Richard B Freeman
Biographic Data
| ID | 302185 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard B Freeman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard B |
| FAMILY NAME | Freeman |
| SIGNATURE | FREEMAN R B |
| AFFILIATIONS | National Bureau of Economic Research |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9471-8117 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 99 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 479 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 97 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1941 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Team incentives and lower ability workers: A real-effort experiment
Telling about policy: Writing for reflexivity
How might we engage global or transnational practitioners in talking and thinking about policy? This article offers a particular kind of practitioner, already concerned with advocacy, engagement and organizational development, a way of thinking about what they do and, in turn, what policy is and does and how it is made. It presents a research-based, narrative account of a policy officer visiting a country for the first time, as the trip – and the…
Trade Unions and the Welfare of Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in China
Using a panel survey, the authors investigate how the welfare of rural-urban migrant workers in China is affected by trade union presence at the workplace. Controlling for individual fixed effects, they find the following. Relative to workers from workplaces without union presence or with inactive unions, both union-covered non-members and union members in workplaces with active unions earn higher monthly income, are more likely to have a written…
Estimating the energy impact of electric, autonomous taxis: Evidence from a select market
Electric, autonomous vehicles promise to address technical consumption inefficiencies associated with gasoline use and reduce emissions. Potential realization of this prospect has prompted considerable interest and investment in the technology. Using publicly available data from a select market, we examine the magnitude of the envisioned benefits and the determinants of the financial payoff of investing in a tripartite innovation in motor vehicle…
Handbook of Research on Employee Voice
202007 bcma
From Immigrants to Robots: The Changing Locus of Substitutes for Workers
Using numbers of industrial robots shipped to primarily manufacturing industries as a supply shock to an industry labor market, we estimate that an additional robot reduces employment by roughly two to three workers overall and by three to four workers when robots are likely to be good substitutes for humans. The supply shock also reduces wages. The estimates far exceed those of an additional immigrant on employment and wages. While growth of rob…
Weathering the Great Recession: Variation in Employment Responses, by Establishments and Countries
This paper finds that U.S. employment changed differently relative to output in the Great Recession and recovery than in most other advanced countries or in the United States in earlier recessions. Instead of hoarding labor, U.S. firms reduced employment proportionately more than output in the Great Recession, with establishments that survived the downturn contracting jobs massively. Diverging from the aggregate pattern, U.S. manufacturers reduce…
Share capitalism and worker wellbeing
We show that worker wellbeing is determined not only by the amount of compensation workers receive but also by how compensation is determined. While previous theoretical and empirical work has often been preoccupied with individual performance-related pay, we find that the receipt of a range of group-performance schemes (profit shares, group bonuses and share ownership) is associated with higher job satisfaction. This holds conditional on wage le…
Share Capitalism and Worker Wellbeing
Failing the Test? The Flexible U.S. Job Market in the Great Recession
The Great Recession tested the ability of the “great U.S. jobs machine” to limit the severity of unemployment in a major economic downturn and to restore full employment quickly afterward. In the crisis the American labor market failed to live up to expectations. The level and duration of unemployment increased substantially in the downturn, and the growth of jobs was slow and anemic in the recovery. This article documents these failures and thei…
The Limits of Altruism: Selecting Living Donors
Globalization and Inequality
Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-Based Stock Options
Reforming the Welfare State: Recovery and Beyond in Sweden
Over the course of the twentieth century, Sweden carried out one of the most ambitious experiments by a capitalist market economy in developing a large and active welfare state. Sweden's generous social programs and the economic equality they fostered became an example for other countries to emulate. Of late, Sweden has also been much discussed as a model of how to deal with financial and economic crisis, due to the country's recovery from a mid-…
How Many Highly Skilled Foreign-Born are Waiting in Line for U.S. Legal Permanent Residence
