettle of governments across the globe and has thrown entrenched fault lines within health systems into sharper relief. In response to the outbreak of the pandemic, governments introduced a range of measures to meet the growth in demand and bridge gaps in health systems. The objective of this paper is to understand the nature and extent of the changes in health systems triggered by the CO…
Covid-19, crisis responses, and public policies
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of social inequalities during major crises, a reality that has clear implications for public policy. In this introductory article to the thematic issue of Policy and Society on COVID-19, inequalities, and public policies, we provide an overview of the nexus between crisis and inequality before exploring its importance for the study of policy stability and change, with a…
Long-term policy impacts of the coronavirus
This paper offers an analysis of the theoretical and empirical challenges the coronavirus pandemic poses for theories of policy change. Critical events like coronavirus disease are potentially powerful destabilizers that can trigger discontinuity in policy trajectories and thus are an opportunity for accentuating path shifts. In this paper, we argue that three dynamic pathways of change are possible and must be considered when analysing post-COVI…
Active stewardship in healthcare
Governments across the globe have made repeated attempts to reform their health systems in recent decades with the purpose of improving access while containing costs. What is the role of government in contemporary health policy in achieving these somewhat contradictory goals? This paper conceptualises this role as one of “active stewardship” wherein the government is a central actor steering and coordinating the sector through a portfolio of dive…
Designing for adaptation
Policy tools are chosen and deployed in the expectation that they will continue to work effectively over extended periods of time. This is a tall expectation to meet, given that the nature of policy problems and their contexts change constantly. To continue to operate effectively in the face of these changes and respond to policy feedback from policy actors and outputs, policy mixes must be robust. This robustness is of two types: static robustne…
Unpacking policy portfolios
A recent resurgence of interest in policy design has fostered renewed efforts to better understand how specific combinations of policy tools arise and shape policy outcomes. However, to date, these efforts have been stymied by under-theorization of the dif- ferent purposes to which tools are directed in policy mixes and a corresponding failure to acknowledge both these in conceptual work on the subject and in policy practice. Existing frameworks …
Procedural policy tools in theory and practice
Policy tools are a critical part of policy-making, providing the ‘means’ by which policy ‘ends’ are achieved. Knowledge of their different origin, nature and capabilities is vital for understanding policy formulation and decision-making, and they have been the subject of inquiry in many policy-related disciplines and sector-specific studies. Yet many crucial aspects of policy tools remain unexplored. Existing studies on policy tools used in polic…
Governing healthcare in India
After decades of neglect, in 2008, the Indian government launched a national health insurance programme to address the needs of the bulk of the population that could not afford healthcare. This was followed by the launch of another national programme in 2018 that further expanded insurance coverage. These schemes envision a large single-payer, insurance-based system covering about 110 million families. The central objective of this article is to …
Building administrative capacity for development
10.1177/00208523211002605
Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies
The past decade has witnessed the emergence of many technologies that have the potential to fundamentally alter our economic, social, and indeed personal lives. The problems they pose are in many ways unprecedented, posing serious challenges for policymakers. How should governments respond to the challenges given that the technologies are still evolving with unclear trajectories? Are there general principles that can be developed to design govern…
Bringing Governance Back into Education Reforms
Educational systems around the world have undergone major reforms since the 1980s, with largely disappointing results. The objective of this paper is to understand the reasons behind the lackluster results with the purpose of devising ways to address them. Analysis in the paper is based on the understanding that the education sector is characterized by distinct functional imperatives that need to be addressed in policy responses that must involve…
Mobilizing Policy (In)Capacity to Fight Covid-19
The objective of this collection of essays is to gain insights into the different national-level state responses to COVID-19 around the world and the conditions that shaped them. The pandemic offers a natural experiment wherein the policy problem governments faced was the same but the responses they made were different, creating opportunities for comparison of both the kinds of policy tools being used and the factors that accounted for their choi…
Politics and Change in Singapore and Hong Kong
Policy capacity
Although policy capacity is among the most fundamental concepts in public policy, there is considerable disagreement over its definition and very few systematic efforts try to operationalize and measure it. This article presents a conceptual framework for analysing and measuring policy capacity under which policy capacity refers to the competencies and capabilities important to policy-making. Competences are categorized into three general types o…
Mobilizing Policy (In)Capacity to Fight Covid-19
The objective of this collection of essays is to gain insights into the different national-level state responses to COVID-19 around the world and the conditions that shaped them. The pandemic offers a natural experiment wherein the policy problem governments faced was the same but the responses they made were different, creating opportunities for comparison of both the kinds of policy tools being used and the factors that accounted for their choi…
