Richard A Burns
Biographic Data
| ID | 302407 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard A Burns |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard A |
| FAMILY NAME | Burns |
| SIGNATURE | BURNS R A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Australian National University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7750-4341 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 26 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Revisiting the Factor Structure of the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF): Evidence for a General Wellbeing Factor
Cross-national variation in how members of the community define flourishing mental health
Background: The experience of flourishing (i.e. high wellbeing) is informing our understanding of psychological health beyond psychopathology. Aims: This study examines whether community members define their sense of flourishing in terms of the presence of wellbeing and/or the absence of psychopathology. Methods: Participants ( n = 1,094) were stratified by sex and age (18–39 years, 40–59 years and 60 years+), resided in Australia, the United Kin…
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: A forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternativ…
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 ri…
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality,…
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease…
BACKGROUND: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mort…
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic: A compr…
BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 cou…
Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (Dalys), and healthy life expectancy (Hale) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territor…
BACKGROUND: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to im…
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by…
The emotion regulation strategies of flourishing adults
Flourishing is an optimal state of wellbeing, but the mechanisms that enable flourishing are unclear. This study examined the role of emotion regulation (ER) strategies that may enable flourishing. The first aim examined differences between flourishers and non-flourishers in the use of functional/adaptive and dysfunctional/maladaptive ER strategies. A second aim specifically compared differences between flourishers and those non-flourishers who w…
The lived experience of frailty: What does it mean to be frail
With population ageing, frailty is an increasingly critical global health matter. Many studies have focused on physical aspects of frailty, but more recently on the psychosocial aspects of frailty. Within western societies frailty is often linked with fear and suffering. This paper outlines a previously understudied perspective; the spiritual dimension in frailty, bringing a holistic view to this complex condition. The paper presents the main fin…
Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
BACKGROUND: Given the projected trends in population ageing and population growth, the number of people with dementia is expected to increase. In addition, strong evidence has emerged supporting the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia. Characterising the distribution and magnitude of anticipated growth is crucial for public health planning and resource prioritisation. This study aimed to improve on previous forecasts of…
The protective effects of wellbeing and flourishing on long-term mental health risk
Personal wellbeing reflects individuals’ experiences of positive mental health and those with high wellbeing can be described as flourishing. Increasingly, wellbeing and flourishing are informing public health policy and clinical practice. However, the long-term benefit of wellbeing and flourishing on negative mental health outcomes over the life course is not widely explored. Data were from the Personality and Total Health Through Life study, ba…
A New Measure of the Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Factor Structure and Validity of the rRST Questionnaire in the Path Through Life Project
The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems mediate behavior and their functioning can be associated with personality. The functions and associations of RST systems were revised into fight–flight–freeze system (FFFS), behavioral approach/activation system (rBAS), and behavioral inhibition system (rBIS); however, there is limited study of the revised systems due to lack of validated measures. We investigated sc…
Re-examining the reciprocal effects model of self-concept, self-efficacy, and academic achievement in a comparison of the Cross-Lagged Panel and Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel frameworks
BackgroundThe cross-lagged panel (regression) model (CLPM) is the usual framework of choice to test the longitudinal reciprocal effects between self-concept and achievement. Criticisms of the CLPM are that causal paths are over-estimated as they fail to discriminate between- and within-person variation. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is one alternative that extends the CLPM by partialling out between-person variance.AimsW…
Latent Psychotic Symptom Profiles Amongst People Who Use Methamphetamine: What Do They Tell Us About Existing Diagnostic Categories
The inability to distinguish clearly between methamphetamine-related psychosis and schizophrenia has led to the suggestion that "methamphetamine psychosis" does not represent a distinct diagnostic entity but rather that the drug has triggered a vulnerability to schizophrenia. We tested this possibility by exploring the latent class structure of psychotic symptoms amongst people who use the drug and examining how these latent symptom profiles corr…
The proportion of dementia attributable to common modifiable lifestyle factors in Barbados
