William Ming Liu
Biographic Data
| ID | 305839 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William Ming Liu |
| GIVEN NAMES | William Ming |
| FAMILY NAME | Liu |
| SIGNATURE | LIU W M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Iowa |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1407-3182 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 283 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Our stories of origins
Zine-making can facilitate our remembering of origin stories and experiential knowledge around our differential racializations within coloniality; it can illuminate who we are in relation to systemic racism and power and, importantly, how we might work toward liberatory futures for self and community. In this article, we describe how psychology can be transformed through zines and zine-making. As expressions of insurgencies, resistance, and prote…
Unexamined whiteness in the psychological study of men and masculinities
Anti-Black Racism and Asian American Local Educational Activism
In this critical race discourse analysis of legal documents and correspondence, we discuss how a small number of highly organized and visible groups of Asian American parent activists oppose admissions policy reforms intended to diversify student enrollment to specialized high schools. We identify two narratives deployed by this vocal minority: anti-Asian discrimination and Asian American exceptionalism. These narratives prioritize the historical…
Investigating the white racial equilibrium and the power‐maintenance of whiteness
The white racial equilibrium is a social, historical, and cultural location where whiteness is insulated from critique and the importance of race is largely ignored by white people. The expectation of the white racial equilibrium is one way white people define their whiteness, and this expectation protects white supremacist epistemologies and ideologies. We completed interviews with fourteen white undergraduate students to understand more about t…
Places that Feel Racist
In this 2022 Janet E. Helms Award for Mentoring and Scholarship keynote, I discuss the importance of understanding how our built-environment and our physical spaces and structures are intertwined with my conceptualization of systemic racism. I describe the problems with how we study racism, systemic racism, and context, and the limitations of how we have adapted traditional psychotherapy theories. In this paper, I propose an examination of struct…
Psychology and the Social Class Worldview
This unique textbook explores the complex topic of social class, explaining the many psychological nuances of class and classism in people’s lives as subjective and phenomenological experiences. Social class can be a deeply personal, complicated topic that is often frustrating and uncomfortable to discuss, and as such has often been a blind spot in teaching and academic literature. For the first time, Noonan and Liu look to address this in one co…
Is Multicultural Counseling Competence Outdated or Underdeveloped, or in Need of Refinement? A Response to Ridley et al
This paper provides a response to Ridley et al.’s Major Contribution on the state of multicultural counseling competence (MCC) and their proposed refinement and extension of this construct. They pose the following multiprong question: “Is multicultural counseling competence becoming outdated and supplanted, or is it underdeveloped and in need of refinement?” We use this question to examine the MCC model that Ridley et al. have proposed in this Ma…
The American Meritocracy Myth Stress
The purpose of this study is to develop the American Meritocracy Myth Stress Scale (AMMSS), capable of assessing college students’ psychological stress within the context of the pervasive myth of meritocracy. This psychological stress stems from the association between their perceptions of their own hard work and social class mobility. Underpinned by the social class worldview model-revised, American meritocracy myth stress is conceptualized as t…
Racial trauma, microaggressions, and becoming racially innocuous
Acculturation theories often describe how individuals in the United States adopt and incorporate dominant cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors such as individualism and self-reliance. Theorists tend to perceive dominant cultural values as "accessible to everyone," even though some dominant cultural values, such as preserving White racial status, are reserved for White people. In this article, the authors posit that White supremacist ideology i…
Spending as Social and Affective Coping (SSAC)
The Spending as Social and Affective Coping (SSAC) scale measures the degree to which people spend money to cope with negative affect and their social environment. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor model explaining 60.34% of the item variance: Affective Coping, Social Coping, and Spending Impulsivity. A confirmatory factor analysis in a new sample found that a hierarchical model with one primary factor and three secondary fact…
A Qualitative Study of Korean Men Experiencing Stress Due to Nonprestigious Hakbeol
Hakbeol refers to one’s place in a hierarchical undergraduate pedigree system in South Korea. This qualitative study explored 12 Korean men’s experiences with societal prejudices associated with nonprestigious hakbeol status (e.g., attending “lesser-known” universities). Considering the gender role strain paradigm and the Confucian historical context in Korea, this study attempted to illuminate psychological issues stemming from Korean men’s emph…
