Maarten P Bolhuis
Biographic Data
| ID | 3046689 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Maarten P Bolhuis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Maarten P |
| FAMILY NAME | Bolhuis |
| SIGNATURE | BOLHUIS M P |
| AFFILIATIONS | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8926-3146 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 12 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 20 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 12 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
No Safe Haven” and the Politics of Accountability
This article examines the complex interplay of criminal and immigration law, studying the case of Rwandan (former) asylum-seekers suspected of genocide. The Dutch Government actively pursued their extradition, forging a distinctive cooperation with Rwanda, tied to its “No Safe Haven” policy. The analysis considers how the Netherlands has navigated the legal and political complexities of cooperating with a country lauded for post-genocide judicial…
Countering Counterterrorism
Governments are increasingly turning to citizenship revocation as a counterterrorism measure. However, expelling individuals from their former country of citizenship is not always feasible. What are the implications of citizenship revocation when the former citizen cannot be removed, particularly for national security? Drawing on a case study of the Netherlands, this article presents empirical insights based on in-depth interviews with 28 profess…
Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias
The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected framework of transitional justice (TJ) introduce yet another layer of complexity. Based on a literature review and a limited number of expert interviews, thi…
The persistence of organized crime in post-caliphate Iraq
In the advancing understanding of the crime-terror nexus, organized crime and terrorist entities are increasingly seen as capable of pursuing multiple agendas simultaneously, with the potential to ultimately reach convergence. Applying Makarenko’s theoretical work on crime-terror convergence, this article sets out to explain the persistence of organized crime in Iraq after the fall of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Caliphate, based on…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Who wants ‘the worst of the worst’? Rationales for and consequences of third country resettlement of Guantanamo Bay detainees
Against the backdrop of countries increasingly being confronted with undesirable but unreturnable non-citizen terrorist suspects, this article describes the resettlement process of 150 cleared but unreturnable Guantanamo Bay detainees. Merely 13% of these detainees have been resettled in full democracies, compared to 52% in authoritarian regimes. Using Starkley et al.’s concept of ‘zone agreement’ the article explains how the U.S. particularly ma…
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
Alleged Terrorists and Other Perpetrators of Serious Non-Political Crimes
Alleged perpetrators of serious non-political crimes are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. This study offers a first complete and systematic empirical analysis of the application of Article 1F(b) in a given country, in this case the Netherlands. The analysis shows that most of the cases in which 1F(b) is applied are crimes motivated not by personal reasons or gain, but rather by political, i…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Refugee Exclusion and Extradition in the Netherlands
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged génocidaires from European states to Rw…
Undesirable but Unreturnable Migrants in the Netherlands
Undesirable migrants can include asylum-seekers believed to have committed crimes before arriving in the host State, immigrants who had their status revoked for having committed crimes in the host country, or immigrants who were not granted a status, or had their status revoked because they are considered to pose a current or future security concern. These undesirable migrants can be unreturnable because of different legal and practical reasons. …
The Emperor’s New Clothing
The “scandal” of foreign criminals whom our governments cannot send back to their own countries has become something of a tabloid obsession. Yet, while suspected or convicted of serious crimes or considered to pose a danger to society, such “undesirable and unreturnable” aliens equally often languish in an ambiguous and even dangerous state of protracted legal “limbo”, lacking a defined immigration status and attendant access to basic rights in t…
Alleged Terrorists and Other Perpetrators of Serious Non-Political Crimes
Alleged perpetrators of serious non-political crimes are excluded from refugee protection on the basis of Article 1F(b) of the Refugee Convention. This study offers a first complete and systematic empirical analysis of the application of Article 1F(b) in a given country, in this case the Netherlands. The analysis shows that most of the cases in which 1F(b) is applied are crimes motivated not by personal reasons or gain, but rather by political, i…
Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2…
Seeking Asylum in the Digital Era
The increasing use of social media and mobile devices by asylum seekers offers new vetting opportunities for immigration authorities, to verify the identity or to assess national-security or 1F-exclusion aspects. Based on interviews with practitioners in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, the first experiences with both of these new methods seem to be mixed, while formal evaluations of the results seem to be lacking. We argue t…
Who wants ‘the worst of the worst’? Rationales for and consequences of third country resettlement of Guantanamo Bay detainees
Against the backdrop of countries increasingly being confronted with undesirable but unreturnable non-citizen terrorist suspects, this article describes the resettlement process of 150 cleared but unreturnable Guantanamo Bay detainees. Merely 13% of these detainees have been resettled in full democracies, compared to 52% in authoritarian regimes. Using Starkley et al.’s concept of ‘zone agreement’ the article explains how the U.S. particularly ma…
The persistence of organized crime in post-caliphate Iraq
In the advancing understanding of the crime-terror nexus, organized crime and terrorist entities are increasingly seen as capable of pursuing multiple agendas simultaneously, with the potential to ultimately reach convergence. Applying Makarenko’s theoretical work on crime-terror convergence, this article sets out to explain the persistence of organized crime in Iraq after the fall of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Caliphate, based on…
The Aftermath of Dutch International Crimes Cases
This article describes the scale and nature of international crimes prosecutions in the Netherlands and maps the different scenarios that (may) unfold when criminal proceedings against a migrant suspect of international crimes conclude after acquittal or completion of a sentence. The article is based on an analysis of academic literature, Dutch legislation and case law, policy documents, and media reports. Since 1997, 20 individuals have been pro…
Potential tensions and synergies between DDR and transitional justice in relation to pro-government militias
The disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) poses an intractable and thorny political-security dilemma. Besides prevailing uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of the adopted DDR measures, their ramifications on the interconnected framework of transitional justice (TJ) introduce yet another layer of complexity. Based on a literature review and a limited number of expert interviews, thi…
No Safe Haven” and the Politics of Accountability
This article examines the complex interplay of criminal and immigration law, studying the case of Rwandan (former) asylum-seekers suspected of genocide. The Dutch Government actively pursued their extradition, forging a distinctive cooperation with Rwanda, tied to its “No Safe Haven” policy. The analysis considers how the Netherlands has navigated the legal and political complexities of cooperating with a country lauded for post-genocide judicial…
Countering Counterterrorism
Governments are increasingly turning to citizenship revocation as a counterterrorism measure. However, expelling individuals from their former country of citizenship is not always feasible. What are the implications of citizenship revocation when the former citizen cannot be removed, particularly for national security? Drawing on a case study of the Netherlands, this article presents empirical insights based on in-depth interviews with 28 profess…
Political science (10 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Migration, Refugees, and Integration (8 works) · Criminology (7 works) · Law (7 works) · European Criminal Justice and Data Protection (6 works) · Immigration (6 works) · Politics (5 works) · Refugee (5 works) · International Law and Human Rights (4 works)