Toni Makkai
Biographic Data
| ID | 305635 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Toni Makkai |
| GIVEN NAMES | Toni |
| FAMILY NAME | Makkai |
| SIGNATURE | MAKKAI T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Australian National University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2446-5737 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 396 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
The effect of public opinion and politics on attitudes towards pill testing: Results from the 2019 Australian Election Study
The decline and rise of class voting? From occupation to culture in Australia
Conventional wisdom has long held that class is declining as an influence on voting. More recently, new conceptions of class, focusing on the ownership of economic assets and the possession of social and cultural capital, have challenged this view. This article evaluates these arguments in two ways. First, we examine trends in the impact of traditional measures of class on the vote in Australia from the 1960s to the present day. Second, using a 2…
Electoral Systems in Context: Australia
Australia is often characterized as “a democratic laboratory,” where a wide variety of electoral systems have been designed and implemented. Australia gave the world “the Australian ballot” (or secret ballot), and it is one of the few countries to operate an enforced system of compulsory voting. This chapter examines the evolution of the electoral systems in the lower House of Representatives and in the upper house, the Senate. Particular attenti…
Regulating Aged Care: Ritualism and the New Pyramid
This book is a major contribution to regulatory theory from three members of the world-class regulatory research group based in Australia. It marks a new development in responsive regulatory theory in which a strengths-based pyramid complements the regulatory pyramid.
Researching Transnational Crime: The Australian Institute of Criminology
The Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), an independent national agency established in 1972, reports to the Australian minister for justice and customs as well as to an independent board of management. It was created by the Australian government to (1) undertake research on crime and justice that seeks to inform government policy; and (2) actively disseminate information across a broad range of key stakeholders, ranging from the minister to…
Politics and the Mass Media: The Differential Impact of Gender
Studies of the impact of mass media on political attitudes and behavior have generally concluded that the mass media do little more than reinforce prior preferences. These studies have painted a simplistic picture of how the mass media influences the electorate. Using the 1990 Australian National Election as a test case, results show that while the mass media have a significant impact on political attitudes and voting behavior, especially among r…
Politics and the mass media: The differential impact of gender
Under the influence? Drugs and the American work force
Australian perceptions of Indonesia as a threat
The proportion of Australians who perceive Indonesia as a threat is growing. However, this analysis of the 1993 Australian Election Study indicates that the increase in perceptions of threat is primarily held by older Australians, those who hold protectionist trade views and those who are concerned about East Timor. Whether these increases are a response to events in East Timor or are long standing remains to be determined
Consensus or dissensus about welfare in post‐communist societies
The first object of this paper is to determine whether in post‐Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe there is a cross‐class consensus in favour of the collective state provision of welfare; an egoistic consensus favouring individual responsibility; or dissensus. Factor analysis of data from the New Democracies Barometer, a multinational survey in nine countries ‐ the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania,…
Social Policy and Gender in Eastern Europe
Trust and compliance∗
When regulatory inspectors trust industry, is this trust abused in a way that reduces regulatory compliance? Or does trust foster the internalization of regulatory objectives by regulated managers? Does trust build goodwill that translates into improved voluntary compliance? Data on compliance by Australian nursing homes with quality of care standards supports the latter interpretation. Nursing homes experience improved compliance after regulator…
Reintegrative Shaming and Compliance With Regulatory Standards
Australian nursing home inspection teams are partitioned into those with an enforcement ideology supportive of reintegrative shaming, those who believe in being tolerant and understanding when confronted with noncompliance with the law, and those with a more stigmatizing ideology toward noncompliers. Nursing homes visited by teams with a reintegrative shaming ideology display significantly improved compliance in the period following the inspectio…
Regulatory Styles, Motivational Postures and Nursing Home Compliance
Using Kagan and Scholz (1984) typology of regulatory noncompliance, this study examined the perceptions of regulators and of regulatees toward the regulatory encounter to predict subsequent compliance with nursing home quality of care standards. Appraisals of both regulators and regulatees were not driven by motivational analyses of each other's actions, but rather by assessments of performance and social group identity. The regulators saw nursin…
Professionalism, Organizations, and Compliance
Earlier studies haw shown that professional orientations are related to individual compliance with laws and regulations. However, no quantitative studies have focused on compliance at the organizational level and the professional orientations of the chief executive officer. Studies on dues and law breaking at the individual level have focused on professional orientations, but within an organization there are other aspects of professionalism that …
The Limits of the Economic Analysis of Regulation: An Empirical Case and a Case for Empiricism
Can the tools of the economic analysis of law be used to identify the optimal level of stringency in regulatory standards? Data on the costs of nursing home regulatory compliance suggest that in this domain such models could only produce wildly false estimates of the optimal level of stringency. Among the reasons for this are that: (a) actual costs of compliance explain only 19 percent of the variance in the subjectively expected costs that shoul…