Achilles' heels of governance
This article assesses the usefulness of conceptions of policy capacity for understanding policy and governance outcomes. In order to shed light on this issue, it revisits the concept of governance, derives a model of basic governance types and discusses their capacity pre‐requisites. A model of capacity is developed combining competences over three levels of activities with analysis of resource capabilities at each level. This analysis is then ap…
Policy Subsystem Configurations and Policy Change
Over the past two decades thinking about the role of politics in the policy process has taken several different shapes. Analysts in the “positivist” school of policy analysis have tended to use restricted notions of politics in their search for policy determinants or causes of policy change. This approach can be contrasted usefully with “postpositivist” analyses, which emphasize the role played by policy discourses in the policy process. This art…
Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies
The past decade has witnessed the emergence of many technologies that have the potential to fundamentally alter our economic, social, and indeed personal lives. The problems they pose are in many ways unprecedented, posing serious challenges for policymakers. How should governments respond to the challenges given that the technologies are still evolving with unclear trajectories? Are there general principles that can be developed to design govern…
Policy-making and truthiness
The two orders of governance failure
Perceptions of the pervasive and persistent failures of governments in many issue areas over the past several decades have led many commentators and policy makers to turn to non-governmental forms of governance in their efforts to address public problems. During the 1980s and 1990s, market-based governance techniques were the preferred alternate form to government hierarchy but this preference has tilted towards network governance in recent years…
Designing for adaptation
Policy tools are chosen and deployed in the expectation that they will continue to work effectively over extended periods of time. This is a tall expectation to meet, given that the nature of policy problems and their contexts change constantly. To continue to operate effectively in the face of these changes and respond to policy feedback from policy actors and outputs, policy mixes must be robust. This robustness is of two types: static robustne…
Anticipating and designing for policy effectiveness
The new design orientation in the policy sciences has placed renewed emphasis on problem-solving and developing effective public policies. In this paper, we contribute to this scholarship by presenting a policy framework on anticipating effective policies. We argue that anticipation – that is, foreseeing the future and preparing for it – must be central to how a policy is designed, executed and assessed. Anticipating policy effectiveness requires…
The policy effects of internationalization
This article contributes to a better understanding of contemporary policy analysis and management by setting out the parameters for analyzing policy change induced by internationalization. It first maps the dynamics of policy change in domestic settings and then explores how internationalization has affected the dynamics identified. The central proposition of the article is that internationalization promotes the restructuring of policy subsystems…
Designing for robustness
How best to deal with uncertainty and surprise in policy-making is an issue which has troubled policy studies for some time. Studies of policy uncertainty and policy failure have emphasized the need to create policies able to be improvised upon in the face of an uncertain future, meaning there is a need to design and adopt policies featuring agility, and flexibility in their components and processes. Such policies require redundant resources and …
Bringing Governments Back in
In many visions of governance, governments are portrayed as playing a “steering”, rather than “rowing”, role. The widespread use of privatization, deregulation, decentralization and third-party governments are often mentioned as concrete manifestations of the broad transformation which has led to new forms of governance. Examined more closely, however, the large and growing body of literature on governance has done little to clarify what is “new”…
Health policy reform in China
Procedural policy tools in theory and practice
Policy tools are a critical part of policy-making, providing the ‘means’ by which policy ‘ends’ are achieved. Knowledge of their different origin, nature and capabilities is vital for understanding policy formulation and decision-making, and they have been the subject of inquiry in many policy-related disciplines and sector-specific studies. Yet many crucial aspects of policy tools remain unexplored. Existing studies on policy tools used in polic…
Instrument constituencies and transnational policy diffusion
The purpose of this paper is to improve knowledge of the transnational diffusion of public policies. It argues that existing studies on the subject do not provide an adequate understanding of the mechanisms through which diffusion takes place, nor do they sufficiently address the roles specific organizations and individuals play in driving or determining the policy transfer process. We address these shortcomings by studying the diffusion of condi…
Globalisation Makes of States What States Make of It
Across the social sciences the last decade has witnessed a proliferating interest in the relationship between the state and globalisation. By the early 1990s a range of writers working within what we label a structuralist approach asserted that globalisation is, if not challenging the viability of the sovereign state, then at least forcing it to adapt its policies to conform to the new global reality‐being 'hollowed out', as the phrase had it. Th…
Long-term policy impacts of the coronavirus
This paper offers an analysis of the theoretical and empirical challenges the coronavirus pandemic poses for theories of policy change. Critical events like coronavirus disease are potentially powerful destabilizers that can trigger discontinuity in policy trajectories and thus are an opportunity for accentuating path shifts. In this paper, we argue that three dynamic pathways of change are possible and must be considered when analysing post-COVI…
