Nick Tilley
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 304999 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Nick Tilley |
| PRENOMES | Nick |
| SOBRENOME | Tilley |
| ASSINATURA | TILLEY N |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University College London |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 56 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 129 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 49 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 7 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1994 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Elegant security
Some security devices can be ugly, inconvenient or an infringement on civil liberties. This means that security is a quality of life issue as well as one of crime prevention. Here we propose that, in addition to preventing crime and being cost effective, security should preferably be ethical and unobtrusive, aesthetically neutral or pleasing, and the easy-to-use or default option. We describe security with such characteristics as ‘elegant’. We us…
Violence and the crime drop
According to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, violence fell dramatically between 1995 and 2013/14. To improve understanding of the fall in violent crime, this study examines long-term crime trends in England and Wales over the past two decades, by scrutinizing the trends in (a) stranger and acquaintance violence, (b) severity of violence, (c) age groups, and (d) sexes. It draws on nationally representative, weighted data from the Crime Sur…
Police perceptions of problem-oriented policing and evidence-based policing
The history of policing is littered with reform programmes, which aim to improve effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy. Problem-oriented policing (POP) and evidence-based policing (EBP) are two popular and enduring reform efforts, both of which have generated significant researcher and practitioner attention. There are important similarities between POP and EBP: both approaches provide a framework intended to improve the outcomes of policing. …
Independence and impact
The transition from ‘Mode 1’ to ‘Mode 2’ knowledge-production has created an explicit focus on research impact which is reflected in the funding and organisation of research, the relationships between research and users, and the focus of research studies. It has also led to efforts to understand pathways to impact, although these studies have so far had little to say specifically about crime-related research. This paper comprises an effort to add…
Are Repeatedly Extorted Businesses Different? A Multilevel Hurdle Model of Extortion Victimization
Problem-oriented policing in England and Wales
Evidence shows that the application of problem-oriented policing can be effective in reducing a wide range of crime and public safety issues, but that the approach is challenging to implement and sustain. This article examines police perceptions and experiences regarding organisational barriers to and facilitators of the implementation and delivery of problem-oriented policing. Drawing on surveys of (n = 4141) and interviews with (n = 86) police …
Crime and coronavirus
Governments around the world restricted movement of people, using social distancing and lockdowns, to help stem the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We examine crime effects for one UK police force area in comparison to 5-year averages. There is variation in the onset of change by crime type, some declining from the WHO ‘global pandemic’ announcement of 11 March, others later. By 1 week after the 23 March lockdown, all recorded crime had d…
What caused the decline in child arrests in England and Wales
Reducing Burglary
Routledge Handbook of Crime Science
Crime science is precisely what it says it is: the application of science to the phenomenon of crime. This handbook, intended as a crime science manifesto, showcases the scope of the crime science field and provides the reader with an understanding of the assumptions, aspirations and methods of crime science, as well as the variety of topics that fall within its purview. Crime science provides a distinctive approach to understanding and dealing w…
Developing a knowledge base for crime prevention
During the past 20 years, there have been several initiatives, led by the British government, to improve crime prevention by informing policy and practice with research. Two in particular stand out for the scale of the investment: The first was the establishment of the Crime Reduction Programme (CRP) in 1999. The CRP was supposed both to be based on what was already known from research and also to improve the evidence base and was scheduled to ru…
Privatizing Crime Control
Crime problems largely result from opportunities, temptations, and provocations that have been provided to offenders unintentionally by those pursuing other private interests. There is a widespread notion that the state and its agencies can and ought to take full responsibility for crime control and that there is, therefore, nothing that nonstate actors can or need to do. In practice, there is little that the state can do directly to address the …
Situational Crime Prevention and Offender Decision Making
This chapter focuses on situational crime prevention, a method for reducing opportunities for crime by manipulating the immediate environment. It begins by charting the origins and development of situational crime prevention. It then describes how rational choice was later added as the model of offender decision making to underpin situational crime prevention. Three questions are then considered: Is rational choice the only possible theoretical u…
