Monika L Mcdermott
Biographic Data
| ID | 307740 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Monika L Mcdermott |
| GIVEN NAMES | Monika L |
| FAMILY NAME | Mcdermott |
| SIGNATURE | MCDERMOTT M L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Fordham University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4207-4705 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1106 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Partisanship and the Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy
Has partisan polarization reached the stage that it now affects Americans' decisions whether or not to get vaccinated against a pervasive and deadly virus such as COVID-19? To date, the evidence has largely been hypothetical—collected before the vaccine was widely available—superficial, or contradictory. Using two original surveys conducted at two different time periods after vaccines became available, this study represents one of the first effor…
Gender, Sex, and Trust in Government
As Americans’ trust in their government—most specifically Congress—has declined over the past half century, it has become increasingly important to answer the question of who does or does not trust government and why. Trust research tends to take for granted that sex affects trust—most studies control for it—but results have been mixed. This could be because researchers have been looking at the wrong aspect of gender, relying on the traditional d…
Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior
This book presents a unique analysis of the effects of individuals' gendered personality traits on their political attitudes and behavior. The empirical analyses demonstrate that, regardless of biological sex, individuals' levels of masculine and feminine personality traits help to determine their party identification, vote choice, ideology, and political engagement.
Be All that You Can Be: The Electoral Impact of Military Service as an Information Cue
Former military service has long been considered a plus for the résumé of a political candidate, presumably because voters may rely on this information as a shortcut by which to make inferences about the candidates and cast ballots accordingly. Previous research has demonstrated that such heuristics frequently affect vote decisions, but few studies have examined the impact of candidates’ military background on support at the polls; moreover, exis…
Talking the Talk but Not Walking the Walk: Public Reactions to Hypocrisy in Political Scandal
Aggregate, survey, and experimental research into political scandal teaches us how the public reacts to revelations of misdeeds on behalf of its elected representatives. One common scenario, however, has been largely overlooked in scandal studies: the effects of hypocrisy in scandal. Examples abound of politicians who campaign on values that they then directly betray with their actions in office. Conventional wisdom, however, holds that such hypo…
Barack Obama and Americans’ Racial Attitudes: Rallying and Polarization
During the 2008 presidential election, and briefly following it, researchers and pundits wondered whether the election of America's first African-American President could create a post-racial America. But while political scientists have done much to analyze the election itself, we remain largely uninformed about the potential long-term effects of the Obama presidency on racial attitudes in America. This paper addresses the effects of the Obama pr…
The Salience of the Democratic Congress and the 2010 Elections
The results of the 2010 congressional elections were indeed historic. The loss of 63 seats by the Democrats was the biggest electoral loss by any party since 1948, making the more recent 1994 and 2006 turnovers pale by comparison. The question that political scientists naturally ask after an event of this magnitude is—why? This article addresses this question by analyzing the role played by the public's attitudes toward Congress
Religious Stereotyping and Voter Support for Evangelical Candidates
While much important research exists on the topic of religion and politics, very little exists on candidate religious affiliation and its potential effect on voters' behavior. This article addresses the issue of candidate religion from the point of view that it acts as an information cue for voters in elections through trait and belief stereotypes. Using a case study of hypothetical evangelical Christian candidates and an original experimental da…
Voting for myself: Candidate and voter group associations over time
Judging a Book by its Cover: Did Perceptions of the 1996 US Welfare Reforms Affect Public Support for Spending on the Poor
Research into public policy and public opinion demonstrates ample evidence that opinion affects policy, but relatively limited empirical findings regarding how policy might affect opinion: a process dubbed policy feedback. Much of the literature examines aggregate reactions to policy, while related public opinion research emphasises individual findings driven primarily by party affiliation or political ideology. This article takes the research on…
Symbolism Versus Policy Learning: Public Opinion of the 1996 U.S. Welfare Reforms
The logic of democracy rests on the assumption that policymakers respond to public preferences, which, in turn, respond to policy developments. We address the question of how policy might affect public opinion by analyzing public opinion before and after the 1996 U.S. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. We hypothesized that changes made by the legislation would have improved opinions of welfare recipients. Using U.S. …
Measuring Opinions vs. Non-Opinions - The Case of the USA Patriot Act
The public polling industry frequently faces the challenge of measuring and reporting opinions on topical policy issues about which the public may be uninformed or confused. These situations present a true challenge to pollsters who, through the process of polling itself, could end up manufacturing, rather than measuring, public opinion. Multiple studies have addressed the problems with manufacturing opinions on fictional issues, but none have ad…
Voting for Catholic Candidates: The Evolution of a Stereotype
Objectives. This article looks at the effects of candidate Catholicism on individual voters, turning the traditional inquiry into voters ' religion on its head. Specifically, it hypothesizes that individuals stereotype Catholic candidates based on the voting behavior of Catholics in general, and that these stereotypes help voters make a decision in elections with Catholic candidates. Methods. Using data from the American National Election Studies…
Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues
Endorsements by groups in American politics have typically been studied as voting cues only for members of the given organization. Using both the formal theoretical and low-information cognitive voting literatures, this article argues for a broader electoral role for group endorsements. Specifically, if groups that have clear ideological or policy preferences endorse candidates, these endorsements should provide all voters with ideological or iss…
Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts
Voters in low-information elections frequently rely on heuristics or information shortcuts when making their decisions of whom to support. While existing research on these shortcuts has examined many candidate characteristics, it has largely overlooked the potential of candidate occupational cues. This article uses experimental survey data conducted by the Los Angeles Times Poll in the 1994 statewide elections in California to analyze whether can…
Congressional Performance, Incumbent Behavior, and Voting in Senate Elections