Understanding the persistence of policy failures
The persistence of policy failures is a recognized but not well-understood phenomenon in the literature of the policy sciences. Existing studies offer only limited insights into the persistence of policy failures as much of the literature on the subject to date has focused on conceptualizing the topic and differentiating between different types of failures. Much less attention has been paid to systematically examining the sources of the problems …
Autonomy and Control in Public Hospital Reforms in Singapore
The Singapore government began to reform public hospitals in the mid-1980s because of mounting public expenditures on health care. It granted public hospitals managerial autonomy and required them to compete for patients' fees. Correspondingly, patients were required to pay a larger proportion of the costs. When subsequent evidence showed that costs were increasing rather than decreasing, in the mid-1990s the government began to reassert its cont…
Patterns of Policy Instrument Choice
The spread of privatization in almost every country over the last decade reflects a rapid and fundamental change in patterns of policy instrument usage. Yet the literature on policy instruments has almost nothing to say on this perhaps most significant development in public policy in recent times. This paper's objective is to aid in the development of a theory of policy instrument choice which is capable of dealing with instances of long-term, cr…
Health governance and healthcare reforms in China
This article examines the role of health governance in shaping the outcomes of healthcare reforms in China. The analysis shows that the failure of reforms during the 1980s and 1990s was in part due to inadequate attention to key aspects in health governance, such as strategic interactions among government, providers and users, as well as incentive structures shaping their preferences and behaviour. Although more recent reforms seek to correct the…
Legitimation capacity
This paper conceptualizes political competences at the system level of capabilities to function as “legitimation capacity” in a policy context. It identifies trust in the political, social, economic, and security spheres as the key element driving this capacity. Trust ensures that state actions and institutions are perceived as legitimate and receive public support, which in turn allows political skills to be exercised, preventing political or in…
Market imperfections, government imperfections, and policy mixes
Economic Crisis and its Social Impacts
The objective of this paper is to survey the social consequences of the 1997 Asian financial crisis with the purpose of drawing policy lessons. The outbreak of the financial crisis and the ensuing increase in unemployment and poverty triggered a worsening of education and health outcomes. The situation stabilized and eventually improved only after governments and international organizations intervened. Employment creation and cash transfers progr…
Health policy and Covid-19
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has tested the mettle of governments across the globe and has thrown entrenched fault lines within health systems into sharper relief. In response to the outbreak of the pandemic, governments introduced a range of measures to meet the growth in demand and bridge gaps in health systems. The objective of this paper is to understand the nature and extent of the changes in health systems triggered by the CO…
Genetic serum protein markers (PH, GC, PI) in two South Indian caste populations
The results of HP, GC and PI typings on two caste populations (Relli-I: fruit vendors, Relli-II: scavengers) from Andhra Pradesh (South India) are reported and compared with data obtained on other Indian population samples
Social Security in Singapore
Research Article| December 01 1992 Social Security in Singapore: Redrawing the Public-Private Boundary M. Ramesh M. Ramesh Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1992) 32 (12): 1093–1108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645040 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Searc…
Distribution of Blood Groups Among Dhobis - A Washerman Caste Population of Andhra Pradesh
The distribution of A1, A2BO, Rh (D), MN, P and ABH secretor status have been studied among the Dhabi, a case population of Visakhapatnam city of Andhra Pradesh, South India. All the genetic parameters separated established and usual distillation similar to that recorded in the caste populations so far studied earlier in Andhra Pradesh
Post-Keynesianism in Canada in the 1990s
Social security in Singapore
The Limits of Post-Keynesianism
Sickle cell haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Dhobis of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sickle cell haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been investigated in two endogamous subgroups of the Rellis, a scheduled caste population of Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh (South India). The frequency for the sickle cell gene is higher among Relli-I (0.1216) than in Relli-II (0.0454). The incidence of G-6-PD deficiency is higher among Relli-II (0.0454) than in Relli-I (0.0328). The results were also compared with th…
Patterns of Policy Instrument Choice
The spread of privatization in almost every country over the last decade reflects a rapid and fundamental change in patterns of policy instrument usage. Yet the literature on policy instruments has almost nothing to say on this perhaps most significant development in public policy in recent times. This paper's objective is to aid in the development of a theory of policy instrument choice which is capable of dealing with instances of long-term, cr…
Glyoxalase-I (GLO) polymorphism among two endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh, India
Glyoxalase-I phenotypes have been screened electrophoretically in the Kotia and Relli populations of the Visakhaptnam District, Andhra Pradesh (India). The GLO*1 allele varies from 0.2560 in the Kotia to 0.3258 in the Relli, which is well within the range of South Indian populations.
