Virginia Held
Biographic Data
| ID | 302028 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Virginia Held |
| GIVEN NAMES | Virginia |
| FAMILY NAME | Held |
| SIGNATURE | HELD V |
| AFFILIATIONS | City University of New York |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 37 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 276 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 36 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Care and justice, still
Morality, care, and international law
Whether we should respect international law is in dispute. In the United States, international law is dismissed by the left as merely promoting the interests of powerful states. It is attacked by the right as irrelevant and an interference with the interests and mission of the United States. And it follows from the arguments of many liberals that in the absence of world government the world is in a Hobbesian state of nature and international law …
Can the Ethics of Care Handle Violence
It may be thought that the ethics of care has developed important insights into the moral values involved in the caring practices of family, friendship, and personal caregiving, but that the ethics of care has little to offer in dealing with violence. The violence of crime, terrorism, war, and violence against women in any context may seem beyond the ethics of care. Skepticism is certainly in order if it is suggested that we can deal with violenc…
Justice, Utility, and Care
Care is often contrasted with justice. Historically, care, women, and the household have been devalued and considered irrelevant to morality compared to men’s activities in public life. Kantian moral theory and utilitarianism differ significantly, but both are theories of justice thought suitable for public life, emphasizing impartiality, rationality, universal principles, equality, and rights. This chapter contrasts the ethics of care with such …
Civil Society, Rights, and the Presumption of Care
This chapter shows how respecting the rights recognized as important presupposes that persons are sufficiently interconnected to care whether rights are respected. Community and shared identity are considered. The chapter considers how civil society can be understood in terms of caring relations, and explores what a caring society might be like.
The Ethics of Care as Moral Theory
The ethics of care is a distinct moral theory, not merely a concern that can be added on to or included within the most influential moral theories such as Kantian morality, utilitarianism, or virtue ethics. The ethics of care arose out of feminists’ appreciation of the importance of care and caring labor. As a fully normative theory, it has developed far beyond its earliest formulations in the work of Sara Ruddick, Carol Gilligan, and Nel Nodding…
Caring Relations and Principles of Justice
This chapter continues the discussion on universalizability in moral theory. It defends the ethics of care against the presumed requirement of dominant moral theories that universal principles of impartiality and reason must always be accorded priority over partial attachments. It defends the ethics of care against feminist critiques that hold that it attends insufficiently to equality for women. It suggests that the model of morality based on im…
Care and Justice in the Global Context
This chapter examines various assumptions made in thinking about international relations, and various effects of globalization in political economy. It explores the implications of the ethics of care for relations between states, and for the possibilities of global civil society. It suggests how the ethics of care offers promise beyond that found in theories of justice.
Care as Practice and Value
This chapter argues that for the ethics of care, “care” is defined as various practices that take place and various values by which to evaluate actual practices. As there are theories of justice to evaluate practices of justice, an ethics of care is needed to evaluate caring practices. The practice of taking care of children or those dependent in other ways or with special needs involves work, and should be done with appropriate motives and shoul…
Power, Care, and the Reach of Law
Feminist critiques and reformulations of rights are examined. Arguments are made for limiting the reach of law and legalistic thinking, rather than imagining that law is the suitable model for all thinking about morality. The chapter explains how the ethics of care has the resources for dealing with power and violence, and should not be built on idealized images of family peace and harmony.