Gangs
Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety
We begin by setting out the rationale for targeting offenders, victims, and settings. For this purpose we draw primarily on Eck’s (2003) crime triangle, which proposes a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a conducive location, as the three basic prerequisites for any crime to occur. We then summarise research findings concerning sexual offenders, their victims, and the settings in which various kinds of sexual offences occur. Next we outl…
Emmie and engineering
While written by a proponent of realism, this article argues in favour of a pragmatic approach to evaluation. It argues that multiple sources of evidence collected using diverse research methods can be useful in conducting informative evaluations of programmes, practices and policies. It argues in particular that methods, even if their assumptions appear incommensurable with one another, should be chosen to meet the evidence needs of decision-mak…
Realist evaluation at 25
Signature dish
This article describes realist evaluation research combining data signatures and theories of causal mechanism as a means of shedding light on why crime has declined in recent years. A data signature is an empirical indicator of how or why something has occurred. The use of multiple signatures - a 'dish' - from different angles and contexts can, if they point in the same direction, result in a form of triangulation that reduces the chance of inter…
Do burglar alarms increase burglary risk? A counter-intuitive finding and possible explanations
Burglar alarms are widely used as a means to try to reduce the risk of domestic burglary. Previous research has suggested that some burglars are deterred by alarms and that they are therefore effective. Using multiple sweeps of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the research reported here sought to corroborate these findings. It finds that alarms have become associated with increased rather than decreased risk of burglary with entry. This co…
Crime Prevention
This book provides a concise and up-to-date account of crime prevention theory, practice and research in a form designed to be accessible and interesting to both students and practitioners. Readers will be equipped to think in an informed and critical way about what has been and might be done in practice to prevent crime at local and national levels. What is distinctive in the approach is the emphasis on crime reduction mechanisms, how they may b…
Police investigations
Police investigations involve determining whether a crime has been committed, and if so what type of crime, who has committed it and whether there is the evidence to charge the perpetrators. Drawing on fieldwork in Delhi and Mumbai, this paper explores how police investigations unfolded in the specific context of women's deaths by burning in India. In particular, it focuses on the use of discretion despite its denial by those exercising it. In In…
Why the Crime Drop
The “crime drop” is the most important criminological phenomenon of modern times. In North America, Europe, and Australasia, many common crimes have fallen by half or more since the early 1990s, albeit with variation in the specifics. Seventeen explanations are examined here including demographics, policing, imprisonment, drug markets, and lead poisoning. Pioneering research relevant only to the United States now appears, with the benefit of hind…
The social construction of 'dowry deaths
The classification of cause of death is real in its consequences: for the reputation of the deceased, for her family, for those who may be implicated, and for epidemiological and social research and policies and practices that may follow from it. The study reported here refers specifically to the processes involved in classifying deaths of women from burns in India. In particular, it examines the determination of 'dowry death', a class used in In…
Situational Prevention of Organised Crimes
This chapter explores the consequences of cross-border crime for situational crime prevention. Many types of organised crime involve international smuggling activities – such as drug trafficking, money laundering, smuggling illegal immigrants, and other transnational illegal activities. Based on research in the Netherlands, this chapter explores cross-border crime from three different angles (export, import and transit) with regard to four differ…
The Reasoning Criminologist
Introduction: Ronald V. Clarke - the Quiet Revolutionary, Graham Farrell and Nick Tilley 1. Situational Crime Prevention: The Home Office Origins, Pat Mayhew and Mike Hough 2. On Being Crime Specific: Observations on the Career of R.V.G. Clarke, Derek Cornish and Martha Smith 3. Ferruginous Ducks, Low Hanging Fruit, and Ronald V. Clarke's World of Crime Science, Nick Ross 4. Happy returns: ideas brought back from situational crime prevention's ex…
Why the Crime Drop
The “crime drop” is the most important criminological phenomenon of modern times. In North America, Europe, and Australasia, many common crimes have fallen by half or more since the early 1990s, albeit with variation in the specifics. Seventeen explanations are examined here including demographics, policing, imprisonment, drug markets, and lead poisoning. Pioneering research relevant only to the United States now appears, with the benefit of hind…