Institutions, society or protest? Explaining invalid votes in Australian elections
In and Out of the Revolving Door: Making Sense of Regulatory Capture
The concept of regulatory capture is multidimensional according to data from Australian nursing home inspectors. There are three empirically distinct forms of capture: identification with the industry, sympathy with the particular problems that regulated firms confront in meeting standards, and absence of toughness. Inspectors who have prior senior management experience in the industry tend to be less tough in their attitudes to regulatory enforc…
Resource and Social Learning Theories of Political Participation: Ethnic Patterns in Australia
Political participation is central to liberal democracy, yet there are substantial variations in the levels of participation observable among different social groups. Empirical theories explain these variations by the different socio-economic resources individuals possess and by their resulting levels of trust and efficacy in the political system. By contrast, social learning theories see these differences in participation as stemming from the va…
Entrepreneurial Professionals: Australian Engineers, 1965-1984
Little research has been conducted on how and why workers enter self-employment. Even less research has been devoted to self-employment among professionals, despite its theoretical and practical significance. Four explanations derived from the literature - family socialisation, social marginality, bureaucratisation and attitudes and values - are tested to determine whether they predict entry into self-employment for professionals. The data are a …
Measuring social indicators in opinion surveys: A method to improve accuracy on sensitive questions
Changing Australian opinion on defence: Trends, patterns, and explanations
Peer-reviewed
Patterns of Cocaine Use in Australia, 1985–88
Cocaine has been seen as a potential social and health threat to Australia, a role it already occupies in the United States. However, the results of two national population surveys, collected in 1985 and 1988, cast doubt on this interpretation. Contrary to popular perception, they show that the proportion who report having tried cocaine has declined, not increased. There has also been a decline in the proportion who say that they would try cocain…
Criminological Theories and Regulatory Compliance
Four traditional criminological theories—opportunity, control, subcultural, and differential association—are tested for their explanatory power in accounting for organizational compliance with regulatory laws. The primary data source is interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations. Partial support is found for each theory; certain key concepts of each theory have a significant effect on regulatory compliance, net of a variety of ch…
Testing an Expected Utility Model of Corporate Deterrence
This article reports on the first quantitative perceptual deterrence study of corporate (rather than individual) deterrence. The study is based on interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations and their officially recorded compliance with regulatory standards. We find partial support for the certainty of detection as a predictor of both self-reported and officially recorded compliance but no support for the certainty or severity of …
Testing an Expected Utility Model of Corporate Deterrence
This article reports on the first quantitative perceptual deterrence study of corporate (rather than individual) deterrence. The study is based on interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations and their officially recorded compliance with regulatory standards. We find partial support for the certainty of detection as a predictor of both self-reported and officially recorded compliance but no support for the certainty or severity of …
Institutions, society or protest? Explaining invalid votes in Australian elections
In and Out of the Revolving Door: Making Sense of Regulatory Capture
The concept of regulatory capture is multidimensional according to data from Australian nursing home inspectors. There are three empirically distinct forms of capture: identification with the industry, sympathy with the particular problems that regulated firms confront in meeting standards, and absence of toughness. Inspectors who have prior senior management experience in the industry tend to be less tough in their attitudes to regulatory enforc…
Reintegrative Shaming and Compliance With Regulatory Standards
Australian nursing home inspection teams are partitioned into those with an enforcement ideology supportive of reintegrative shaming, those who believe in being tolerant and understanding when confronted with noncompliance with the law, and those with a more stigmatizing ideology toward noncompliers. Nursing homes visited by teams with a reintegrative shaming ideology display significantly improved compliance in the period following the inspectio…
Trust and compliance∗
When regulatory inspectors trust industry, is this trust abused in a way that reduces regulatory compliance? Or does trust foster the internalization of regulatory objectives by regulated managers? Does trust build goodwill that translates into improved voluntary compliance? Data on compliance by Australian nursing homes with quality of care standards supports the latter interpretation. Nursing homes experience improved compliance after regulator…
Resource and Social Learning Theories of Political Participation: Ethnic Patterns in Australia
Political participation is central to liberal democracy, yet there are substantial variations in the levels of participation observable among different social groups. Empirical theories explain these variations by the different socio-economic resources individuals possess and by their resulting levels of trust and efficacy in the political system. By contrast, social learning theories see these differences in participation as stemming from the va…
Regulatory Styles, Motivational Postures and Nursing Home Compliance
Using Kagan and Scholz (1984) typology of regulatory noncompliance, this study examined the perceptions of regulators and of regulatees toward the regulatory encounter to predict subsequent compliance with nursing home quality of care standards. Appraisals of both regulators and regulatees were not driven by motivational analyses of each other's actions, but rather by assessments of performance and social group identity. The regulators saw nursin…