Mental health, permanent housing, and peer support through community living in the Fairweather Lodge
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the history of the Fairweather Lodge Program, its utility, the development of one program in a small Midwestern city, the role of psychology, and the importance of disseminating information about the program to combat homelessness. Design/methodology/approach – This paper takes a short case study approach to describing the evolution of a peer support-based housing program for individuals with seri…
On the Validity of Popular Masculinity Rating Scales with Gay Men
Vietnamese military men’s perceptions of the long-term psychological effects of reeducation camps
This study explored the long-term psychological effects of reeducation camps among 14 Vietnamese ex-military men currently living in the United States. Using Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), we investigated perceptions of masculinity, adjustment, posttraumatic stress, forgiveness, and posttraumatic growth. Qualitative results show that for these men, (a) their sense of masculinity did not diminish wh…
Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men
An Exploratory Model of Substance Use Among Asian American Women
This study explored the relationship among Asian values, depressive symptoms, perceived peer substance use, coping strategies, and substance use among 167 Asian American college women. More than 66% of the women in our sample scored higher than the clinical cutoff score on the Center of Epidemiological Depression Scale. Three path analyses examining illicit drugs, alcohol use, and binge drinking indicated that perceived peer use was the most robu…
Problem-solving appraisal, gender role conflict, help-seeking behavior, and psychological distress among men who are homeless
Men who are homeless experience pervasive psychological stressors that diminish their capacity to cope and navigate life problems. Yet some of these men possess skills, self-perceptions, and attitudes that allow them to survive. This study examined the contribution of gender role conflict, attitudes toward seeking professional help, psychological distress, and problem-solving appraisal among 126 men who are homeless. The results suggest that part…
The subjective experience of social class and upward mobility among African American men in graduate school
We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American men (Mdn(Age) = 25 years-old) in graduate school at a predominantly-White university in the Midwestern region of the United Sates regarding how they acquired awareness of their social-class status; how social class was related to their sense of masculinity; how social class was related to race and skin tone; and the role that education and a romantic…
Masculine norms, school attitudes, and psychosocial adjustment among gifted boys
Social Class and Classism in the Helping Professions
Introduction Definition and Focus The Importance of Social Class in the Helping Professions Research The Helping Professions' Poor Understanding of Social Class and Classism Sociology's Impact on the Helping Professions Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, Social Status, and Classism Social Class and Classism Multicultural Competencies Conclusion and Summary Chapter 2. Social Class, Classism, and Mental and Physical Health The Context of Social Cl…
The impact of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on Asian Americans and Asian international college students’ psychological well-being.
The current study investigated the direct and moderating effects of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on positive psychological well-being among 402 Asian American and Asian international college students. Results revealed that the racial identity statuses Internalization, Immersion-Emersion, Dissonance, Asian values and Ethnic Identity Affirmation and Belonging were significant predictors of well-being. Asia…
Masculine norms, avoidant coping, Asian values, and depression among Asian American men
Contrary to the "model minority" myth, growing research indicates that the rates of mental health problems among Asian Americans may be higher than initially assumed. This study seeks to add to the scant knowledge regarding the mental health of Asian American men by examining the role of masculine norms, coping and cultural values in predicting depression among this population (N=149). Results reveal that Asian American men who used avoidant copi…
Reported effects of masculine ideals on gay men
This exploratory study used consensual qualitative research methodology (Hill et al., 2005) to analyze what gay men associate with masculinity and femininity, how they feel masculine ideals affect their self-image, and how masculine ideals affect their same-sex relationships. Written responses were collected from 547 self-identified gay men in the U.S. via an Internet-based survey. Findings supported previous reports that perceptions of gender ro…
A qualitative examination of masculinity, homelessness, and social class among men in a transitional shelter