What Works in Evaluation Research
British criminology has evolved its own distinctive division of labour. Theorists theorize, ethnographers empathize, statisticians soothsay, and so on. Unlike other areas of scholarship, this arrangement allows little time or gain for anyone bent on fundamental reflection on the nature of criminological research. Whilst (thankfully) this has had the effect of avoiding the unproductive epistemological brawls which characterize neighbouring discipl…
Explaining and sustaining the crime drop
The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop
Car theft in the UK fell two-thirds from the mid-1990s as part of more widespread crime drops, and has been attributed to improved vehicle security. This study develops a Security Impact Assessment Tool (SIAT) to gauge the contribution of individual security devices and their combination. The metric of impact derived is termed the Security Protection Factor (SPF). Cars with central locking plus an electronic immobilizer, and often an alarm, are f…
Understanding and Tackling Gang Violence
Tackling anti-social behaviour
An ongoing commitment to tackling anti-social behaviour was a central part of the New Labour policy agenda throughout their 13 years in government. Their policy and practice became increasingly enforcement-led with the anti-social behaviour order (ASBO) at the cornerstone of their agenda. Police and local authorities came under pressure to see the ASBO, along with a whole range of other enforcement powers, as almost a panacea for tackling anti-so…
Caring Communities, Paradigm Polemics, Design Debates
In a previous issue of this journal (Vol. 3, no. 2) David Farrington introduced—‘in the interests of stimulating discussions’—an outline research design for Evaluating a Community Crime Prevention Program. This article takes up the challenge, offers a critique of his ‘quasi-experimental’ approach and insists that such programs are better evaluated using designs based on ‘scientific realist’ principles. The paper also draws attention to benefits o…
The social construction of 'dowry deaths
The classification of cause of death is real in its consequences: for the reputation of the deceased, for her family, for those who may be implicated, and for epidemiological and social research and policies and practices that may follow from it. The study reported here refers specifically to the processes involved in classifying deaths of women from burns in India. In particular, it examines the determination of 'dowry death', a class used in In…
Sherman vs Sherman
Demonstration, Exemplification, Duplication and Replication in Evaluation Research
The nature and meaning of replication is crucial not only for those undertaking studies of efforts at replication, but also for those conducting, using and evaluating demonstration projects, since their rationale lies in lessons learned for use elsewhere. The issue of replication is discussed using as a case study the highly influential British Burglary Prevention Project in Kirkholt, Rochdale and efforts to emulate it. Three ways of construing r…
Do burglar alarms increase burglary risk? A counter-intuitive finding and possible explanations
Burglar alarms are widely used as a means to try to reduce the risk of domestic burglary. Previous research has suggested that some burglars are deterred by alarms and that they are therefore effective. Using multiple sweeps of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the research reported here sought to corroborate these findings. It finds that alarms have become associated with increased rather than decreased risk of burglary with entry. This co…
Crime Reduction
Realistic evaluation bloodlines
Emmie and engineering
While written by a proponent of realism, this article argues in favour of a pragmatic approach to evaluation. It argues that multiple sources of evidence collected using diverse research methods can be useful in conducting informative evaluations of programmes, practices and policies. It argues in particular that methods, even if their assumptions appear incommensurable with one another, should be chosen to meet the evidence needs of decision-mak…
Signature dish
This article describes realist evaluation research combining data signatures and theories of causal mechanism as a means of shedding light on why crime has declined in recent years. A data signature is an empirical indicator of how or why something has occurred. The use of multiple signatures - a 'dish' - from different angles and contexts can, if they point in the same direction, result in a form of triangulation that reduces the chance of inter…
Whither problem‐oriented policing
Once a Victim, Always A Victim? A Study of How Victimisation Patterns may Change over Time
The evaluation of the Small Business and Crime Initiative in Leicester involved before and after victimisation surveys of all businesses in the two target areas. The second was conducted exactly two years after the first. Each sweep achieved a response rate of 65%. A panel sample of 483 businesses took part in both surveys. The results afford an opportunity to track crime experience over time. This paper reports findings about the patterns of con…
What's Crucial in Evaluation Research
Beware researchers proclaiming an innocence in respect of methodological principles. Every nut, bolt and washer in a laboratory instrument is the carrier of epistemological assumptions. Every aspect of design, data collection and analysis in social research bears a commitment to a particular model of social explanation. This paper examines Bennett's reconstruction of his own research, detects some wishful thinking and seeks to extract from the de…