Using a largely theoretical model, the six modifiable lifestyle factors were estimated to be attribu table to 50.9% of dementia cases in Barbados. Since the risk factors have much in common, any intervention that targets one of them could significantly reduce future dementia prevalence
Spirituality promotes better health outcomes and lowers anxiety about aging: The importance of spiritual dimensions for baby boomers as they enter older adulthood
Baby boomers present unique challenges to aged care service provision. Like previous generations, baby boomers will face challenges of ageing. Spirituality in later life, understood largely as meaning in life, is crucial to well-being. Little has been studied about this dimension of ageing for baby boomers. This mixed methods study used survey and focus groups methods to investigate spirituality in a sample of baby boomers (N = 143). Participants…
Age, Physical Functioning, and Affect in Midlife and Older Adulthood
The results, based on a very large sample of older adults, are consistent with those of other studies demonstrating lower levels of negative emotion among older, relative to midlife adults. The findings also highlight the relevance of physical functioning to emotional well-being over the latter part of the life course
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Life Events as Antecedents of Depressive Symptoms in Middle and Early-Old Age: Path Through Life Study
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and life events (LE) as predictors of depressive symptoms in a mid-life and an early late-life cohort to determine whether they had independent or interacting effects, and whether there were age differences in the effects. METHODS: Cohorts aged 40 to 44 years (n = 2530) and 60 to 64 years (n = 2551) at baseline (Wave 1) were followed up after 4 years (Wave 2) as part of the PATH Through Li…
Investigating the Structural Validity of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales Across Two Samples
Psychological Well-Being Is an Independent Predictor of Falling in an 8-Year Follow-Up of Older Adults
A population-based sample (N = 787) was followed for 8 years and assessed three times on measures of well-being (depressive symptoms, morale, and control) and fall history. Marginal models assessed the association between baseline well-being measures and falling. Random effects models assessed change in well-being indicators as well as change in fall rate over 8 years. After adjustment for sociodemographics, psychotropic medication, health, and s…
Ordinal Position Learning and Remote Anticipation
Rats were runway trained on each of two 3-trial series of reward outcomes. The series are labeled XNY and ZNN, for which X represents a trial that was rewarded with Noyes pellets and N represents a trial that ended with no reward. Units of distinctively flavored breakfast cereals served as reward on trials labeled Y and Z. One group (Floor) had each series occur with a correlated runway floor, either smooth and black or rough and white. For a sec…
A Test for Order Relevance in a Three-Element Serial Learning Task
Rats were trained in a straight runway on a simple three-element series of differing reward quantities. The first trial of the series ended with a two-pellet reward, and the second and third trials ended with a 12-pellet reward and a nonreward, respectively (2-12-0). All animals developed accurate anticipation of the terminal nonreward in the 2-12-0 series before it was rearranged for two test days during which the elements appeared in the order …
Conditional Discrimination of Series Containing Either Two or Three Rewarded Trials
Series of trials differing only in the number of rewarded trials (2R or 3R series) were used to test rats' ability to learn conditional numerical discriminations. Although the series were conditionally related to initially non-numerical situations, the rats successfully learned the discrimination. It is concluded that these discriminations can plausibly be conceptualized as conditional counting. A pair of transfer tests given after the discrimina…
Investigating the Structural Validity of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales Across Two Samples
Re-examining the reciprocal effects model of self-concept, self-efficacy, and academic achievement in a comparison of the Cross-Lagged Panel and Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel frameworks
BackgroundThe cross-lagged panel (regression) model (CLPM) is the usual framework of choice to test the longitudinal reciprocal effects between self-concept and achievement. Criticisms of the CLPM are that causal paths are over-estimated as they fail to discriminate between- and within-person variation. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is one alternative that extends the CLPM by partialling out between-person variance.AimsW…
Psychological Well-Being Is an Independent Predictor of Falling in an 8-Year Follow-Up of Older Adults
A population-based sample (N = 787) was followed for 8 years and assessed three times on measures of well-being (depressive symptoms, morale, and control) and fall history. Marginal models assessed the association between baseline well-being measures and falling. Random effects models assessed change in well-being indicators as well as change in fall rate over 8 years. After adjustment for sociodemographics, psychotropic medication, health, and s…
Age, Physical Functioning, and Affect in Midlife and Older Adulthood
The results, based on a very large sample of older adults, are consistent with those of other studies demonstrating lower levels of negative emotion among older, relative to midlife adults. The findings also highlight the relevance of physical functioning to emotional well-being over the latter part of the life course
The Goal Units Dimension in Negative Contrast Failures with Sucrose
