Robert M Arnold
Biographic Data
| ID | 298521 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert M Arnold |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert M |
| FAMILY NAME | Arnold |
| SIGNATURE | ARNOLD R M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pittsburgh |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1610-8932 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 59 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 20 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1988 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Discussion of the Fetus in Fetal Cardiology Consultations: A Qualitative Study
Background: While prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is increasingly common, and communication is essential to minimizing familial stress, little is known about how the fetus is discussed in this setting. This study observed how clinicians and families refer to the fetus during initial fetal cardiology consultations. Methods: Initial fetal cardiology consultations from one institution were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A codebook…
Better Conversations for Better Informed Consent: Talking with Surgical Patients
For more than sixty years, surgeons have used bioethical strategies to promote patient self‐determination, many of these now collectively described as “informed consent.” Yet the core framework—understanding, risks, benefits, and alternatives—fails to support patients in deliberation about treatment. We find that surgeons translate this framework into an overly complicated technical explanation of disease and treatment and an overly simplified na…
The Association Between Area Deprivation Index and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer
Background: This analysis describes associations between area deprivation and patient-reported outcomes among patients with advanced cancer. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a multisite primary palliative care intervention trial. Participants were adult patients with advanced cancer. Patient-level area deprivation scores were calculated using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). Quality of life and symptom burden wer…
Assessing the Quality and Performance of Institutional Review Boards: Levels of Initial Reviews
How well institutional review boards (IRBs) follow Common Rule criteria for levels of initial protocol review has not been systematically evaluated. We compared levels of review as determined using the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) human subject regulations decision charts of 313 protocols that had been approved by IRBs. There was a 97.8% agreement between 140 protocols that were reviewed by full board and the levels of review acco…
How Should Clinicians Respond to Requests from Patients to Participate in Prayer
Over the past 20 years, physicians have shifted from viewing a patient's request for prayer as a violation of professional boundaries to a question deserving nuanced understanding of the patient's needs and the clinician's boundaries. In this case, Mrs. C's request for prayer can reflect religious distress, anxiety about her clinical circumstances, or a desire to better connect with her physician. These different needs suggest that it is importan…
Oxford Handbook of Ethics at the End of Life
Using the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool to Guide Quality Improvement
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are intended to protect those who participate in research. However, because there is no established measure of IRB quality, it is unclear whether these committees achieve their goal. The IRB Researcher Assessment Tool is a previously validated, internally normed, proxy measure of IRB quality that assesses 45 distinct IRB activities and functions. We administered this instrument to a sample of investigators and I…
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics at the End of Life
This handbook explores the topic of death and dying from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, with particular emphasis on the United States. In this period, technology has radically changed medical practices and the way we die as structures of power have been reshaped by the rights claims of African Americans, women, gays, students, and, most relevant here, patients. Respecting patients’ values has been recognized as the essent…
The Participation of Community Members on Medical Institutional Review Boards
The goal of this study was to describe the contributions of community members (unaffiliated members) who serve on institutional review boards (IRBs) at large medical research centers and to compare their contributions to those of other IRB members. We observed and audiotaped 17 panel meetings attended by community members and interviewed 15 community members, as well as 152 other members and staff. The authors coded transcripts of the panel meeti…
Responsibility and reflection: Understanding our responses to perceived errors. A response to Woodward, Lemer and Wu
On the prospects for a blame-free medical culture
Taking Your Communication Skills to the Next Level
Communicating with patients who have life-threatening illnesses is a core medical skill. Often after watching an experienced attending physician guide a patient through the transition from disease-modifying treatment to end-of-life care, students assume that this expertise comes naturally. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, end-of-life communication skills require deliberate intent, practice and reflective work-little of which can …
Rationing of Intensive Home Dialysis
Physicians should share all treatment options available to patients, regardless of perceived ability to pay and concerns about patient compliance. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association
Quality of Death: Assessing the Importance Placed on End-of-Life Treatment in the Intensive-Care Unit
