I T Elo
Biographic Data
| ID | 30505 |
|---|---|
| NAME | I T Elo |
| GIVEN NAMES | I T |
| FAMILY NAME | Elo |
| SIGNATURE | ELO I T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1858-8239 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 80 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1062 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 80 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Evolution of the US nonmetropolitan mortality disadvantage by sex, state, and year, 1999‐2019
PURPOSE: To examine disparities in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan mortality by state and sex from 1999 to 2019. METHODS: We calculate age-standardized mortality rates for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas by state and sex and compute age-standardized differences in these rates within each state and relative to the national average. We further estimate the number of excess deaths in nonmetropolitan areas by state. These are deaths that woul…
Own and parental schooling, gender, and cognitive performance based on the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) among older Chilean adults
Objectives This study aimed to investigate associations of own and parental schooling with cognitive performance measured using the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) in Chile, a context distinct from previous studies using the HCAP. Methods Using Chile-Cog HCAP data linked to the Chilean Social Protection Longitudinal Survey, we used multivariate-adjusted regressions for individuals aged ≥60 to estimate associations between own and …
US-born and foreign-born life expectancy by race and Hispanic origin before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States
Interdisciplinary health scholarship has long documented the lower mortality of the foreign-born compared to the US-born populations. In this study, we examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this migrant mortality advantage in 2020, 2021 and 2022 compared to 2017-2019 and estimate the contributions of the foreign-born population to US life expectancy by race and Hispanic Origin. In 2020, life expectancy declined more among all foreign-bor…
Pre-Covid-19 Geographic Inequalities in Non-Hispanic Black US Life Expectancy, 1990-2019
In recent years, US life expectancy has stagnated relative to other developed countries and geographic inequalities in mortality within the United States have widened. Much of the recent literature has focused on non-Hispanic White mortality. Less attention has been devoted to non-Hispanic Black mortality independent of Black-White disparities. In this paper, we examine trends in non-Hispanic Black male and female life expectancy between 1990 and…
Internal migration, health selection, and the salmon bias: A register-based study of Finland
Studies on international migrants have repeatedly found a mortality advantage of migrant over native-born populations. Data artifacts, differential prevalence of health-related behaviors, and health-related selection of immigrants and return migrants have been proposed as explanations. Neither the existence of a migrant mortality advantage for internal migrants nor the validity of existing explanations for this group have been extensively studied…
Immigrant mortality advantage in the United States during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on US-born and foreign-born populations by race and Hispanic origin in the United States in 2020. METHODS: Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics and population data from CDC WONDER were used to estimate (1) age-standardized all-cause and cause-specific mortality at ages 25+, 25-64, and 65+ in 2017-2019 and 2020 by nativity, race, Hispanic origin, and s…
Covid-19 and All-Cause Mortality by Race, Ethnicity, and Age Across Five Periods of the Pandemic in the United States
Racial/ethnic and age disparities in COVID-19 and all-cause mortality during 2020 are well documented, but less is known about their evolution over time. We examine changes in age-specific mortality across five pandemic periods in the United States from March 2020 to December 2022 among four racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian) for ages 35+. We fit Gompertz models to all-cause and COVID-1…
Return Migration Selection and Its Impact on the Migrant Mortality Advantage: New Evidence Using French Pension Data
The migrant mortality advantage (MMA) has been observed in many immigrant-receiving countries, but its underlying factors remain poorly understood. This article examines the role of return migration selection effects in explaining the MMA among males aged 65+ using a rich, unique dataset from France. This dataset contains information on native-born and foreign-born pensioners who are tracked worldwide until they die, providing a rare opportunity …
County-level estimates of excess mortality associated with Covid-19 in the United States
The COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. has been largely monitored using death certificates containing reference to COVID-19. However, prior analyses reveal that a significant percentage of excess deaths associated with the pandemic were not directly assigned to COVID-19. In this study, we estimated a generalized linear model of expected mortality based on historical trends in deaths by county of residence between 2011 and 2019. We used the results of …