Consensus or dissensus about welfare in post‐communist societies
The first object of this paper is to determine whether in post‐Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe there is a cross‐class consensus in favour of the collective state provision of welfare; an egoistic consensus favouring individual responsibility; or dissensus. Factor analysis of data from the New Democracies Barometer, a multinational survey in nine countries ‐ the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania,…
Criminological Theories and Regulatory Compliance
Four traditional criminological theories—opportunity, control, subcultural, and differential association—are tested for their explanatory power in accounting for organizational compliance with regulatory laws. The primary data source is interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations. Partial support is found for each theory; certain key concepts of each theory have a significant effect on regulatory compliance, net of a variety of ch…
Measuring social indicators in opinion surveys: A method to improve accuracy on sensitive questions
Changing Australian opinion on defence: Trends, patterns, and explanations
Peer-reviewed
Politics and the mass media: The differential impact of gender
The Limits of the Economic Analysis of Regulation: An Empirical Case and a Case for Empiricism
Can the tools of the economic analysis of law be used to identify the optimal level of stringency in regulatory standards? Data on the costs of nursing home regulatory compliance suggest that in this domain such models could only produce wildly false estimates of the optimal level of stringency. Among the reasons for this are that: (a) actual costs of compliance explain only 19 percent of the variance in the subjectively expected costs that shoul…
The decline and rise of class voting? From occupation to culture in Australia
Conventional wisdom has long held that class is declining as an influence on voting. More recently, new conceptions of class, focusing on the ownership of economic assets and the possession of social and cultural capital, have challenged this view. This article evaluates these arguments in two ways. First, we examine trends in the impact of traditional measures of class on the vote in Australia from the 1960s to the present day. Second, using a 2…
Australian perceptions of Indonesia as a threat
The proportion of Australians who perceive Indonesia as a threat is growing. However, this analysis of the 1993 Australian Election Study indicates that the increase in perceptions of threat is primarily held by older Australians, those who hold protectionist trade views and those who are concerned about East Timor. Whether these increases are a response to events in East Timor or are long standing remains to be determined
Patterns of Cocaine Use in Australia, 1985–88
Cocaine has been seen as a potential social and health threat to Australia, a role it already occupies in the United States. However, the results of two national population surveys, collected in 1985 and 1988, cast doubt on this interpretation. Contrary to popular perception, they show that the proportion who report having tried cocaine has declined, not increased. There has also been a decline in the proportion who say that they would try cocain…
Changing Australian opinion on defence: Trends, patterns, and explanations
Peer-reviewed
Patterns of Cocaine Use in Australia, 1985–88
Cocaine has been seen as a potential social and health threat to Australia, a role it already occupies in the United States. However, the results of two national population surveys, collected in 1985 and 1988, cast doubt on this interpretation. Contrary to popular perception, they show that the proportion who report having tried cocaine has declined, not increased. There has also been a decline in the proportion who say that they would try cocain…
Criminological Theories and Regulatory Compliance
Four traditional criminological theories—opportunity, control, subcultural, and differential association—are tested for their explanatory power in accounting for organizational compliance with regulatory laws. The primary data source is interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations. Partial support is found for each theory; certain key concepts of each theory have a significant effect on regulatory compliance, net of a variety of ch…
Testing an Expected Utility Model of Corporate Deterrence
This article reports on the first quantitative perceptual deterrence study of corporate (rather than individual) deterrence. The study is based on interviews with 410 chief executives of small organizations and their officially recorded compliance with regulatory standards. We find partial support for the certainty of detection as a predictor of both self-reported and officially recorded compliance but no support for the certainty or severity of …
In and Out of the Revolving Door: Making Sense of Regulatory Capture
The concept of regulatory capture is multidimensional according to data from Australian nursing home inspectors. There are three empirically distinct forms of capture: identification with the industry, sympathy with the particular problems that regulated firms confront in meeting standards, and absence of toughness. Inspectors who have prior senior management experience in the industry tend to be less tough in their attitudes to regulatory enforc…
Resource and Social Learning Theories of Political Participation: Ethnic Patterns in Australia
Political participation is central to liberal democracy, yet there are substantial variations in the levels of participation observable among different social groups. Empirical theories explain these variations by the different socio-economic resources individuals possess and by their resulting levels of trust and efficacy in the political system. By contrast, social learning theories see these differences in participation as stemming from the va…
Entrepreneurial Professionals: Australian Engineers, 1965-1984
Little research has been conducted on how and why workers enter self-employment. Even less research has been devoted to self-employment among professionals, despite its theoretical and practical significance. Four explanations derived from the literature - family socialisation, social marginality, bureaucratisation and attitudes and values - are tested to determine whether they predict entry into self-employment for professionals. The data are a …
Measuring social indicators in opinion surveys: A method to improve accuracy on sensitive questions