This study explored the intersection and meaning of homelessness, masculinity, and social class among 15 men who are homeless. Using Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), three major domains arose from the data: The Homeless Experience, Perceptions of Men and Masculinity, and Changing Social Status. Participants described (a) gaining empathy for the homeless after they became homeless; (b) economic, perso…
Social Justice and Applied Psychology
Even though many applied psychology programs embrace a philosophy of social justice, faculty members and trainers are often faced with the practical struggle of implementing a social justice training agenda. This article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing a social justice training agenda in applied psychology programs
Using Social Class in Counseling Psychology Research
Social class is an important cultural construct, but it is poorly used in research. Problems in using social class may be associated with its poor definition in previous studies; conflating between social class and socioeconomic status; using objective indices such as income, education, and occupati
Reported effects of masculine ideals on gay men
This exploratory study used consensual qualitative research methodology (Hill et al., 2005) to analyze what gay men associate with masculinity and femininity, how they feel masculine ideals affect their self-image, and how masculine ideals affect their same-sex relationships. Written responses were collected from 547 self-identified gay men in the U.S. via an Internet-based survey. Findings supported previous reports that perceptions of gender ro…
A New Framework to Understand Social Class in Counseling
Because social class and classism remain elusive constructs in psychology, this 2-part article first lays the foundation for the Social Class Worldview Model and then the Modern Classism Theory. A case example is used for illustration. The authors also provide counseling applications and recommendations for future research.Debido a que la clase social y el clasismo continuan siendo unos conceptos evasivos en la psicología, este artículo de 2 part…
Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men
This study explores the relationship between Asian values (AVS-R; Kim & Hong, 2004), Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI; Mahalik et al., 2003), Peer Substance Use, Coping Styles (Carver, 1997), and Substance Use among 154 Asian American college men. Results showed 47.9% reported consuming alcohol; 27% reported binge drinking; 8% used illicit drugs; 18% reported marijuana use; and 3% indicated cocaine use in the 30 days prior to complet…
Social Class and Classism in the Helping Professions
Introduction Definition and Focus The Importance of Social Class in the Helping Professions Research The Helping Professions' Poor Understanding of Social Class and Classism Sociology's Impact on the Helping Professions Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, Social Status, and Classism Social Class and Classism Multicultural Competencies Conclusion and Summary Chapter 2. Social Class, Classism, and Mental and Physical Health The Context of Social Cl…
White Middle-Class Privilege
Social class, classism, and privilege and their relationship to counseling have been given insufficient attention. This article defines and explores White middle-class privilege; it proffers support for its integration in a multicultural competency, as well as its intersection with race and other dimensions of multiculturalism and privilege. Implications for counseling practice plus a clinical case study illustrate the issues.La clase social, el …
Masculine norms, avoidant coping, Asian values, and depression among Asian American men
Contrary to the "model minority" myth, growing research indicates that the rates of mental health problems among Asian Americans may be higher than initially assumed. This study seeks to add to the scant knowledge regarding the mental health of Asian American men by examining the role of masculine norms, coping and cultural values in predicting depression among this population (N=149). Results reveal that Asian American men who used avoidant copi…
Asian American men's gender role conflict
Background information. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of channels permeable to water and some small solutes. In mammals, 13 members (AQPO-AQP12) have been found. AQP8 is widely distributed in many tissues and organs. Previous studies in frog oocytes suggested that AQP8 was permeable to water, urea and ammonium, but no direct characterization had yet been reported.Results. We expressed recombinant rAQP8, hAQP8 and mAQP8 (rat, human and mouse AQP8…
Social Justice and Applied Psychology
Even though many applied psychology programs embrace a philosophy of social justice, faculty members and trainers are often faced with the practical struggle of implementing a social justice training agenda. This article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing a social justice training agenda in applied psychology programs
Addressing Social Class and Classism in Vocational Theory and Practice
The emancipatory communitarian approach to vocational development is congruent with previous calls to counseling psychologists to be oriented to social justice in their research and practice. However, even in the current emancipatory communitarian approach, an implicit upward mobility bias favors some vocations. To help understand how to better apply the emancipatory communitarian approach, a social class and classism framework is incorporated to…