To pursue the possibility that the usual failure to obtain the successive negative contrast effect (SuNCE) with sucrose rewards is an indirect consequence of the liquid medium in which sucrose is usually delivered, Experiment 1 was designed to look for the SuNCE with sucrose pellets. Food-deprived rats were trained for 20 preshift days, two trials/day in a runway for either one or 12 45-mg Noyes pellets of either sucrose or standard formula. Duri…
Sucrose Pellet Reduction and Runway Performance
To establish the reliability of the finding that runway-trained rats show clear preshift superiority if the reward is 12 sucrose pellets, as opposed to one, but do not show the successive negative contrast effect (SuNCE) when reward is reduced, albino rats were trained for 24 days, two trials per day, in a runway for one or 12 sucrose (92.4%) Noyes 45-mg pellets. A four-day postshift period followed in which all animals received 10 trials per day…
Sensory Spatial After‐effects in Relation to Chronological Age, Mental Retardation and Schizophrenia
Claims that the visual and kinaesthetic spatial after‐effect vary as a function of chronological age, mental retardation, and schizophrenia have been tested in four experiments. The principal after‐effect studied was that involving judgements of the horizontal following stimulation by a slanted pattern or object. In Exps. III and IV more traditional visual (alignment) and kinaesthetic (width estimation) tasks were also investigated. Data from Exp…
Alternation and Reduction of Liquid Sucrose in Discrete Goal Units
In Experiment 1, four groups of albino rats (N = 33) were trained for 22 preshift and two postshift days in a straight runway. Training during preshift was at two trials per day, during postshift at 10 trials per day. Reward conditions consisted of either single or multiple presentations of .5 ml sucrose concentrations of either 30% or 3%. Multiple presentations were separated on a given trial by six sec intervals, and four presentations were adm…
The Goal Units Dimension in Negative Contrast Failures with Sucrose
To pursue the possibility that the usual failure to obtain the successive negative contrast effect (SuNCE) with sucrose rewards is an indirect consequence of the liquid medium in which sucrose is usually delivered, Experiment 1 was designed to look for the SuNCE with sucrose pellets. Food-deprived rats were trained for 20 preshift days, two trials/day in a runway for either one or 12 45-mg Noyes pellets of either sucrose or standard formula. Duri…
Effects of Liquid Sucrose Reward Reduction on the Performance of Deprived and Nondeprived Rats
Rats were trained to traverse a runway under food deprivation, 85% of free-feeding body weight, or while free-feeding for two different concentrations (3% or 30%) of liquid sucrose reward. Preshift training was conducted at two trials per day with a 3–5 min intertrial interval (ITI) for 16 days. A three-day postshift period, during which 10 daily trials were administered with the same ITI, was conducted with all rats receiving the same smaller (3…
Sucrose Pellet Reduction and Runway Performance
To establish the reliability of the finding that runway-trained rats show clear preshift superiority if the reward is 12 sucrose pellets, as opposed to one, but do not show the successive negative contrast effect (SuNCE) when reward is reduced, albino rats were trained for 24 days, two trials per day, in a runway for one or 12 sucrose (92.4%) Noyes 45-mg pellets. A four-day postshift period followed in which all animals received 10 trials per day…
Reduction of Sucrose Reward to Smaller and Nonreward Levels without Contrast Effects
Five groups of albino rats were trained in a straight runway for 44 pre-shift trials, 2 trials per day with a 3- to 5-min intertrial interval (ITI). Two of the groups (30-0 and 30-3) received 1 ml of 30% sucrose solution as a reward, two groups (3-0 and 3-3) received an equal volume of 3% sucrose, and one group (0-0) received no reward. During 20 postshift trials, three groups (0-0, 3-0, and 30-0) received no reward, and two groups (3-3 and 30-3)…
A Test for Order Relevance in a Three-Element Serial Learning Task
Rats were trained in a straight runway on a simple three-element series of differing reward quantities. The first trial of the series ended with a two-pellet reward, and the second and third trials ended with a 12-pellet reward and a nonreward, respectively (2-12-0). All animals developed accurate anticipation of the terminal nonreward in the 2-12-0 series before it was rearranged for two test days during which the elements appeared in the order …
Conditional Discrimination of Series Containing Either Two or Three Rewarded Trials
Series of trials differing only in the number of rewarded trials (2R or 3R series) were used to test rats' ability to learn conditional numerical discriminations. Although the series were conditionally related to initially non-numerical situations, the rats successfully learned the discrimination. It is concluded that these discriminations can plausibly be conceptualized as conditional counting. A pair of transfer tests given after the discrimina…
Ordinal Position Learning and Remote Anticipation
Rats were runway trained on each of two 3-trial series of reward outcomes. The series are labeled XNY and ZNN, for which X represents a trial that was rewarded with Noyes pellets and N represents a trial that ended with no reward. Units of distinctively flavored breakfast cereals served as reward on trials labeled Y and Z. One group (Floor) had each series occur with a correlated runway floor, either smooth and black or rough and white. For a sec…
Psychological Well-Being Is an Independent Predictor of Falling in an 8-Year Follow-Up of Older Adults
A population-based sample (N = 787) was followed for 8 years and assessed three times on measures of well-being (depressive symptoms, morale, and control) and fall history. Marginal models assessed the association between baseline well-being measures and falling. Random effects models assessed change in well-being indicators as well as change in fall rate over 8 years. After adjustment for sociodemographics, psychotropic medication, health, and s…