The unequal burden of the Covid-19 pandemic: Capturing racial/ethnic disparities in US cause-specific mortality
Despite a growing body of literature focused on racial/ethnic disparities in Covid-19 mortality, few previous studies have examined the pandemic's impact on 2020 cause-specific mortality by race and ethnicity. This paper documents changes in mortality by underlying cause of death and race/ethnicity between 2019 and 2020. Using age-standardized death rates, we attribute changes for Black, Hispanic, and White populations to various underlying cause…
The implications of changing education distributions for life expectancy gradients
Ecological factors associated with suicide mortality among non-Hispanic whites
Socioeconomic characteristic and access to lethal means explain much of the variation in suicide mortality rates across commuting zones, but do not account for the pervasive national-level increase in suicide mortality between 1999 and 2017
Trends in Non-Hispanic White Mortality in the United States by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Status and Region, 1990-2016
The first decades of the twenty-first century have been a challenging period for American mortality. Life expectancy in the United States ranked 30th in the world in 2010 and is much lower than in other high-income countries (World Health Organization 2017). Between 2010 and 2016, US life expectancy fell further behind other developed countries, increasing by only 0.08 years, the smallest 5-year increase since 1970 (Ho and Hendi 2018). These rela…
Effect of diabetes on life expectancy in the United States by race and ethnicity
We investigated the impact of diabetes on US life expectancy by sex and race/ethnicity using a prospective cohort study design. Cohorts were drawn from 1997-2009 waves of the National Health Interview Survey and linked to death records through December 31, 2011. We combined data on the prevalence of diabetes among decedents with estimates of the hazard ratios of individuals diagnosed with diabetes to calculate population attributable fractions (P…
Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality
Using data from Finland, this paper contributes to a small but growing body of research regarding adult children's education, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality at ages 50+ in 1970-2007. Higher levels of children's education are associated with 30-36 per cent lower parental mortality at ages 50-75, controlling for parents' education, occupation, and income. This association is fully mediated by children's occupation and income, e…
The Contribution of Weight Status to Black-White Differences in Mortality
This article examines the contribution of weight status to black-white (B-W) differences in mortality at ages 40-79 using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We measured body mass index (BMI) based on the highest BMI attained and contrasted the contribution of BMI to that of smoking and educational attainment. We estimated both additive and multiplicative models. In addition to estimating regression coefficients we ask…
Contribution of smoking-attributable mortality to life-expectancy differences by marital status among Finnish men and women, 1971-2010
BACKGROUND: Smoking is known to vary by marital status, but little is known about its contribution to marital status differences in longevity. We examined the changing contribution of smoking to mortality differences between married and never married, divorced or widowed Finnish men and women aged 50 years and above in 1971-2010. DATA AND METHODS: The data sets cover all persons permanently living in Finland in the census years 1970, 1975 through…
Forced migration in childhood: Are there long-term health effects
Studies on the health of migrants have increased considerably in number in recent years, but little is still known about the long-term health effects associated with forced migration, and particularly for people who were forced to migrate as children. Data shortcomings together with the methodological challenges of studying migrant populations limit the ability to disentangle the roles of various factors that influence migrant health outcomes. Fi…
International differences in the risk of death from smoking and obesity: The case of the United States and Finland
Despite much interest in the health risks associated with behavioral factors, little is known about whether individuals residing in different countries experience a different set of risks. International comparisons of the death risks from major behavioral factors can shed light on whether features of health systems and epidemiological histories modify the health effects of risky behaviors. We used nationally representative samples and mortality l…
Life Expectancy Among U.S.-born and Foreign-born Older Adults in the United States: Estimates From Linked Social Security and Medicare Data
In recent decades, the geographic origins of America's foreign-born population have become increasingly diverse. The sending countries of the U.S. foreign-born vary substantially in levels of health and economic development, and immigrants have arrived with distinct distributions of socioeconomic status, visa type, year of immigration, and age at immigration. We use high-quality linked Social Security and Medicare records to estimate life tables …