A qualitative examination of masculinity, homelessness, and social class among men in a transitional shelter
This study explored the intersection and meaning of homelessness, masculinity, and social class among 15 men who are homeless. Using Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), three major domains arose from the data: The Homeless Experience, Perceptions of Men and Masculinity, and Changing Social Status. Participants described (a) gaining empathy for the homeless after they became homeless; (b) economic, perso…
Anti-Black Racism and Asian American Local Educational Activism
In this critical race discourse analysis of legal documents and correspondence, we discuss how a small number of highly organized and visible groups of Asian American parent activists oppose admissions policy reforms intended to diversify student enrollment to specialized high schools. We identify two narratives deployed by this vocal minority: anti-Asian discrimination and Asian American exceptionalism. These narratives prioritize the historical…
Real and Ideal Gender-Role Conflict
Is Multicultural Counseling Competence Outdated or Underdeveloped, or in Need of Refinement? A Response to Ridley et al
This paper provides a response to Ridley et al.’s Major Contribution on the state of multicultural counseling competence (MCC) and their proposed refinement and extension of this construct. They pose the following multiprong question: “Is multicultural counseling competence becoming outdated and supplanted, or is it underdeveloped and in need of refinement?” We use this question to examine the MCC model that Ridley et al. have proposed in this Ma…
The American Meritocracy Myth Stress
The purpose of this study is to develop the American Meritocracy Myth Stress Scale (AMMSS), capable of assessing college students’ psychological stress within the context of the pervasive myth of meritocracy. This psychological stress stems from the association between their perceptions of their own hard work and social class mobility. Underpinned by the social class worldview model-revised, American meritocracy myth stress is conceptualized as t…
Masculine norms, school attitudes, and psychosocial adjustment among gifted boys
Places that Feel Racist
In this 2022 Janet E. Helms Award for Mentoring and Scholarship keynote, I discuss the importance of understanding how our built-environment and our physical spaces and structures are intertwined with my conceptualization of systemic racism. I describe the problems with how we study racism, systemic racism, and context, and the limitations of how we have adapted traditional psychotherapy theories. In this paper, I propose an examination of struct…
Problem-solving appraisal, gender role conflict, help-seeking behavior, and psychological distress among men who are homeless
Men who are homeless experience pervasive psychological stressors that diminish their capacity to cope and navigate life problems. Yet some of these men possess skills, self-perceptions, and attitudes that allow them to survive. This study examined the contribution of gender role conflict, attitudes toward seeking professional help, psychological distress, and problem-solving appraisal among 126 men who are homeless. The results suggest that part…
Multicultural Competency in Research
Research on multicultural competencies has mainly focused on the practice dimension of psychology training and practice. Little theoretical or empirical research has examined multicultural research training and self-efficacy. In this study, 119 psychology graduate students filled out a Web survey focusing on the research training environment, research self-efficacy, multicultural competency, the multicultural environment, and social desirability.…
A Qualitative Study of Korean Men Experiencing Stress Due to Nonprestigious Hakbeol
Hakbeol refers to one’s place in a hierarchical undergraduate pedigree system in South Korea. This qualitative study explored 12 Korean men’s experiences with societal prejudices associated with nonprestigious hakbeol status (e.g., attending “lesser-known” universities). Considering the gender role strain paradigm and the Confucian historical context in Korea, this study attempted to illuminate psychological issues stemming from Korean men’s emph…
Unexamined whiteness in the psychological study of men and masculinities
The subjective experience of social class and upward mobility among African American men in graduate school
We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American men (Mdn(Age) = 25 years-old) in graduate school at a predominantly-White university in the Midwestern region of the United Sates regarding how they acquired awareness of their social-class status; how social class was related to their sense of masculinity; how social class was related to race and skin tone; and the role that education and a romantic…
Becoming Asian American
In Becoming Asian American, Kibria's study explores the racial and ethnic identity development of 64 middle-class, college-educated Chinese and Korean Americans. Although limited in its coverage of other Asian American ethnicities and a broad spectrum of others outside the middle class, the book is important in its qualitative investigation of ethnic and racial identity development among a group that is constantly marked as an American "other," a…
Unveiling the Socioculturally Constructed Multivoiced Self