CONTEXT: The value of good end-of-life (EOL) care could be underestimated if its effects are assessed using the standard metric of quality-adjusted survival, especially if the time horizon is limited to the duration of the EOL care. This issue is particularly problematic in the intensive-care unit (ICU) where death is frequent, care is difficult, and costs are high. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to test whether people would trade …
Narrative nuances on good and bad deaths: Internists’ Tales From High-Technology Work Places
Who Will Watch the Watchers
The publication of Bioethics Consultation in the Private Sector by the Hastings Center Report marks a unique and we believe troubling moment in the maturation of bioethics. The flagship scholarly journal of bioethics has published, neither a scholarly article nor an argument for a controversial practice, but a manual for a new guild interested in promoting what already does. Early in the development of bioethics, Albert Jonsen wrote about bioethi…
The Indeterminacies of Death
When Is "Dead"
In 1996, 60 Minutes ran a story about the ethical issues associated with procuring organs from individuals who have been declared dead using cardiopulmonary criteria--so-called non-heart-beating (NHBDs). They raised questions about the ethical appropriateness of the procedure, intimating that patients were being given drugs that would shorten their life order to improve organ quality. The story was quickly picked up by newspapers around the count…
Socioeconomic Position, Lifestyle and Health Among Canadians Aged 18 to 64: A Multi-Condition Approach
The Erosion of Autonomy in Long-Term Care
1. The Meaning of Autonomy in Long-Term Care 2. How Did We Get There? A Brief History of the Nursing Home 3. The Setting and Research Strategies 4. The Value Basis of Long-Term Care 5. Caring and Cared For: Role Relationships in Long-Term Care 6. Restrictions 7. Activities and Schedules: The Routine of Daily Life 8. Interaction Patterns and Autonomy 9. Privacy: Access to Space and Property 10. Physical Redirection and Restraint 11. Summary and Im…
Gender and Medical Socialization
Steven C. Martin, Robert M. Arnold, Ruth M. Parker, Gender and Medical Socialization, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 29, No. 4, Theme: Continuities in the Sociology of Medical Education (Dec., 1988), pp. 333-343
Narrative nuances on good and bad deaths: Internists’ Tales From High-Technology Work Places
Gender and Medical Socialization
Steven C. Martin, Robert M. Arnold, Ruth M. Parker, Gender and Medical Socialization, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 29, No. 4, Theme: Continuities in the Sociology of Medical Education (Dec., 1988), pp. 333-343
Socioeconomic Position, Lifestyle and Health Among Canadians Aged 18 to 64: A Multi-Condition Approach
On the prospects for a blame-free medical culture
Assessing the Quality and Performance of Institutional Review Boards: Levels of Initial Reviews
How well institutional review boards (IRBs) follow Common Rule criteria for levels of initial protocol review has not been systematically evaluated. We compared levels of review as determined using the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) human subject regulations decision charts of 313 protocols that had been approved by IRBs. There was a 97.8% agreement between 140 protocols that were reviewed by full board and the levels of review acco…
Using the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool to Guide Quality Improvement
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are intended to protect those who participate in research. However, because there is no established measure of IRB quality, it is unclear whether these committees achieve their goal. The IRB Researcher Assessment Tool is a previously validated, internally normed, proxy measure of IRB quality that assesses 45 distinct IRB activities and functions. We administered this instrument to a sample of investigators and I…
The Participation of Community Members on Medical Institutional Review Boards
The goal of this study was to describe the contributions of community members (unaffiliated members) who serve on institutional review boards (IRBs) at large medical research centers and to compare their contributions to those of other IRB members. We observed and audiotaped 17 panel meetings attended by community members and interviewed 15 community members, as well as 152 other members and staff. The authors coded transcripts of the panel meeti…
Gender and Medical Socialization
Steven C. Martin, Robert M. Arnold, Ruth M. Parker, Gender and Medical Socialization, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 29, No. 4, Theme: Continuities in the Sociology of Medical Education (Dec., 1988), pp. 333-343
The Erosion of Autonomy in Long-Term Care
1. The Meaning of Autonomy in Long-Term Care 2. How Did We Get There? A Brief History of the Nursing Home 3. The Setting and Research Strategies 4. The Value Basis of Long-Term Care 5. Caring and Cared For: Role Relationships in Long-Term Care 6. Restrictions 7. Activities and Schedules: The Routine of Daily Life 8. Interaction Patterns and Autonomy 9. Privacy: Access to Space and Property 10. Physical Redirection and Restraint 11. Summary and Im…
Socioeconomic Position, Lifestyle and Health Among Canadians Aged 18 to 64: A Multi-Condition Approach
When Is "Dead"
In 1996, 60 Minutes ran a story about the ethical issues associated with procuring organs from individuals who have been declared dead using cardiopulmonary criteria--so-called non-heart-beating (NHBDs). They raised questions about the ethical appropriateness of the procedure, intimating that patients were being given drugs that would shorten their life order to improve organ quality. The story was quickly picked up by newspapers around the count…
The Indeterminacies of Death
Who Will Watch the Watchers
The publication of Bioethics Consultation in the Private Sector by the Hastings Center Report marks a unique and we believe troubling moment in the maturation of bioethics. The flagship scholarly journal of bioethics has published, neither a scholarly article nor an argument for a controversial practice, but a manual for a new guild interested in promoting what already does. Early in the development of bioethics, Albert Jonsen wrote about bioethi…