Mortality Crossover
Health Among Black Children by Maternal and Child Nativity
Objectives. We examined 5 health outcomes among Black children born to US-born and foreign-born mothers and whether differences by mother’s region of birth could be explained by maternal duration of US residence, child’s place of birth, and familial sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. Data were from the 2000–2011 National Health Interview Surveys. We examined 3 groups of children, based on mother’s region of birth: US origin, African origi…
Africans in the American Labor Market
The number of migrants to the United States from Africa has grown exponentially since the 1930s. For the first time in America’s history, migrants born in Africa are growing at a faster rate than migrants from any other continent. The composition of African-origin migrants has also changed dramatically: in the mid-twentieth century, the majority were white and came from only three countries; but today, about one-fifth are white, and African-origi…
Are older adults living in more equal counties healthier than older adults living in more unequal counties? A propensity score matching approach
Variation in Birth Outcomes by Mother’s Country of Birth Among Non-Hispanic Black Women in the United States
Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979-1985
The paper examines educational differentials in adult mortality in the United States within a multivariate framework using data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Survey (NLMS). As a preliminary step we compare the magnitude of educational mortality differentials in the United States to those documented in Europe. At ages 35-54, the proportionate reductions in mortality for each one year increase in schooling are similar in the United State…
The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index
The Impact of Salmon Bias on the Hispanic Mortality Advantage: New Evidence from Social Security Data
Are Educational Differentials in Adult Mortality Increasing in the United States
Two recent studies have compared the size of educational mortality differentials among adults in the 1980s to estimates for 1960. Both studies have concluded that educational differentials have increased for males. One study finds a similar increase for females. We reconsider this question by introducing a data source that is better suited to estimating recent differentials than either of the two that have been employed. We also evaluate the qual…
African-american mortality at older ages: Results of a matching study
In this paper we investigate the quality of age reporting on death certificates of elderly African-Americans. We link a sample of death certificates of persons age 65+ in 1985 to records for the same individuals in U.S. censuses of 1900, 1910, and 1920 and to records of the Social Security Administration. The ages at death reported on death certificates are too young on average. Errors are greater for women than for men. Despite systematic underr…
Mortality among elderly hispanics in the United States: Past evidence and new results
We used vital records and census data and Medicare and NUMIDENT records to estimate age-and sex-specific death rates for elderly non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, including five Hispanic subgroups: persons born in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, other foreign countries, and the United States. We found that corrections for data errors in vital and census records lead to substantial changes in death rates for Hispanics and that conventionally construct…
Effects of age misreporting on mortality estimates at older ages
This study examines how age misreporting typically affects estimates of mortality at older ages. We investigate the effects of three patterns of age misreporting & age overstatement, age understatement, and symmetric age misreporting & on mortality estimates at ages 40 and above. We consider five methods to estimate mortality: conventional estimates derived from vital statistics and censuses; longitudinal studies where age is identified at baseli…
Estimating African-American Mortality from Inaccurate Data
This paper evaluates the quality of vital statistics and census data for estimating African-American mortality over a period of six decades. The authors employ intercensal cohort comparisons and extinct generation estimates to demonstrate that conventionally constructed African-American death rates may be seriously flawed as early as age 50. Using the crude death rate at ages 50+ for 1978-1982 in conjunction with estimated growth rates and two mo…
Trends in Non-Hispanic White Mortality in the United States by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Status and Region, 1990-2016
The first decades of the twenty-first century have been a challenging period for American mortality. Life expectancy in the United States ranked 30th in the world in 2010 and is much lower than in other high-income countries (World Health Organization 2017). Between 2010 and 2016, US life expectancy fell further behind other developed countries, increasing by only 0.08 years, the smallest 5-year increase since 1970 (Ho and Hendi 2018). These rela…
Disability Among Native-born and Foreign-born Blacks in the United States