Explaining cross-industry variations in trade protection
The high level of protection for the textile, clothing and footwear industries in the developed countries is well recognized in the literature. What is not so well recognized is the significant variations in the level and form of protection accorded them and the crucial role that international forces have played in shaping the variations. The studies that do focus on international factors deal with the largest state and therefore provide little i…
Consanguinity Among Rellis of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Consanguinity has been studied in two endogamous subgroups of Rellis. a Scheduled Caste population of Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh. The frequency of consanguineous marriages is higher in Relli-II (42.27%) than in Relli-I (39.90%). The coefficient of inbreeding values for autosomal (F.) and sex linked (F.) genes among two subgroups of Rellis record relatively lower values when compared with other caste populations from Andhra Pradesh
Economic Globalization and Policy Choices
This article analyzes the effects of economic globalization on public policy in Singapore, which has the worlds most globalized economy. It finds that contrary to the assumption of muck of the literature on the subject, it is the state, rather than systemic imperatives, that has played the most decisive role in shaping the form and scope of the economy's globalization. Its examination of the effects of globalization on policy choices in three bro…
Social Security in South Korea and Singapore
The paper sets out statutory social security arrangements in Korea and Singapore and then explains the differences between them. It finds that while Korea has a relatively advanced social security system based primarily on social insurance, Singapore has a patchwork of programmes based on forced saving, tax allowance, public assistance, and public insurance schemes run along commercial lines. Moreover, the increasing share of government expenditu…
Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin in Vadabalijas and Yadavas of Coastal Andhra Pradesh
The distribution fo sickle-cell haemoglobin in Vadabalija and Yadava caste populations of Andhra Pradesh is reported and compared with the data available on other caste populations of the state
Blood Groups in Two Sub-populations of Rellis of Coastal Andhra Pradesh
The results of A1 A2 BO. RhCcDEe and MNSs hloou group typings in two endogamous sub groups of Rellis, a Scheduled Caste population of Coastal City of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh are reported and compared with other population groups of the state
PTC Taste Sensitivity in Two Endogamous Caste Populations of Coastal Andhra Pradesh
This paper reports results of PTC taste perception in two endogamous caste populations (Brahmins and Yadavas) of Coastal Andhra Pradesh in South India
Sickle cell haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Rellis of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, South India
Policy Subsystem Configurations and Policy Change
Over the past two decades thinking about the role of politics in the policy process has taken several different shapes. Analysts in the “positivist” school of policy analysis have tended to use restricted notions of politics in their search for policy determinants or causes of policy change. This approach can be contrasted usefully with “postpositivist” analyses, which emphasize the role played by policy discourses in the policy process. This art…
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Two Endogamous Population of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, South India
Sickle cell haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been studied in two endogamous populations (Paidi and Valmiki) of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The frequency of the sickle cell gene is very high among these two populations. The incidence of G6PD deficiency is approach the values from other populations. The results were also compared with those available from other Andhra Pradesh populations
Welfare Capitalism in Southeast Asia
This is the only in-depth study of social policies in Southeast Asia. It compares social security, health, and education policies in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. After
Plasma protein polymorphisms in Paidies and Valmikies of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, South India
Five plasma protein polymorphisms--Haptoglobin (HP), Group Specific Component (GC), Transferrin (TF), Albumin (ALB) and Caeruloplasmin (CP)--have been determined in two endogamous populations (Paidies and Valmikies) of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, South India. The results were compared between the two populations. They revealed significant differences for the TF system only. The results were also compared with those available from other Andhra P…
The politics of social security in Singapore
The paper examines income maintenance and health policies in Singapore. It finds that, contrary to widely-held perceptions, the state is heavily involved in these areas. There exist generous schemes for government employees and a miserly programme for the hard-core poor. Private sector workers are looked after by programmes that they themselves and their employers pay for. The paper explains the patterns with reference to the nature of political …
The state and social security in Indonesia and Thailand
2000). The state and social security in Indonesia and Thailand. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 534-546
Red Cell Enzyme Variation among Two Sub Populations of Rellis of Andhra Pradesh, South India
A total of 221 blood specimens belonging to two sub populations of Rellis, a Scheduled Caste of Visakhapatnam, South India, were tested for 8 biochemical genetic marker system: ACP 1, ESD, GLO 1.6 PGD, LDH, MDH 1, SOD 1, PGM 1, and PGM 2. Inter group comparison by Chisqu are analysis revealed significant difference for 6 PGD and PGM 1 system only. An attempt was made to compare with those available for other populations from Andhra Pradesh
Association of Genetic Markers GC and HP with Sickle Cell Disease
Two plasma protein genetic markers namely, Group-specific Component (GC) and Haptoglobin (HP) were studied in sickle cell disease patients and compared with healthy controls No significant differences were found as far as GC system is concerned, but in the HP system the frequency of the HP1 phenotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls
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