Andreas Kruck
Biographic Data
| ID | 3047591 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andreas Kruck |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andreas |
| FAMILY NAME | Kruck |
| SIGNATURE | KRUCK A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2145-9326 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 120 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 23 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The return of the ‘positive state’? Capacity-building for the protection of critical national infrastructures across Europe
Critical national infrastructures (CNIs) have come to be viewed as vital security issues across Europe. Yet, European states’ approaches to the protection of CNIs have been far from uniform. When do states engage in state capacity-building to protect CNIs against increasing security challenges? To answer this question, we draw on theories of (European) security policymaking, which highlight different types of security challenges, as well as histo…
Bringing society (back) in? Defence transformations across Europe in the Zeitenwende
The competence–control trade-off in military AI innovation
Developments in military AI highlight that maintaining state control over military innovation that is driven by private corporate experts is challenging. Even the leading military AI power, the United States, has struggled to meet this challenge, while trying different modes of control over time. What explains these struggles and the shifting modes of state control over private military innovation? Bringing together the ‘competence–control theory…
Disentangling Leviathan on its home turf
Making security has been Leviathan's home turf and its prime responsibility. Yet, while security states in advanced democracies share this uniform purpose, there is vast variation in how they legitimize and how they make security policies. First, the political authority of elected policy‐makers is sometimes superseded by the epistemic authority of experts. Second, states make security, in some instances, by drawing on their own capacities, wherea…
Failing through success? How stable liberal orders become self-destabilising
Cooptation in great power rivalries
It pays to be generous
The Cooptation Dilemma
While the United States (US) acted as a liberal hegemon in setting up the Liberal International Order (LIO), it is increasingly contesting the inclusive legacy institutions underpinning the LIO and is instead moving towards alternative, more exclusive institutions. Why is the US contesting the institutions it once set up to stabilize the LIO? We argue that hegemonic contestation is the result of a reactive sequence that is endogenous to cooptatio…
The regulatory security state in Europe
The 'regulatory state' has prevailed in almost every sector of European public policy. The provision of security, however, is still widely viewed as the domain of the 'positive state', which rests on political authority and autonomous capacities. Challenging this presumption, we argue that expertise – as foundation of authority – and rules – as policy instruments – also shape the provision of European security by national and, in particular, supr…
Disentangling institutional contestation by established powers
International institutions underpinning the ‘liberal international order’ are increasingly contested by established Western powers. This article contributes to a better understanding of this novel challenge ‘from within’. We conceptualize four types of contestation frames according to (1) whether contesting states attribute the source of grievances to specific practices or the underlying principles of an international institution; and (2) whether…
India’s recognition as a nuclear power
In the mid-2000s, India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power. Why and how did this status elevation come about? Realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives point to important motivations but fail to elucidate the process of India’s (re-)integration. Our strategic cooptation argument conceives of India’s status upgrade as an exchange of institutional privileges for institutional…
The Adjustment of International Institutions to Global Power Shifts
As powers such as China and India rise, and powers such as the US or the UK decline, international institutions such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund come under pressure to adapt to new power realities. In the wake of global power shifts, both emerging and established powers may challenge the institutional status quo. Contrary to what most power transition and power shift the…
Trading privileges for support
As emerging powers rise and established powers decline, international institutions come under pressure to adjust to new power realities. When and how do international institutions adapt to underlying global power shifts? We propose an (institutionalist) theory of strategic co-optation that differs from both (realist) accommodationist and (liberal) integrationist theories. Drawing on isolated treatments of strategic co-optation from other domains …
Interactions between hard and soft power
Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to explain why international institutions do, or do not, adapt to shifts in the balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard and soft power resources. Soft power matters for institutional adaptations because both emerging and e…
Political Mistakes and Policy Failures in International Relations
Introduction
Researching Non-State Actors in International Security
Researching Non-State Actors in International Security
Asymmetry in Empowering and Disempowering Private Intermediaries
This article analyzes the empowerment and disempowerment of credit rating agencies (CRAs) as private regulatory intermediaries. Until the recent financial crisis, regulators heavily relied on private credit ratings to impose risk-sensitive requirements on financial market actors (targets). Regulatory use of credit ratings was instrumental in empowering CRAs because regulatory authority was delegated to them and their own private power was bolster…
Resilient blunderers
The authority of credit rating agencies (CRAs) has been surprisingly resilient even in the face of recurrent, widely recognized and severe rating failures. This contribution analyses why rating fiascos have had little impact on CRAs’ status as transnational private authorities. This resilience is not only owing to CRAs’ own (genuinely private) sources of authority. Rather, previous public authorization of CRAs as quasi-regulators and the path-dep…