Problem-oriented policing in England and Wales
Evidence shows that the application of problem-oriented policing can be effective in reducing a wide range of crime and public safety issues, but that the approach is challenging to implement and sustain. This article examines police perceptions and experiences regarding organisational barriers to and facilitators of the implementation and delivery of problem-oriented policing. Drawing on surveys of (n = 4141) and interviews with (n = 86) police …
Privatizing Crime Control
Crime problems largely result from opportunities, temptations, and provocations that have been provided to offenders unintentionally by those pursuing other private interests. There is a widespread notion that the state and its agencies can and ought to take full responsibility for crime control and that there is, therefore, nothing that nonstate actors can or need to do. In practice, there is little that the state can do directly to address the …
Realist evaluation at 25
Police investigations
Police investigations involve determining whether a crime has been committed, and if so what type of crime, who has committed it and whether there is the evidence to charge the perpetrators. Drawing on fieldwork in Delhi and Mumbai, this paper explores how police investigations unfolded in the specific context of women's deaths by burning in India. In particular, it focuses on the use of discretion despite its denial by those exercising it. In In…
Improving problem-oriented policing
Travel-to-Crime
Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, …
Joining up Research, Policy and Practice about Crime
Evidence-based policy in relation to crime, as in other policy areas, is all the rage. It looks like plain common sense. Yet getting good evidence to policy and policy to good evidence faces an uphill struggle. Ideology is important in any consideration of crime and crime policy, limiting the potential of hard evidence. Common sense ideas about crime are also powerful influences on policy, and they are not easily overturned by research evidence, …
What Works in Evaluation Research
British criminology has evolved its own distinctive division of labour. Theorists theorize, ethnographers empathize, statisticians soothsay, and so on. Unlike other areas of scholarship, this arrangement allows little time or gain for anyone bent on fundamental reflection on the nature of criminological research. Whilst (thankfully) this has had the effect of avoiding the unproductive epistemological brawls which characterize neighbouring discipl…
Implementing Crime Prevention
Situational crime prevention is increasingly proving its worth in crime control, but crime rates in many countries continue to rise. Existing small-scale, but effective, measures should be more widely duplicated. There is a need at all levels to identify mechanisms that will lead to more widespread implementation of situational approaches. Legislative mandates and publicity exhortation can be used, but the demonstration to those with the authorit…
Demonstration, Exemplification, Duplication and Replication in Evaluation Research
The nature and meaning of replication is crucial not only for those undertaking studies of efforts at replication, but also for those conducting, using and evaluating demonstration projects, since their rationale lies in lessons learned for use elsewhere. The issue of replication is discussed using as a case study the highly influential British Burglary Prevention Project in Kirkholt, Rochdale and efforts to emulate it. Three ways of construing r…
What's Crucial in Evaluation Research
Beware researchers proclaiming an innocence in respect of methodological principles. Every nut, bolt and washer in a laboratory instrument is the carrier of epistemological assumptions. Every aspect of design, data collection and analysis in social research bears a commitment to a particular model of social explanation. This paper examines Bennett's reconstruction of his own research, detects some wishful thinking and seeks to extract from the de…
An Introduction to Scientific Realist Evaluation
Caring Communities, Paradigm Polemics, Design Debates
In a previous issue of this journal (Vol. 3, no. 2) David Farrington introduced—‘in the interests of stimulating discussions’—an outline research design for Evaluating a Community Crime Prevention Program. This article takes up the challenge, offers a critique of his ‘quasi-experimental’ approach and insists that such programs are better evaluated using designs based on ‘scientific realist’ principles. The paper also draws attention to benefits o…
Cook-Book Methods and Disastrous Recipes
Joining up Research, Policy and Practice about Crime
Evidence-based policy in relation to crime, as in other policy areas, is all the rage. It looks like plain common sense. Yet getting good evidence to policy and policy to good evidence faces an uphill struggle. Ideology is important in any consideration of crime and crime policy, limiting the potential of hard evidence. Common sense ideas about crime are also powerful influences on policy, and they are not easily overturned by research evidence, …
Realistic evaluation bloodlines
Once a Victim, Always A Victim? A Study of How Victimisation Patterns may Change over Time