Care and the Extension of Markets
This chapter examines the implications of the ethics of care for political and social issues. It addresses the question of whether corporate and market ways of conducting a range of activities should be expanded through privatization and commercialization, or limited. Childcare, healthcare, education, and cultural activities are considered. The chapter shows how dominant moral theories lack the resources to deal with this question, and how the et…
The Caring Person
In traditional virtue ethics, attention has not been paid to caring as one of the virtues. This chapter argues that although it is virtuous to be caring, the caring person not only has the right motive or disposition, but also participates adeptly in activities of care and in cultivating caring relations. Caring relations require responsiveness to need, sensitivity, empathy, and trust. It is characteristic of the ethics of care to see persons as …
Liberalism and the Ethics of Care
This chapter contrasts the assumptions and implications of the ethics of care with those of traditional liberal individualism, and defends the ethics of care against liberal critiques. It examines the deficiencies of liberalism as a comprehensive morality. It argues for caring relations between fellow human beings as the wider network within which we can agree to treat persons as if they were liberal individuals for the limited purposes of legal …
The Ethics of Care
Legitimate Authority in Non-state Groups Using Violence
The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global
The book presents the ethics of care as a promising alternative to more familiar moral theories. The ethics of care is only a few decades old, yet it has become a distinct moral theory or normative approach, relevant to global and political matters as well as to the personal relations that can most clearly exemplify care. The book examines the central ideas, characteristics, and potential importance of the ethics of care. It discusses the feminis…
Group Responsibility for Ethnic Conflict
Care and the Extension of Markets
Many activities formerly not in the market are being “marketized,” and women's labor is increasingly in the market. I consider the grounds on which to decide what should and what should not be “in” the market. I distinguish work that is paid from work done under “market norms,” and argue that market values should not have priority in education, childcare, healthcare, and many other activities. I suggest that a feminist ethics of care is more prom…
Care and the Extension of Markets
Many activities formerly not in the market are being “marketized,” and women's labor is increasingly in the market. I consider the grounds on which to decide what should and what should not be “in” the market. I distinguish work that is paid from work done under “market norms,” and argue that market values should not have priority in education, childcare, healthcare, and many other activities. I suggest that a feminist ethics of care is more prom…
Reply to Moody-Adams
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Reply to Moody-Adams
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Justice and Care: Essential Readings in Feminist Ethics
Introduction Delineations Of Care * Caring Nel Noddings. * Moral Orientation and Moral Development Carol Gilligan. * The Need for More than Justice Annette C. Baier. Doubts And Reservations * Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender Marilyn Friedman. * Gender and Moral Luck Claudia Card. Extensions And Affirmations * Women and Caring: What Can Feminists Learn About Morality from Caring? Joan C. Tronto. * Black Women and Motherhood Patricia Hi…
The Meshing of Care and Justice
This essay attempts to work out how justice and care and their related concerns fit together. I suggest that as a basic moral value, care should be the wider moral framework into which justice should be fitted
Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics
How is feminism changing the way women and men think, feel, and act? Virginia Held explores how feminist theory is changing contemporary views of moral choice. She proposes a comprehensive philosophy of feminist ethics, arguing persuasively for reconceptualizations of the self; of relations between the self and others; and of images of birth and death, nurturing and violence. Held shows how social, political, and cultural institutions have tradit…
Books in Review
The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global
The book presents the ethics of care as a promising alternative to more familiar moral theories. The ethics of care is only a few decades old, yet it has become a distinct moral theory or normative approach, relevant to global and political matters as well as to the personal relations that can most clearly exemplify care. The book examines the central ideas, characteristics, and potential importance of the ethics of care. It discusses the feminis…
Care and the Extension of Markets
Many activities formerly not in the market are being “marketized,” and women's labor is increasingly in the market. I consider the grounds on which to decide what should and what should not be “in” the market. I distinguish work that is paid from work done under “market norms,” and argue that market values should not have priority in education, childcare, healthcare, and many other activities. I suggest that a feminist ethics of care is more prom…
Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
universal principle as the appropriate source of moral guidance, and both share the view that moral problems are to be solved by the application of such an abstract principle to particular cases. Both share an admiration for the rules of reason to be appealed to in moral contexts, and both denigrate emotional responses to moral issues. Many feminist philosophers have questioned whether the reliance on abstract rules, rather than the adoption of m…
The Meshing of Care and Justice
This essay attempts to work out how justice and care and their related concerns fit together. I suggest that as a basic moral value, care should be the wider moral framework into which justice should be fitted
The Practice of Political Authority: Authority and the Authoritative
Can the Ethics of Care Handle Violence
It may be thought that the ethics of care has developed important insights into the moral values involved in the caring practices of family, friendship, and personal caregiving, but that the ethics of care has little to offer in dealing with violence. The violence of crime, terrorism, war, and violence against women in any context may seem beyond the ethics of care. Skepticism is certainly in order if it is suggested that we can deal with violenc…
Philosophy, Morality and International Affairs
Books in Review
Can a Random Collection of Individuals be Morally Responsible?