Using the 5% Public Use Micro Data Sample (PUMS) from the 2000 U.S. census, we examine differences in disability among eight black subgroups distinguished by place of birth and Hispanic ethnicity. We found that all foreign-born subgroups reported lower levels of physical activity limitations and personal care limitations than native-born blacks. Immigrants from Africa reported lowest levels of disability, followed by non-Hispanic immigrants from …
Perceptions of Neighborhood Disorder: The Role of Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics
Objectives. The study of neighborhood effects on health and well‐being has regained prominence in recent years. Most authors have relied on Census data and other administrative data sources to assess neighborhood characteristics. Less commonly employed, but gaining in popularity, are measures from surveys that ask neighborhood residents about various aspects of their neighborhood environment. Such surveys are a potentially attractive alternative …
Socioeconomic domains and associations with preterm birth
Socioeconomic status across the life course and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Finland
Migrant Selection and the Health of U.S. Immigrants From the Former Soviet Union
Few prior studies have investigated the health of U.S. immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Utilizing data from the 2000 U.S. census and the 2000–2007 National Health Interview Survey (NIHS), we compare levels of disability of FSU immigrants with U.S.-born whites (ages 50–84). Our findings suggest an “epidemiologic paradox” in that FSU immigrants possess higher levels of education compared with U.S.-born whites, but report considerably …
Socioeconomic differentials in mortality in Finland and the United States: The role of education and income
Life Expectancy Among U.S.-born and Foreign-born Older Adults in the United States: Estimates From Linked Social Security and Medicare Data
In recent decades, the geographic origins of America's foreign-born population have become increasingly diverse. The sending countries of the U.S. foreign-born vary substantially in levels of health and economic development, and immigrants have arrived with distinct distributions of socioeconomic status, visa type, year of immigration, and age at immigration. We use high-quality linked Social Security and Medicare records to estimate life tables …
The Contribution of Smoking to Black-White Differences in U.S. Mortality
Smoking has significantly impacted American mortality and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. No previous study has systematically examined the contribution of smoking-attributable deaths to mortality trends among blacks or to black-white mortality differences at older ages over time in the United States. In this article, we employ multiple methods and data sources to provide a comprehensive assessment of this contribution. We find …
The changing contribution of smoking to educational differences in life expectancy: Indirect estimates for Finnish men and women from 1971 to 2010
BACKGROUND: We estimated the contribution of smoking to educational differences in mortality and life expectancy between 1971 and 2010 in Finland. METHODS: Eight prospective datasets with baseline in 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 and each linked to a 5-year mortality follow-up were used. We calculated life expectancy at age 50 years with and without smoking-attributable mortality by education and gender. Estimates of smoking-a…
Do early-life conditions predict functional health status in adulthood? The case of Mexico
Adolescent Females: Their Sexual Partners and the Fathers of Their Children
Irma T. Elo, Rosalind Berkowitz King, Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., Adolescent Females: Their Sexual Partners and the Fathers of Their Children, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 74-84
New African American life tables from 1935–1940 to 1985–1990
New life tables for African Americans are presented from 1935 through 1990. They are based on a historical series of vital statistics data on deaths that have been corrected for age misreporting, on reconstructed population counts that have been adjusted for census underenumeration, and on births that have been corrected for underregistration. The new life tables show rapid mortality declines for both African American males and females from 1935 …
Maternal Weathering and Risk of Preterm Delivery
Objectives. We compared the association between advancing maternal age and risk of preterm delivery across 4 groups (Black smokers, Black nonsmokers, White smokers, White nonsmokers) and within the context of neighborhood deprivation levels. Methods. We obtained data from linked census and birth records for singletons (n = 182 938) delivered by women aged 20 to 39 years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; 16 Michigan cities; 3 Mar…
Reconstructing the size of the African American population by age and sex, 1930–1990
We estimate the size of the African American population in five-year age groups at census dates from 1930 to 1990 using a three-part strategy. For cohorts born after 1935, we follow the U.S. Census Bureau in using classical demographic analysis. To estimate the size of cohorts born before 1895, we use extinct-generation estimates. For remaining cohorts, we implement an age/period/cohort model of census counts. All approaches are applied to a data…