Theorising the use of private military and security companies
Contested stories of commercial security
The article illustrates the potential of narrative analysis as a transdisciplinary method for Critical Security Studies by investigating self-legitimizing narratives of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and contrasting them to the narratives on PMSCs found in the news media. Employing narrative analysis and focusing on the websites of 55 PMSCs and 4 quality US and British newspapers, we reconstruct how PMSCs and the media establish …
Internationale Organisationen
Internationale Organisationen
The regulatory security state in Europe
The 'regulatory state' has prevailed in almost every sector of European public policy. The provision of security, however, is still widely viewed as the domain of the 'positive state', which rests on political authority and autonomous capacities. Challenging this presumption, we argue that expertise – as foundation of authority – and rules – as policy instruments – also shape the provision of European security by national and, in particular, supr…
Resilient blunderers
The authority of credit rating agencies (CRAs) has been surprisingly resilient even in the face of recurrent, widely recognized and severe rating failures. This contribution analyses why rating fiascos have had little impact on CRAs’ status as transnational private authorities. This resilience is not only owing to CRAs’ own (genuinely private) sources of authority. Rather, previous public authorization of CRAs as quasi-regulators and the path-dep…
Theorising the use of private military and security companies
Asymmetry in Empowering and Disempowering Private Intermediaries
This article analyzes the empowerment and disempowerment of credit rating agencies (CRAs) as private regulatory intermediaries. Until the recent financial crisis, regulators heavily relied on private credit ratings to impose risk-sensitive requirements on financial market actors (targets). Regulatory use of credit ratings was instrumental in empowering CRAs because regulatory authority was delegated to them and their own private power was bolster…
The Cooptation Dilemma
While the United States (US) acted as a liberal hegemon in setting up the Liberal International Order (LIO), it is increasingly contesting the inclusive legacy institutions underpinning the LIO and is instead moving towards alternative, more exclusive institutions. Why is the US contesting the institutions it once set up to stabilize the LIO? We argue that hegemonic contestation is the result of a reactive sequence that is endogenous to cooptatio…
India’s recognition as a nuclear power
In the mid-2000s, India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power. Why and how did this status elevation come about? Realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives point to important motivations but fail to elucidate the process of India’s (re-)integration. Our strategic cooptation argument conceives of India’s status upgrade as an exchange of institutional privileges for institutional…
Trading privileges for support
As emerging powers rise and established powers decline, international institutions come under pressure to adjust to new power realities. When and how do international institutions adapt to underlying global power shifts? We propose an (institutionalist) theory of strategic co-optation that differs from both (realist) accommodationist and (liberal) integrationist theories. Drawing on isolated treatments of strategic co-optation from other domains …
It pays to be generous
Interactions between hard and soft power
Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to explain why international institutions do, or do not, adapt to shifts in the balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard and soft power resources. Soft power matters for institutional adaptations because both emerging and e…
Disentangling institutional contestation by established powers
International institutions underpinning the ‘liberal international order’ are increasingly contested by established Western powers. This article contributes to a better understanding of this novel challenge ‘from within’. We conceptualize four types of contestation frames according to (1) whether contesting states attribute the source of grievances to specific practices or the underlying principles of an international institution; and (2) whether…
Disentangling Leviathan on its home turf
Making security has been Leviathan's home turf and its prime responsibility. Yet, while security states in advanced democracies share this uniform purpose, there is vast variation in how they legitimize and how they make security policies. First, the political authority of elected policy‐makers is sometimes superseded by the epistemic authority of experts. Second, states make security, in some instances, by drawing on their own capacities, wherea…
Failing through success? How stable liberal orders become self-destabilising
Cooptation in great power rivalries
Contested stories of commercial security
The article illustrates the potential of narrative analysis as a transdisciplinary method for Critical Security Studies by investigating self-legitimizing narratives of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and contrasting them to the narratives on PMSCs found in the news media. Employing narrative analysis and focusing on the websites of 55 PMSCs and 4 quality US and British newspapers, we reconstruct how PMSCs and the media establish …
Internationale Organisationen
Internationale Organisationen
Theorising the use of private military and security companies
Contested stories of commercial security
The article illustrates the potential of narrative analysis as a transdisciplinary method for Critical Security Studies by investigating self-legitimizing narratives of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and contrasting them to the narratives on PMSCs found in the news media. Employing narrative analysis and focusing on the websites of 55 PMSCs and 4 quality US and British newspapers, we reconstruct how PMSCs and the media establish …
Resilient blunderers