While the United States welcomes foreign-born students and trainees and, less warmly, temporary workers such as H-1B visa holders, it places an array of requirements, obstacles, and delays upon persons who would like to make the U.S. their permanent home. The number of people in the queue for legal permanent residence (LPR) is, however, difficult to ascertain. This paper estimates the number of highly skilled foreign-born persons waiting for LPR …
Incarceration, Criminal Background Checks, and Employment in a Low(er) Crime Society
Emerging Labor Market Institutions for the Twenty-First Century
Seeking a Premier Economy: The Economic Effects of British Economic Reforms, 1980-2000
People Flows in Globalization
The policy debate over globalization in the past decade has largely bypassed the international mobility of labor. Restrict trade and cries of protectionism resound. Suggest linking labor standards to trade and it's protectionism in disguise. Limit capital flows and the International Monetary Fund is on your back. But restrict people flows? That's just an accepted exercise of national sovereignty! During the last few decades, when most countries r…
The advent of open source unionism
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine innovative union use of the internet in the 2000s and to see whether the major union innovations in the USA and UK mark the advent of “open source” union structures. Design/methodology/approach Reviews two important innovations, www.workingamerica.org and www.unionreps.org.uk Examines how they may fit with the open source union design. Findings Both the AFL‐CIO and US union efforts to develop open s…
China, India and the Doubling of the Global Labor Force: Who Pays the Price of Globalization
In this concise article, Harvard Economist Richard Freeman shows us that a spectre is haunting the industrialized societies, and above all the workers of these countries. Though little recognized in Japan and elsewhere, there has been an effective doubling of the global labour force (that is workers producing for international markets) over the past decade and a half, through the entry of Chinese, Indian, Russian and other workers into the global…
Inequality around the World
PART I: INTERNATIONAL PATTERNS AND ADVANCED COUNTRIES Wages Around the World: Pay Across Occupations and Countries R.B.Freeman & R.H.Oostendorp Australian Responses to Increases in Unemployment and Wage Inequality: Comparisons with the UK, NZ and USA R.G.Gregory Wage Indexation and the Evolution of Returns to Education in Italy. 1979-1992 M.Manacorda PART II: LESS ADVANCED COUNTRIES Markets, Human Capital, and Inequality: Evidence from Rural Chin…
Inequality Around the World
One of the most troubling developments of the past two decades has been the dramatic rise in inequality among nations and within nations. This book examines the nature of this development in a variety
What Workers Want
The incentive for working hard: Explaining hours worked differences in the US and Germany
Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages
This study examines the effect of trade unionism on the dispersion of wages among male wage and salary workers in the private sector in the United States. It finds that the application of union wage policies designed to standardize rates within and across establishments significantly reduces wage dispersion among workers covered by union contracts and that unions further reduce wage dispersion by narrowing the white-collar/blue-collar differentia…
New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States
Estimates the extent of unionism in the United States. Prerequisite for analysis of the economic effects of trade unions; Membership rates for occupational groups and geographical areas; Information on a principal establishment survey; Purpose of data derived from household surveys; Importance of membership data provided by unions. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It
This paper shows that participation in crime and involvement with the criminal justice system has reached extraordinary levels among young men. With approximately 2 percent as many men incarcerated as in the labor force, the crime rate should have plummeted. It didn't. Evidence suggests that the depressed labor market for low-skill American workers contributed to the continued high level of crime by less-educated men, despite incapacitation and t…
Are Your Wages Set in Beijing
The economic troubles of less-skilled workers in the United States. and OECD-Europe during a period of rising manufacturing imports from third world countries has created a debate about whether, in a global economy, wages or employment are determined by the global rather than domestic labor-market conditions. One side argues that trade is all that matters; another side, that trade does not matter at all. The author rejects these polar views; empi…
Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector and Public Sector Unionism in the United States
The institutional structure of the American labor market changed remarkably from the 1950s and 1960s to the 1980s. What explains the decline in union representation of private wage and salary workers? Why have unions expanded in the public sector while contracting in the private sector? Is the economy-wide fall in density a phenomenon common to developed capitalist economies, or is it unique to the United States? To what extent should economists …