Africans in the American Labor Market
The number of migrants to the United States from Africa has grown exponentially since the 1930s. For the first time in America’s history, migrants born in Africa are growing at a faster rate than migrants from any other continent. The composition of African-origin migrants has also changed dramatically: in the mid-twentieth century, the majority were white and came from only three countries; but today, about one-fifth are white, and African-origi…
Black–white differences in avoidable mortality in the USA, 1980–2005
BACKGROUND: Avoidable Mortality (AM) describes causes of death that should not occur in the presence of high-quality and timely medical treatment and from causes that can be influenced at least in part by public policy/behaviour. This study analyses black-white disparities in AM. METHODS: Mortality under age 65 was analysed from: (1) conditions amenable to medical care; (2) those sensitive to public policy and/or behaviour change; (3) ischaemic h…
Effects of Early-Life Conditions on Adult Mortality: A Review
"This paper considers the effects of health conditions in childhood on an individual's mortality risks as an adult. It examines epidemiologic evidence on some of the major mechanisms expected to create a linkage between childhood and adult mortality and reviews demographic and epidemiologic studies for evidence of the hypothesized linkages....Many empirical studies support the notion that childhood conditions play a major role in adult mortality,…
Changes in breastfeeding initiation and duration in Peru, 1977-1986
Both breastfeeding initiation and duration increased in Peru during 1977-86. Although one would have expected that the average incidence and duration of breastfeeding would have declined as a result of changes in population characteristics, the potential for an overall decline was more than overcome by changes in behavior. A net increase in initiation and duration is shown for all subgroups of interest. The largest absolute increases are document…
Estimating African-American Mortality from Inaccurate Data
This paper evaluates the quality of vital statistics and census data for estimating African-American mortality over a period of six decades. The authors employ intercensal cohort comparisons and extinct generation estimates to demonstrate that conventionally constructed African-American death rates may be seriously flawed as early as age 50. Using the crude death rate at ages 50+ for 1978-1982 in conjunction with estimated growth rates and two mo…
Are Educational Differentials in Adult Mortality Increasing in the United States
Two recent studies have compared the size of educational mortality differentials among adults in the 1980s to estimates for 1960. Both studies have concluded that educational differentials have increased for males. One study finds a similar increase for females. We reconsider this question by introducing a data source that is better suited to estimating recent differentials than either of the two that have been employed. We also evaluate the qual…
African-american mortality at older ages: Results of a matching study
In this paper we investigate the quality of age reporting on death certificates of elderly African-Americans. We link a sample of death certificates of persons age 65+ in 1985 to records for the same individuals in U.S. censuses of 1900, 1910, and 1920 and to records of the Social Security Administration. The ages at death reported on death certificates are too young on average. Errors are greater for women than for men. Despite systematic underr…
Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979-1985
The paper examines educational differentials in adult mortality in the United States within a multivariate framework using data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Survey (NLMS). As a preliminary step we compare the magnitude of educational mortality differentials in the United States to those documented in Europe. At ages 35-54, the proportionate reductions in mortality for each one year increase in schooling are similar in the United State…
Deprivation and Disease: Mortality during the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s
Consistency of Age Reporting on Death Certificates and Social Security Records among Elderly African Americans
This paper investigates the quality of age data among African Americans in two sets of government documents extensively used to study health and mortality among the elderly in the United States, namely vital statistics and Medicare/Social Security data. The analyses reveal significant inconsistencies in age reporting in the two sources. A linkage of records to a third data source, the U.S. Censuses of 1900, 1910, and 1920, reveals that Social Sec…
Cause-specific mortality among older African-Americans: Correlates and consequences of age misreporting
This paper examines the quality of age reporting on death certificates of elderly African-Americans by major causes of death. We utilize a sample of death certificates linked to early census records and to Social Security Administration records to establish a "true" age at death. We then examine the patterns, predictors, and consequences of age misreporting for major causes of death. We find a pattern of greater age misreporting among females, id…