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Life Events as Antecedents of Depressive Symptoms in Middle and Early-Old Age: Path Through Life Study
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and life events (LE) as predictors of depressive symptoms in a mid-life and an early late-life cohort to determine whether they had independent or interacting effects, and whether there were age differences in the effects. METHODS: Cohorts aged 40 to 44 years (n = 2530) and 60 to 64 years (n = 2551) at baseline (Wave 1) were followed up after 4 years (Wave 2) as part of the PATH Through Li…
Investigating the Structural Validity of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scales Across Two Samples
Age, Physical Functioning, and Affect in Midlife and Older Adulthood
The results, based on a very large sample of older adults, are consistent with those of other studies demonstrating lower levels of negative emotion among older, relative to midlife adults. The findings also highlight the relevance of physical functioning to emotional well-being over the latter part of the life course
Spirituality promotes better health outcomes and lowers anxiety about aging: The importance of spiritual dimensions for baby boomers as they enter older adulthood
Baby boomers present unique challenges to aged care service provision. Like previous generations, baby boomers will face challenges of ageing. Spirituality in later life, understood largely as meaning in life, is crucial to well-being. Little has been studied about this dimension of ageing for baby boomers. This mixed methods study used survey and focus groups methods to investigate spirituality in a sample of baby boomers (N = 143). Participants…
Latent Psychotic Symptom Profiles Amongst People Who Use Methamphetamine: What Do They Tell Us About Existing Diagnostic Categories
The inability to distinguish clearly between methamphetamine-related psychosis and schizophrenia has led to the suggestion that "methamphetamine psychosis" does not represent a distinct diagnostic entity but rather that the drug has triggered a vulnerability to schizophrenia. We tested this possibility by exploring the latent class structure of psychotic symptoms amongst people who use the drug and examining how these latent symptom profiles corr…
The proportion of dementia attributable to common modifiable lifestyle factors in Barbados
Using a largely theoretical model, the six modifiable lifestyle factors were estimated to be attribu table to 50.9% of dementia cases in Barbados. Since the risk factors have much in common, any intervention that targets one of them could significantly reduce future dementia prevalence
Re-examining the reciprocal effects model of self-concept, self-efficacy, and academic achievement in a comparison of the Cross-Lagged Panel and Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel frameworks
BackgroundThe cross-lagged panel (regression) model (CLPM) is the usual framework of choice to test the longitudinal reciprocal effects between self-concept and achievement. Criticisms of the CLPM are that causal paths are over-estimated as they fail to discriminate between- and within-person variation. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is one alternative that extends the CLPM by partialling out between-person variance.AimsW…
Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
BACKGROUND: Given the projected trends in population ageing and population growth, the number of people with dementia is expected to increase. In addition, strong evidence has emerged supporting the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia. Characterising the distribution and magnitude of anticipated growth is crucial for public health planning and resource prioritisation. This study aimed to improve on previous forecasts of…
The protective effects of wellbeing and flourishing on long-term mental health risk
Personal wellbeing reflects individuals’ experiences of positive mental health and those with high wellbeing can be described as flourishing. Increasingly, wellbeing and flourishing are informing public health policy and clinical practice. However, the long-term benefit of wellbeing and flourishing on negative mental health outcomes over the life course is not widely explored. Data were from the Personality and Total Health Through Life study, ba…
A New Measure of the Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Factor Structure and Validity of the rRST Questionnaire in the Path Through Life Project
The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems mediate behavior and their functioning can be associated with personality. The functions and associations of RST systems were revised into fight–flight–freeze system (FFFS), behavioral approach/activation system (rBAS), and behavioral inhibition system (rBIS); however, there is limited study of the revised systems due to lack of validated measures. We investigated sc…
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: A forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternativ…
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 ri…
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BACKGROUND: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality,…
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease…
BACKGROUND: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mort…
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic: A compr…
BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 cou…
Psychology (20 works) · Medicine (19 works) · Environmental health (9 works) · Psychiatry (9 works) · Disease (8 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (8 works) · Clinical Psychology (7 works) · Population (7 works) · Burden of disease (6 works) · Gerontology (6 works)