The evaluation of the Small Business and Crime Initiative in Leicester involved before and after victimisation surveys of all businesses in the two target areas. The second was conducted exactly two years after the first. Each sweep achieved a response rate of 65%. A panel sample of 483 businesses took part in both surveys. The results afford an opportunity to track crime experience over time. This paper reports findings about the patterns of con…
Strategies and Tactics
Targeting repeat victimization comprises a way of achieving effectiveness, efficiency and equity in crime prevention. Research has found that victimization leads to increased risk of further victimization, especially in the short term; that ‘hot spots’ have a disproportionate number of repeat victims; and that repeat offences tend to be committed by prolific offenders. The development of successful crime reduction tactics and strategies also requ…
Problem-oriented policing and partnerships
This book makes an important contribution to the literature on problem-orientedpolicing, aiming to distill the British experience of problem-oriented policing
Policing Anti‐Social Behaviour
Anti‐social behaviour (ASB) has received increasing political and media attention. It is of great concern to the public. The police are under pressure to tackle it, in particular using anti‐social behaviour orders (ASBOs). There is currently little hard data on what is effective. This article presents findings from an evaluation of an ASB Taskforce, which increasingly focused on using ASBOs. Whilst there is evidence of a city‐wide reduction in pe…
Travel-to-Crime
Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, …
Organized crime and local businesses
Victimization surveys have found that small local businesses experience far higher rates of crime than individuals and households. Previous research also suggests some of the crimes suffered may be organized. Furthermore, local businesses may also be invited to play a part in organized crime, for example through receiving and reselling stolen, counterfeit or contraband goods, though this has been subject to little research to date. A victimizatio…
Understanding and Tackling Gang Violence
Factors influencing police performance in the investigation of volume crimes in England and Wales
This paper examines the investigation of volume crime cases and the processes of attrition through the investigative process using quantitative and qualitative data. More than 3000 burglary and motor vehicle cases in eight Basic Command Units in England and Wales, along with interview and documentary data, were analysed to identify the factors related to detection. Results indicated that whether an offender was caught at the scene; number of sour…
Imitation Gun Law
Imitation gun‐enabled crime has received extensive political and media coverage in the UK over recent years. The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (VCRA) was introduced to control public possession, manufacture, import and sale of imitation guns. The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) has drawn on the Act: publicising it, enforcing it and running a targeted surrender scheme enabling the hand‐in of imitation weapons at police stations. A series of s…
Sherman vs Sherman
Exploring the international decline in crime rates
This paper examines aggregate crime trends and variation around them from 1988 to 2004 for 26 countries and five main crime types using data from the International Crime Victims Survey. Multilevel statistical analysis is used to identify the main trends. Major drops in crime were experienced in many countries from the early to mid-1990s onwards. The current analysis estimates that between 1995 and 2004, the mean international crime incidence redu…
Explaining and sustaining the crime drop
Whither problem‐oriented policing
The Crime Drop and the Security Hypothesis
Major crime drops were experienced in the United States and most other industrialized countries for a decade from the early to mid-1990s. Yet there is little agreement over explanation or lessons for policy. Here it is proposed that change in the quantity and quality of security was a key driver of the crime drop. From evidence relating to vehicle theft in two countries, it is concluded that electronic immobilizers and central locking were partic…
The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop
Car theft in the UK fell two-thirds from the mid-1990s as part of more widespread crime drops, and has been attributed to improved vehicle security. This study develops a Security Impact Assessment Tool (SIAT) to gauge the contribution of individual security devices and their combination. The metric of impact derived is termed the Security Protection Factor (SPF). Cars with central locking plus an electronic immobilizer, and often an alarm, are f…
Tackling anti-social behaviour
An ongoing commitment to tackling anti-social behaviour was a central part of the New Labour policy agenda throughout their 13 years in government. Their policy and practice became increasingly enforcement-led with the anti-social behaviour order (ASBO) at the cornerstone of their agenda. Police and local authorities came under pressure to see the ASBO, along with a whole range of other enforcement powers, as almost a panacea for tackling anti-so…
Criminology (44 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (40 obras) · Sociology (36 obras) · Political science (34 obras) · Psychology (30 obras) · Computer Science (23 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (20 obras) · Crime prevention (19 obras) · Business (16 obras)