The Terms of Political Discourse: A Comment on Oppenheim
Philosophy, Morality and International Affairs
Reason and Morality
The Practice of Political Authority: Authority and the Authoritative
Women in Western Political Thought . Susan Moller Okin The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism . Zillah R. Eisenstein
Hume's Theory of Justice
Free expression
Welfare Rights
Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View
Contemporary society is in the grip of contractual thinking. Realities are interpreted in contractual terms, and goals are formulated in terms of rational contracts. The leading current conceptions of rationality begin with assumptions that human beings are independent, self-interested or mutually disinterested, individuals; they then typically argue that it is often rational for human beings to enter into contractual relationships with each othe…
Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action
Theories of justice, argues Virginia Held, are usually designed for a perfect, hypothetical world. They do not give us guidelines for living in an imperfect world in which the choices and decisions that we must make are seldom clear-cut. Seeking a morality based on actual experience, Held offers a method of inquiry with which to deal with the specific moral problems encountered in daily life. She argues that the division between public and privat…
Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory
universal principle as the appropriate source of moral guidance, and both share the view that moral problems are to be solved by the application of such an abstract principle to particular cases. Both share an admiration for the rules of reason to be appealed to in moral contexts, and both denigrate emotional responses to moral issues. Many feminist philosophers have questioned whether the reliance on abstract rules, rather than the adoption of m…
Books in Review
Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics
How is feminism changing the way women and men think, feel, and act? Virginia Held explores how feminist theory is changing contemporary views of moral choice. She proposes a comprehensive philosophy of feminist ethics, arguing persuasively for reconceptualizations of the self; of relations between the self and others; and of images of birth and death, nurturing and violence. Held shows how social, political, and cultural institutions have tradit…
Justice and Care: Essential Readings in Feminist Ethics
Introduction Delineations Of Care * Caring Nel Noddings. * Moral Orientation and Moral Development Carol Gilligan. * The Need for More than Justice Annette C. Baier. Doubts And Reservations * Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender Marilyn Friedman. * Gender and Moral Luck Claudia Card. Extensions And Affirmations * Women and Caring: What Can Feminists Learn About Morality from Caring? Joan C. Tronto. * Black Women and Motherhood Patricia Hi…
The Meshing of Care and Justice
This essay attempts to work out how justice and care and their related concerns fit together. I suggest that as a basic moral value, care should be the wider moral framework into which justice should be fitted
Reply to Moody-Adams
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Reply to Moody-Adams
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Group Responsibility for Ethnic Conflict
Care and the Extension of Markets
Many activities formerly not in the market are being “marketized,” and women's labor is increasingly in the market. I consider the grounds on which to decide what should and what should not be “in” the market. I distinguish work that is paid from work done under “market norms,” and argue that market values should not have priority in education, childcare, healthcare, and many other activities. I suggest that a feminist ethics of care is more prom…
Care and the Extension of Markets
Many activities formerly not in the market are being “marketized,” and women's labor is increasingly in the market. I consider the grounds on which to decide what should and what should not be “in” the market. I distinguish work that is paid from work done under “market norms,” and argue that market values should not have priority in education, childcare, healthcare, and many other activities. I suggest that a feminist ethics of care is more prom…
Justice, Utility, and Care
Care is often contrasted with justice. Historically, care, women, and the household have been devalued and considered irrelevant to morality compared to men’s activities in public life. Kantian moral theory and utilitarianism differ significantly, but both are theories of justice thought suitable for public life, emphasizing impartiality, rationality, universal principles, equality, and rights. This chapter contrasts the ethics of care with such …
Civil Society, Rights, and the Presumption of Care
This chapter shows how respecting the rights recognized as important presupposes that persons are sufficiently interconnected to care whether rights are respected. Community and shared identity are considered. The chapter considers how civil society can be understood in terms of caring relations, and explores what a caring society might be like.
The Ethics of Care as Moral Theory
The ethics of care is a distinct moral theory, not merely a concern that can be added on to or included within the most influential moral theories such as Kantian morality, utilitarianism, or virtue ethics. The ethics of care arose out of feminists’ appreciation of the importance of care and caring labor. As a fully normative theory, it has developed far beyond its earliest formulations in the work of Sara Ruddick, Carol Gilligan, and Nel Nodding…
Caring Relations and Principles of Justice
This chapter continues the discussion on universalizability in moral theory. It defends the ethics of care against the presumed requirement of dominant moral theories that universal principles of impartiality and reason must always be accorded priority over partial attachments. It defends the ethics of care against feminist critiques that hold that it attends insufficiently to equality for women. It suggests that the model of morality based on im…
Political science (29 works) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (26 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Law (23 works) · Philosophy (22 works) · Law and economics (14 works) · Environmental ethics (13 works) · Epistemology (13 works) · Ethics of care (11 works) · Philosophical Ethics and Theory (10 works)