Professionalism, Organizations, and Compliance
Earlier studies haw shown that professional orientations are related to individual compliance with laws and regulations. However, no quantitative studies have focused on compliance at the organizational level and the professional orientations of the chief executive officer. Studies on dues and law breaking at the individual level have focused on professional orientations, but within an organization there are other aspects of professionalism that …
The Limits of the Economic Analysis of Regulation: An Empirical Case and a Case for Empiricism
Can the tools of the economic analysis of law be used to identify the optimal level of stringency in regulatory standards? Data on the costs of nursing home regulatory compliance suggest that in this domain such models could only produce wildly false estimates of the optimal level of stringency. Among the reasons for this are that: (a) actual costs of compliance explain only 19 percent of the variance in the subjectively expected costs that shoul…
Institutions, society or protest? Explaining invalid votes in Australian elections
Social Policy and Gender in Eastern Europe
Trust and compliance∗
When regulatory inspectors trust industry, is this trust abused in a way that reduces regulatory compliance? Or does trust foster the internalization of regulatory objectives by regulated managers? Does trust build goodwill that translates into improved voluntary compliance? Data on compliance by Australian nursing homes with quality of care standards supports the latter interpretation. Nursing homes experience improved compliance after regulator…
Reintegrative Shaming and Compliance With Regulatory Standards
Australian nursing home inspection teams are partitioned into those with an enforcement ideology supportive of reintegrative shaming, those who believe in being tolerant and understanding when confronted with noncompliance with the law, and those with a more stigmatizing ideology toward noncompliers. Nursing homes visited by teams with a reintegrative shaming ideology display significantly improved compliance in the period following the inspectio…
Regulatory Styles, Motivational Postures and Nursing Home Compliance
Using Kagan and Scholz (1984) typology of regulatory noncompliance, this study examined the perceptions of regulators and of regulatees toward the regulatory encounter to predict subsequent compliance with nursing home quality of care standards. Appraisals of both regulators and regulatees were not driven by motivational analyses of each other's actions, but rather by assessments of performance and social group identity. The regulators saw nursin…
Australian perceptions of Indonesia as a threat
The proportion of Australians who perceive Indonesia as a threat is growing. However, this analysis of the 1993 Australian Election Study indicates that the increase in perceptions of threat is primarily held by older Australians, those who hold protectionist trade views and those who are concerned about East Timor. Whether these increases are a response to events in East Timor or are long standing remains to be determined
Consensus or dissensus about welfare in post‐communist societies
The first object of this paper is to determine whether in post‐Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe there is a cross‐class consensus in favour of the collective state provision of welfare; an egoistic consensus favouring individual responsibility; or dissensus. Factor analysis of data from the New Democracies Barometer, a multinational survey in nine countries ‐ the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania,…
Politics and the Mass Media: The Differential Impact of Gender
Studies of the impact of mass media on political attitudes and behavior have generally concluded that the mass media do little more than reinforce prior preferences. These studies have painted a simplistic picture of how the mass media influences the electorate. Using the 1990 Australian National Election as a test case, results show that while the mass media have a significant impact on political attitudes and voting behavior, especially among r…
Politics and the mass media: The differential impact of gender
Under the influence? Drugs and the American work force
Researching Transnational Crime: The Australian Institute of Criminology
The Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), an independent national agency established in 1972, reports to the Australian minister for justice and customs as well as to an independent board of management. It was created by the Australian government to (1) undertake research on crime and justice that seeks to inform government policy; and (2) actively disseminate information across a broad range of key stakeholders, ranging from the minister to…
Regulating Aged Care: Ritualism and the New Pyramid
This book is a major contribution to regulatory theory from three members of the world-class regulatory research group based in Australia. It marks a new development in responsive regulatory theory in which a strengths-based pyramid complements the regulatory pyramid.
Electoral Systems in Context: Australia
Australia is often characterized as “a democratic laboratory,” where a wide variety of electoral systems have been designed and implemented. Australia gave the world “the Australian ballot” (or secret ballot), and it is one of the few countries to operate an enforced system of compulsory voting. This chapter examines the evolution of the electoral systems in the lower House of Representatives and in the upper house, the Senate. Particular attenti…
The decline and rise of class voting? From occupation to culture in Australia
Conventional wisdom has long held that class is declining as an influence on voting. More recently, new conceptions of class, focusing on the ownership of economic assets and the possession of social and cultural capital, have challenged this view. This article evaluates these arguments in two ways. First, we examine trends in the impact of traditional measures of class on the vote in Australia from the 1960s to the present day. Second, using a 2…
The effect of public opinion and politics on attitudes towards pill testing: Results from the 2019 Australian Election Study
Political science (23 works) · Law (17 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Law (14 works) · Psychology (13 works) · Economics (12 works) · Politics (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Public relations (8 works)