The Minimum Wage as a Redistributive Tool
Journal Article The Minimum Wage as a Redistributive Tool Get access Richard B. Freeman Richard B. Freeman Harvard University Centre, for Economic Performance, London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 436, 1 May 1996, Pages 639–649, https://doi.org/10.2307/2235571 Published: 01 May 1996
Employer Behavior in the Face of Union Organizing Drives
Using data from a 1986 survey of employers and a 1982-83 survey of union organizers, the authors investigate the determinants and consequences of employer opposition to union organizing drives. They find that strong management opposition, as evidenced by, for example, the filing of formal charges of unfair labor practices against management, was most likely when the firm had relatively low wages, poor working conditions, and supervisory problems;…
The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits
This study analyzes the impact of unionism on fringes paid to production workers, using data on individual establishments. It compares fringe expenditures in establishments having the same level of compensation per hour and finds that unionism raises the share of compensation allotted to fringes, particularly to pensions, vacation pay, and life, accident, and health insurance. In addition, since unionism also raises the straight-time wage rate, i…
Crime and Work
Crime and legal work are not mutually exclusive choices but represent a continuum of legal and illegal income-generating activities. The links between crime and legal work involve trade-offs among crime returns, punishment costs, legal work opportunity costs, and tastes and preferences regarding both types of work. Rising crime rates in the 1980s in the face of rising incarceration rates suggest that the threat of punishment is not the dominant c…
People Flows in Globalization
The policy debate over globalization in the past decade has largely bypassed the international mobility of labor. Restrict trade and cries of protectionism resound. Suggest linking labor standards to trade and it's protectionism in disguise. Limit capital flows and the International Monetary Fund is on your back. But restrict people flows? That's just an accepted exercise of national sovereignty! During the last few decades, when most countries r…
Do Unions Make Enterprises Insolvent
This study investigates the impact of unionization on closures of firms, business lines, and establishments. Analyzing data from two major data sets-one (from the COMPUSTAT files) on the union status of solvent and insolvent enterprises and business lines, and one (obtained by matching files from the Current Population Survey) on the union status of workers who have lost their jobs due to permanent plant closures or business failures-the authors …
The Attitudinal Legacy of Communist Labor Relations
This study of workers' attitudes compares data from International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys for former communist countries in Europe with ISSP data for Western countries over the period 1987-93, which covers the beginning of the transition to a market economy for the former communist countries. Consistent with their hypothesis that communist-run economies left an attitudinal "legacy," the authors find that the citizens of former comm…
The Youth labor market problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences
Union Wage Practices and Wage Dispersion within Establishments
This study analyzes establishment-level data primarily to examine the effect of unionism on the wage structure within establishments. The major finding is that within-establishment dispersion of wages is significantly narrower in unionized than in nonunionized establishments, a pattern the author attributes in large part to unions' wage practices, such as single rate or automatic-progression modes of wage payment as opposed to merit reviews and i…
How Many Highly Skilled Foreign-Born are Waiting in Line for U.S. Legal Permanent Residence
While the United States welcomes foreign-born students and trainees and, less warmly, temporary workers such as H-1B visa holders, it places an array of requirements, obstacles, and delays upon persons who would like to make the U.S. their permanent home. The number of people in the queue for legal permanent residence (LPR) is, however, difficult to ascertain. This paper estimates the number of highly skilled foreign-born persons waiting for LPR …
The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries
David E. Bloom, Richard B. Freeman, The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries, Population and Development Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 381-414
Incarceration, Criminal Background Checks, and Employment in a Low(er) Crime Society
Permanent homelessness in America
From Immigrants to Robots: The Changing Locus of Substitutes for Workers
Using numbers of industrial robots shipped to primarily manufacturing industries as a supply shock to an industry labor market, we estimate that an additional robot reduces employment by roughly two to three workers overall and by three to four workers when robots are likely to be good substitutes for humans. The supply shock also reduces wages. The estimates far exceed those of an additional immigrant on employment and wages. While growth of rob…