Age-Linked Institutions and Age Reporting among Older African Americans
Linking Death Certificates to Early Census Records: The African American Matched Records Sample
(1998). Linking Death Certificates to Early Census Records: The African American Matched Records Sample. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 65-74
Reconstructing the size of the African American population by age and sex, 1930–1990
We estimate the size of the African American population in five-year age groups at census dates from 1930 to 1990 using a three-part strategy. For cohorts born after 1935, we follow the U.S. Census Bureau in using classical demographic analysis. To estimate the size of cohorts born before 1895, we use extinct-generation estimates. For remaining cohorts, we implement an age/period/cohort model of census counts. All approaches are applied to a data…
New insights into the Far Eastern pattern of mortality
Some of the highest levels of excess mortality of males found anywhere in the world were present in several Far Eastern populations during the 1960s and 1970s but have progressively disappeared since that time. This study uses cause-of-death data to determine the diseases responsible for the existence and attenuation of these sex differences in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. The results indicate that respiratory tuberculosis is the single most…
Effects of age misreporting on mortality estimates at older ages
This study examines how age misreporting typically affects estimates of mortality at older ages. We investigate the effects of three patterns of age misreporting & age overstatement, age understatement, and symmetric age misreporting & on mortality estimates at ages 40 and above. We consider five methods to estimate mortality: conventional estimates derived from vital statistics and censuses; longitudinal studies where age is identified at baseli…
Adolescent Females: Their Sexual Partners and the Fathers of Their Children
Irma T. Elo, Rosalind Berkowitz King, Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., Adolescent Females: Their Sexual Partners and the Fathers of Their Children, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 74-84
New African American Life Tables from 1935-1940 to 1985-1990
New life tables for African Americans are presented from 1935 through 1990. They are based on a historical series of vital statistics data on deaths that have been corrected for age misreporting, on reconstructed population counts that have been adjusted for census underenumeration, and on births that have been corrected for underregistration. The new life tables show rapid mortality declines for both African American males and females from 1935 …
New African American life tables from 1935–1940 to 1985–1990
New life tables for African Americans are presented from 1935 through 1990. They are based on a historical series of vital statistics data on deaths that have been corrected for age misreporting, on reconstructed population counts that have been adjusted for census underenumeration, and on births that have been corrected for underregistration. The new life tables show rapid mortality declines for both African American males and females from 1935 …
Mortality among elderly hispanics in the United States: Past evidence and new results
We used vital records and census data and Medicare and NUMIDENT records to estimate age-and sex-specific death rates for elderly non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, including five Hispanic subgroups: persons born in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, other foreign countries, and the United States. We found that corrections for data errors in vital and census records lead to substantial changes in death rates for Hispanics and that conventionally construct…
Cause-specific contributions to black-white differences in male mortality from 1960 to 1995
Between 1960 and 1995 the black-white difference in male life expectancy in the United States increased from 6.7 years to 8.2 years. To provide insights into why mortality trends have been more adverse for black men than for white men, we investigate
Neighborhood context and reproductive health
Factors Associated with Intention to Breastfeed Among Low-Income, Inner-City Pregnant Women
Cause-specific contributions to sex differences in adult mortality among whites and African Americans between 1960 and 1995
The purpose of this paper is to describe trends in sex differences in mortality in young adulthood and in middle age among African Americans and whites in the United States between 1960 and 1995. We examine trends in all-cause mortality and estimate th
The Development of a Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index
Socioeconomic differentials in mortality in Finland and the United States: The role of education and income
Black Mortality at Very Old Ages in Official US Life Tables: A Skeptical Appraisal
Demography (72 works) · Medicine (68 works) · Population (56 works) · Sociology (52 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (51 works) · Demography (45 works) · Gerontology (42 works) · Geography (34 works) · Environmental health (25 works) · Global Health Care Issues (24 works)