Reviewed by: Unveiling the Socioculturally Constructed Multivoiced Self: Themes of Self Construction and Self Integration in the Narratives of Second-Generation Korean American Adults William Ming Liu Unveiling the Socioculturally Constructed Multivoiced Self: Themes of Self Construction and Self Integration in the Narratives of Second-Generation Korean American Adults. By S. Steve Kang . New York: University Press of America, 2002. In Unveiling …
Multicultural Competency in Research
Research on multicultural competencies has mainly focused on the practice dimension of psychology training and practice. Little theoretical or empirical research has examined multicultural research training and self-efficacy. In this study, 119 psychology graduate students filled out a Web survey focusing on the research training environment, research self-efficacy, multicultural competency, the multicultural environment, and social desirability.…
Using Social Class in Counseling Psychology Research
Social class is an important cultural construct, but it is poorly used in research. Problems in using social class may be associated with its poor definition in previous studies; conflating between social class and socioeconomic status; using objective indices such as income, education, and occupati
A New Framework to Understand Social Class in Counseling
Because social class and classism remain elusive constructs in psychology, this 2-part article first lays the foundation for the Social Class Worldview Model and then the Modern Classism Theory. A case example is used for illustration. The authors also provide counseling applications and recommendations for future research.Debido a que la clase social y el clasismo continuan siendo unos conceptos evasivos en la psicología, este artículo de 2 part…
Real and Ideal Gender-Role Conflict
Addressing Social Class and Classism in Vocational Theory and Practice
The emancipatory communitarian approach to vocational development is congruent with previous calls to counseling psychologists to be oriented to social justice in their research and practice. However, even in the current emancipatory communitarian approach, an implicit upward mobility bias favors some vocations. To help understand how to better apply the emancipatory communitarian approach, a social class and classism framework is incorporated to…
Asian American men's gender role conflict
Background information. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of channels permeable to water and some small solutes. In mammals, 13 members (AQPO-AQP12) have been found. AQP8 is widely distributed in many tissues and organs. Previous studies in frog oocytes suggested that AQP8 was permeable to water, urea and ammonium, but no direct characterization had yet been reported.Results. We expressed recombinant rAQP8, hAQP8 and mAQP8 (rat, human and mouse AQP8…
Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men
This study explores the relationship between Asian values (AVS-R; Kim & Hong, 2004), Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI; Mahalik et al., 2003), Peer Substance Use, Coping Styles (Carver, 1997), and Substance Use among 154 Asian American college men. Results showed 47.9% reported consuming alcohol; 27% reported binge drinking; 8% used illicit drugs; 18% reported marijuana use; and 3% indicated cocaine use in the 30 days prior to complet…
White Middle-Class Privilege
Social class, classism, and privilege and their relationship to counseling have been given insufficient attention. This article defines and explores White middle-class privilege; it proffers support for its integration in a multicultural competency, as well as its intersection with race and other dimensions of multiculturalism and privilege. Implications for counseling practice plus a clinical case study illustrate the issues.La clase social, el …
Social Justice and Applied Psychology
Even though many applied psychology programs embrace a philosophy of social justice, faculty members and trainers are often faced with the practical struggle of implementing a social justice training agenda. This article discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing a social justice training agenda in applied psychology programs
Reported effects of masculine ideals on gay men
This exploratory study used consensual qualitative research methodology (Hill et al., 2005) to analyze what gay men associate with masculinity and femininity, how they feel masculine ideals affect their self-image, and how masculine ideals affect their same-sex relationships. Written responses were collected from 547 self-identified gay men in the U.S. via an Internet-based survey. Findings supported previous reports that perceptions of gender ro…
A qualitative examination of masculinity, homelessness, and social class among men in a transitional shelter
This study explored the intersection and meaning of homelessness, masculinity, and social class among 15 men who are homeless. Using Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), three major domains arose from the data: The Homeless Experience, Perceptions of Men and Masculinity, and Changing Social Status. Participants described (a) gaining empathy for the homeless after they became homeless; (b) economic, perso…
The impact of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on Asian Americans and Asian international college students’ psychological well-being.