The authority of credit rating agencies (CRAs) has been surprisingly resilient even in the face of recurrent, widely recognized and severe rating failures. This contribution analyses why rating fiascos have had little impact on CRAs’ status as transnational private authorities. This resilience is not only owing to CRAs’ own (genuinely private) sources of authority. Rather, previous public authorization of CRAs as quasi-regulators and the path-dep…
Researching Non-State Actors in International Security
Researching Non-State Actors in International Security
Asymmetry in Empowering and Disempowering Private Intermediaries
This article analyzes the empowerment and disempowerment of credit rating agencies (CRAs) as private regulatory intermediaries. Until the recent financial crisis, regulators heavily relied on private credit ratings to impose risk-sensitive requirements on financial market actors (targets). Regulatory use of credit ratings was instrumental in empowering CRAs because regulatory authority was delegated to them and their own private power was bolster…
Political Mistakes and Policy Failures in International Relations
Introduction
Trading privileges for support
As emerging powers rise and established powers decline, international institutions come under pressure to adjust to new power realities. When and how do international institutions adapt to underlying global power shifts? We propose an (institutionalist) theory of strategic co-optation that differs from both (realist) accommodationist and (liberal) integrationist theories. Drawing on isolated treatments of strategic co-optation from other domains …
Interactions between hard and soft power
Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to explain why international institutions do, or do not, adapt to shifts in the balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard and soft power resources. Soft power matters for institutional adaptations because both emerging and e…
The Adjustment of International Institutions to Global Power Shifts
As powers such as China and India rise, and powers such as the US or the UK decline, international institutions such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund come under pressure to adapt to new power realities. In the wake of global power shifts, both emerging and established powers may challenge the institutional status quo. Contrary to what most power transition and power shift the…
India’s recognition as a nuclear power
In the mid-2000s, India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power. Why and how did this status elevation come about? Realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives point to important motivations but fail to elucidate the process of India’s (re-)integration. Our strategic cooptation argument conceives of India’s status upgrade as an exchange of institutional privileges for institutional…
Disentangling institutional contestation by established powers
International institutions underpinning the ‘liberal international order’ are increasingly contested by established Western powers. This article contributes to a better understanding of this novel challenge ‘from within’. We conceptualize four types of contestation frames according to (1) whether contesting states attribute the source of grievances to specific practices or the underlying principles of an international institution; and (2) whether…
The regulatory security state in Europe
The 'regulatory state' has prevailed in almost every sector of European public policy. The provision of security, however, is still widely viewed as the domain of the 'positive state', which rests on political authority and autonomous capacities. Challenging this presumption, we argue that expertise – as foundation of authority – and rules – as policy instruments – also shape the provision of European security by national and, in particular, supr…
Cooptation in great power rivalries
It pays to be generous
The Cooptation Dilemma
While the United States (US) acted as a liberal hegemon in setting up the Liberal International Order (LIO), it is increasingly contesting the inclusive legacy institutions underpinning the LIO and is instead moving towards alternative, more exclusive institutions. Why is the US contesting the institutions it once set up to stabilize the LIO? We argue that hegemonic contestation is the result of a reactive sequence that is endogenous to cooptatio…
The competence–control trade-off in military AI innovation
Developments in military AI highlight that maintaining state control over military innovation that is driven by private corporate experts is challenging. Even the leading military AI power, the United States, has struggled to meet this challenge, while trying different modes of control over time. What explains these struggles and the shifting modes of state control over private military innovation? Bringing together the ‘competence–control theory…
Disentangling Leviathan on its home turf
Making security has been Leviathan's home turf and its prime responsibility. Yet, while security states in advanced democracies share this uniform purpose, there is vast variation in how they legitimize and how they make security policies. First, the political authority of elected policy‐makers is sometimes superseded by the epistemic authority of experts. Second, states make security, in some instances, by drawing on their own capacities, wherea…
Failing through success? How stable liberal orders become self-destabilising
The return of the ‘positive state’? Capacity-building for the protection of critical national infrastructures across Europe
Critical national infrastructures (CNIs) have come to be viewed as vital security issues across Europe. Yet, European states’ approaches to the protection of CNIs have been far from uniform. When do states engage in state capacity-building to protect CNIs against increasing security challenges? To answer this question, we draw on theories of (European) security policymaking, which highlight different types of security challenges, as well as histo…
Bringing society (back) in? Defence transformations across Europe in the Zeitenwende
Political science (14 works) · Economics (9 works) · Law (9 works) · Law and economics (9 works) · Politics (9 works) · Political economy (8 works) · Sociology (8 works) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (7 works) · Law (7 works) · Economic system (4 works)