The labour-market consequences of generational crowding
The Relation of Criminal Activity to Black Youth Employment
This article reports on a study which attempts to estimate the extent to which current and previous criminal activity reduces the employment of inner city black male youths from high poverty neighborhoods. The study finds a significant trade-off between employment and crime, with crime associated with a 10 to 12 percent reduction in employment of these youths. The policy implication is that increased criminal deterrence, as well as other programs…
The New Job Market for Black Academicians
Examines the changes in the employment pattern of African-American faculties in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Factors affecting the increase in demand for African-American faculty members; Comparison of income and characteristics between African-American and White American faculty members; Impact of academic qualifications on income. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Failing the Test? The Flexible U.S. Job Market in the Great Recession
The Great Recession tested the ability of the “great U.S. jobs machine” to limit the severity of unemployment in a major economic downturn and to restore full employment quickly afterward. In the crisis the American labor market failed to live up to expectations. The level and duration of unemployment increased substantially in the downturn, and the growth of jobs was slow and anemic in the recovery. This article documents these failures and thei…
Political Power, Desegregation, and Employment of Black Schoolteachers
This paper examines the impact of de jure desegregation on education in the South and of increased black voting power on the demand for black schoolteachers in the United States. Because changes in the black share of voters in the post-World War II South are due largely to "exogenous" national laws (the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in particular), the paper provides a unique test of the impact of changes in political power on public decision making…
A Cobweb Model of the Supply and Starting Salary of New Engineers
Analyzes the condition of the engineering market in the United States from 1948 to 1972. Changes in the engineering market; Information on cobweb models of engineering manpower; Computation of the salary of engineers. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Nabataean Sculpture in the Cincinnati Art Museum
Labor market adjustments in psychology
The Market for College-Trained Manpower: A Study in the Economics of Career Choice
Labor Economics
Occupational Training in Proprietary Schools and Technical Institutes
JOB skills and human capital are acquired by a variety of activities in diverse institutional settings, ranging from parental investment in children to on-the-job training at work places. The purchase of occupational training from for-profit 'proprietary' schools and institutes is a significant, often neglected, mode of obtaining skills.' In 1971, approximately 1.4 million students enrolled in proprietary schools to prepare for work in such areas…
Legal "Cobwebs": A Recursive Model of the Market for New Lawyers
THE market for new law school graduates has undergone considerable change in recent years, with starting salaries increasing rapidly following the enormous increase in rates of the major New York firms in 1968' and enrollments into law programs skyrocketing in the late 1960's. What explains these and earlier developments in the market for new lawyers? Does the influx of students reflect economically responsive supply behavior with respect to sala…
Labor Market Analysis of Engineers and Technical Workers
A Cobweb Model of the Supply and Starting Salary of New Engineers
Analyzes the condition of the engineering market in the United States from 1948 to 1972. Changes in the engineering market; Information on cobweb models of engineering manpower; Computation of the salary of engineers. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Political Power, Desegregation, and Employment of Black Schoolteachers
This paper examines the impact of de jure desegregation on education in the South and of increased black voting power on the demand for black schoolteachers in the United States. Because changes in the black share of voters in the post-World War II South are due largely to "exogenous" national laws (the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in particular), the paper provides a unique test of the impact of changes in political power on public decision making…
The Over-Educated American
The New Job Market for Black Academicians
Examines the changes in the employment pattern of African-American faculties in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Factors affecting the increase in demand for African-American faculty members; Comparison of income and characteristics between African-American and White American faculty members; Impact of academic qualifications on income. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
On the Relation between Jobs and School-Acquired Skills
New Basis for Class Conflict
The End of the Golden Age of Higher Education
New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States