The current study investigated the direct and moderating effects of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on positive psychological well-being among 402 Asian American and Asian international college students. Results revealed that the racial identity statuses Internalization, Immersion-Emersion, Dissonance, Asian values and Ethnic Identity Affirmation and Belonging were significant predictors of well-being. Asia…
Masculine norms, avoidant coping, Asian values, and depression among Asian American men
Contrary to the "model minority" myth, growing research indicates that the rates of mental health problems among Asian Americans may be higher than initially assumed. This study seeks to add to the scant knowledge regarding the mental health of Asian American men by examining the role of masculine norms, coping and cultural values in predicting depression among this population (N=149). Results reveal that Asian American men who used avoidant copi…
Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men
An Exploratory Model of Substance Use Among Asian American Women
This study explored the relationship among Asian values, depressive symptoms, perceived peer substance use, coping strategies, and substance use among 167 Asian American college women. More than 66% of the women in our sample scored higher than the clinical cutoff score on the Center of Epidemiological Depression Scale. Three path analyses examining illicit drugs, alcohol use, and binge drinking indicated that perceived peer use was the most robu…
Problem-solving appraisal, gender role conflict, help-seeking behavior, and psychological distress among men who are homeless
Men who are homeless experience pervasive psychological stressors that diminish their capacity to cope and navigate life problems. Yet some of these men possess skills, self-perceptions, and attitudes that allow them to survive. This study examined the contribution of gender role conflict, attitudes toward seeking professional help, psychological distress, and problem-solving appraisal among 126 men who are homeless. The results suggest that part…
The subjective experience of social class and upward mobility among African American men in graduate school
We used Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology to analyze responses from 14 African American men (Mdn(Age) = 25 years-old) in graduate school at a predominantly-White university in the Midwestern region of the United Sates regarding how they acquired awareness of their social-class status; how social class was related to their sense of masculinity; how social class was related to race and skin tone; and the role that education and a romantic…
Masculine norms, school attitudes, and psychosocial adjustment among gifted boys
Social Class and Classism in the Helping Professions
Introduction Definition and Focus The Importance of Social Class in the Helping Professions Research The Helping Professions' Poor Understanding of Social Class and Classism Sociology's Impact on the Helping Professions Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, Social Status, and Classism Social Class and Classism Multicultural Competencies Conclusion and Summary Chapter 2. Social Class, Classism, and Mental and Physical Health The Context of Social Cl…
Vietnamese military men’s perceptions of the long-term psychological effects of reeducation camps
This study explored the long-term psychological effects of reeducation camps among 14 Vietnamese ex-military men currently living in the United States. Using Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), we investigated perceptions of masculinity, adjustment, posttraumatic stress, forgiveness, and posttraumatic growth. Qualitative results show that for these men, (a) their sense of masculinity did not diminish wh…
On the Validity of Popular Masculinity Rating Scales with Gay Men
Mental health, permanent housing, and peer support through community living in the Fairweather Lodge
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the history of the Fairweather Lodge Program, its utility, the development of one program in a small Midwestern city, the role of psychology, and the importance of disseminating information about the program to combat homelessness. Design/methodology/approach – This paper takes a short case study approach to describing the evolution of a peer support-based housing program for individuals with seri…
A Qualitative Study of Korean Men Experiencing Stress Due to Nonprestigious Hakbeol
Hakbeol refers to one’s place in a hierarchical undergraduate pedigree system in South Korea. This qualitative study explored 12 Korean men’s experiences with societal prejudices associated with nonprestigious hakbeol status (e.g., attending “lesser-known” universities). Considering the gender role strain paradigm and the Confucian historical context in Korea, this study attempted to illuminate psychological issues stemming from Korean men’s emph…
Psychology (33 works) · Social Psychology (24 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Gender Studies (14 works) · Political science (14 works) · Clinical Psychology (12 works) · Clinical Psychology (11 works) · Gender Studies (11 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (11 works)