Narrative nuances on good and bad deaths: Internists’ Tales From High-Technology Work Places
Rationing of Intensive Home Dialysis
Physicians should share all treatment options available to patients, regardless of perceived ability to pay and concerns about patient compliance. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association
Quality of Death: Assessing the Importance Placed on End-of-Life Treatment in the Intensive-Care Unit
CONTEXT: The value of good end-of-life (EOL) care could be underestimated if its effects are assessed using the standard metric of quality-adjusted survival, especially if the time horizon is limited to the duration of the EOL care. This issue is particularly problematic in the intensive-care unit (ICU) where death is frequent, care is difficult, and costs are high. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to test whether people would trade …
Taking Your Communication Skills to the Next Level
Communicating with patients who have life-threatening illnesses is a core medical skill. Often after watching an experienced attending physician guide a patient through the transition from disease-modifying treatment to end-of-life care, students assume that this expertise comes naturally. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, end-of-life communication skills require deliberate intent, practice and reflective work-little of which can …
Responsibility and reflection: Understanding our responses to perceived errors. A response to Woodward, Lemer and Wu
On the prospects for a blame-free medical culture
The Participation of Community Members on Medical Institutional Review Boards
The goal of this study was to describe the contributions of community members (unaffiliated members) who serve on institutional review boards (IRBs) at large medical research centers and to compare their contributions to those of other IRB members. We observed and audiotaped 17 panel meetings attended by community members and interviewed 15 community members, as well as 152 other members and staff. The authors coded transcripts of the panel meeti…
The Oxford Handbook of Ethics at the End of Life
This handbook explores the topic of death and dying from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, with particular emphasis on the United States. In this period, technology has radically changed medical practices and the way we die as structures of power have been reshaped by the rights claims of African Americans, women, gays, students, and, most relevant here, patients. Respecting patients’ values has been recognized as the essent…
Using the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool to Guide Quality Improvement
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are intended to protect those who participate in research. However, because there is no established measure of IRB quality, it is unclear whether these committees achieve their goal. The IRB Researcher Assessment Tool is a previously validated, internally normed, proxy measure of IRB quality that assesses 45 distinct IRB activities and functions. We administered this instrument to a sample of investigators and I…
Oxford Handbook of Ethics at the End of Life
How Should Clinicians Respond to Requests from Patients to Participate in Prayer
Over the past 20 years, physicians have shifted from viewing a patient's request for prayer as a violation of professional boundaries to a question deserving nuanced understanding of the patient's needs and the clinician's boundaries. In this case, Mrs. C's request for prayer can reflect religious distress, anxiety about her clinical circumstances, or a desire to better connect with her physician. These different needs suggest that it is importan…
Assessing the Quality and Performance of Institutional Review Boards: Levels of Initial Reviews
How well institutional review boards (IRBs) follow Common Rule criteria for levels of initial protocol review has not been systematically evaluated. We compared levels of review as determined using the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) human subject regulations decision charts of 313 protocols that had been approved by IRBs. There was a 97.8% agreement between 140 protocols that were reviewed by full board and the levels of review acco…
The Association Between Area Deprivation Index and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer
Background: This analysis describes associations between area deprivation and patient-reported outcomes among patients with advanced cancer. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a multisite primary palliative care intervention trial. Participants were adult patients with advanced cancer. Patient-level area deprivation scores were calculated using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). Quality of life and symptom burden wer…
Better Conversations for Better Informed Consent: Talking with Surgical Patients
For more than sixty years, surgeons have used bioethical strategies to promote patient self‐determination, many of these now collectively described as “informed consent.” Yet the core framework—understanding, risks, benefits, and alternatives—fails to support patients in deliberation about treatment. We find that surgeons translate this framework into an overly complicated technical explanation of disease and treatment and an overly simplified na…
Discussion of the Fetus in Fetal Cardiology Consultations: A Qualitative Study
Background: While prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is increasingly common, and communication is essential to minimizing familial stress, little is known about how the fetus is discussed in this setting. This study observed how clinicians and families refer to the fetus during initial fetal cardiology consultations. Methods: Initial fetal cardiology consultations from one institution were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A codebook…
Medicine (15 works) · Psychology (13 works) · Political science (9 works) · Law (7 works) · Medical education (6 works) · Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues (6 works) · Ethics in medical practice (5 works) · Sociology (5 works) · Law (4 works) · Palliative care (4 works)