Estimates the extent of unionism in the United States. Prerequisite for analysis of the economic effects of trade unions; Membership rates for occupational groups and geographical areas; Information on a principal establishment survey; Purpose of data derived from household surveys; Importance of membership data provided by unions. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
The Exit-Voice Tradeoff in the Labor Market: Unionism, Job Tenure, Quits, and Separations
This paper examines the effect of trade unionism on the exit behavior of workers in the context of Hirschman's exit-voice dichotomy. Unionism is expected to reduce quits and permanent separations and raise job tenure by providing a "voice " alternative to exit when workers are dissatisfied with conditions. Empirical evidence supports this contention, showing significantly lower exit for unionists in several large data tapes. It is argued that the…
How Elastic is the Demand for Labor
This paper investigates the magnitude of the elasticity of demand for labor in time series data using more general and complete models of demand than have been previously employed. It argues that previous analyses have imposed two invalid constraints in calculations, which bias downward estimated elasticities. The first invalid constraint is the assumption that real capital prices have an equal opposite effect to real wages in the demand equation…
Le syndicalisme à deux visages
[fre] Cette étude présente et compare l'exactitude des deux conceptions du syndicalisme aux Etats-Unis. D'après la conception « du monopole », les syndicats exercent une influence néfaste au sein des systèmes capitalistes avancés, augmentant les salaires de leurs adhérents au-dessus de ce qu'ils seraient autrement et renforçant ainsi le degré d'inefficience économique et d'inégalité. La seconde conception fait référence à l'approche institutionne…
Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages
This study examines the effect of trade unionism on the dispersion of wages among male wage and salary workers in the private sector in the United States. It finds that the application of union wage policies designed to standardize rates within and across establishments significantly reduces wage dispersion among workers covered by union contracts and that unions further reduce wage dispersion by narrowing the white-collar/blue-collar differentia…
Employment Opportunities in the Doctorate Manpower Market
This study analyzes the extent to which the state of the doctorate manpower market can be appraised by the proportion of new Ph.D.s seeking work but having no specific job prospects. A model is developed relating that market indicator to the supply and demand for graduates and relating first-year enrollment in graduate programs to the level of the indicator. Estimates of the model based on time-series data for all Ph.D.s and individual specialtie…
The Impact of the Percentage Organized on Union and Nonunion Wages
T HE impact of unions on wages is likely to depend on the extent to which they organize workers in the relevant product market.1 As the organization in a market increases, the opportunity for substituting nonunion for union products will be reduced, lowering the elasticity of demand for organized workers and the potential loss of employment for a given wage increase. As a result, the wages of union workers are likely to be higher, all else the sa…
The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits
This study analyzes the impact of unionism on fringes paid to production workers, using data on individual establishments. It compares fringe expenditures in establishments having the same level of compensation per hour and finds that unionism raises the share of compensation allotted to fringes, particularly to pensions, vacation pay, and life, accident, and health insurance. In addition, since unionism also raises the straight-time wage rate, i…
The Youth labor market problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences
Substitution Between Production Labor and Other Inputs in Unionzed and Nonunionized Manufacturing
THE ease of substitution between labor and other factors of production is an important determinant of the elasticity of demand for labor and thus of the economic effects of unionism. All else the same, the greater the elasticity of substitution, the greater is the elasticity of derived demand and the greater the displacement of labor for a given union-induced wage increase. In sectors where this elasticity is large, unions are likely to be relati…
Union Wage Practices and Wage Dispersion within Establishments
This study analyzes establishment-level data primarily to examine the effect of unionism on the wage structure within establishments. The major finding is that within-establishment dispersion of wages is significantly narrower in unionized than in nonunionized establishments, a pattern the author attributes in large part to unions' wage practices, such as single rate or automatic-progression modes of wage payment as opposed to merit reviews and i…
Economics (72 works) · Political science (49 works) · Labour economics (43 works) · Business (31 works) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (27 works) · Law (26 works) · Labor Movements and Unions (23 works) · Demographic economics (21 works) · Computer Science (19 works) · Engineering (17 works)