Conventional wisdom suggests that individual members of Congress have no real incentive to act in ways that might improve public evaluations of their collective body. In particular, the literature provides no clear evidence that public evaluations of Congress affect individual races for Congress, and little reason to expect that voters would hold specific individuals responsible for the institution's performance. We suggest that this conventional…
The Responsible Party Government Model in House and Senate Elections
Responsible party government theory requires that voters hold parties electorally accountable for their performance in control of government. Existing literature suggests that voters do this only to a limited extent—holding the presidential party's candidates responsible for government performance on Election Day. While this method of voting may hold the executive accountable for his performance, it is not really an effective way to hold the part…
The Polls--Review
Journal Article Review: Horserace Polling and Survey Method Effects: An Analysis of the 2000 Campaign Get access MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT, MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244–264, https://doi.org/10.1086/374574 P…
Do Public Evaluations Of Congress Matter: Retrospective Voting in Congressional Elections
Although recent research has made great strides in explaining the causes of public approval or disapproval of Congress, there has been little evidence that evaluations of Congress have had any demonstrable effects on the political system. In fact, the literature suggests that individual members are largely insulated from public judgments of Congress. In contrast, we show that attitudes toward congressional performance affect outcomes in congressi…
Ideological Distance from the Majority Party and Public Approval of Congress
We analyze whether or not perceived ideological distance from the congressional majority party influences individuals' approval of the way Congress as a whole handles its job. We argue that, to the extent citizens see the majority party as representing an ideological stance that is distant from their own, they are unlikely to feel that Congress is representing them and therefore will be less supportive toward Congress. In contrast, when members o…
Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections
Previous research has demonstrated that in low-information elections voters compensate for a lack of information by taking informational short-cuts, based on candidate cues, to make voting decisions. To date, this research has focused on candidate party identification and incumbency cues. This article argues that candidate demographic cues, specifically race and gender, also play an influential role. Unlike past psychological research that focuse…
Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections
Theory: Theories of low-information voting are used to examine the effect of candidate demographic characteristics on voting behavior, specifically candidate gender. Hypotheses: For voters in low-information elections, candidate gender operates as a social information cue signaling that women candidates are more liberal than men candidates of the same party. As a result, the gender of a candidate affects ideological voting. Method: Logistic regre…
Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections
Previous research has demonstrated that in low-information elections voters compensate for a lack of information by taking informational short-cuts, based on candidate cues, to make voting decisions. To date, this research has focused on candidate party identification and incumbency cues. This article argues that candidate demographic cues, specifically race and gender, also play an influential role. Unlike past psychological research that focuse…
Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections
Theory: Theories of low-information voting are used to examine the effect of candidate demographic characteristics on voting behavior, specifically candidate gender. Hypotheses: For voters in low-information elections, candidate gender operates as a social information cue signaling that women candidates are more liberal than men candidates of the same party. As a result, the gender of a candidate affects ideological voting. Method: Logistic regre…
Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts
Voters in low-information elections frequently rely on heuristics or information shortcuts when making their decisions of whom to support. While existing research on these shortcuts has examined many candidate characteristics, it has largely overlooked the potential of candidate occupational cues. This article uses experimental survey data conducted by the Los Angeles Times Poll in the 1994 statewide elections in California to analyze whether can…
Religious Stereotyping and Voter Support for Evangelical Candidates
While much important research exists on the topic of religion and politics, very little exists on candidate religious affiliation and its potential effect on voters' behavior. This article addresses the issue of candidate religion from the point of view that it acts as an information cue for voters in elections through trait and belief stereotypes. Using a case study of hypothetical evangelical Christian candidates and an original experimental da…
Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues
Endorsements by groups in American politics have typically been studied as voting cues only for members of the given organization. Using both the formal theoretical and low-information cognitive voting literatures, this article argues for a broader electoral role for group endorsements. Specifically, if groups that have clear ideological or policy preferences endorse candidates, these endorsements should provide all voters with ideological or iss…
Voting for myself: Candidate and voter group associations over time
The Responsible Party Government Model in House and Senate Elections
Responsible party government theory requires that voters hold parties electorally accountable for their performance in control of government. Existing literature suggests that voters do this only to a limited extent—holding the presidential party's candidates responsible for government performance on Election Day. While this method of voting may hold the executive accountable for his performance, it is not really an effective way to hold the part…
Be All that You Can Be: The Electoral Impact of Military Service as an Information Cue
Former military service has long been considered a plus for the résumé of a political candidate, presumably because voters may rely on this information as a shortcut by which to make inferences about the candidates and cast ballots accordingly. Previous research has demonstrated that such heuristics frequently affect vote decisions, but few studies have examined the impact of candidates’ military background on support at the polls; moreover, exis…
Voting for Catholic Candidates: The Evolution of a Stereotype
Objectives. This article looks at the effects of candidate Catholicism on individual voters, turning the traditional inquiry into voters ' religion on its head. Specifically, it hypothesizes that individuals stereotype Catholic candidates based on the voting behavior of Catholics in general, and that these stereotypes help voters make a decision in elections with Catholic candidates. Methods. Using data from the American National Election Studies…
Ideological Distance from the Majority Party and Public Approval of Congress
We analyze whether or not perceived ideological distance from the congressional majority party influences individuals' approval of the way Congress as a whole handles its job. We argue that, to the extent citizens see the majority party as representing an ideological stance that is distant from their own, they are unlikely to feel that Congress is representing them and therefore will be less supportive toward Congress. In contrast, when members o…
Talking the Talk but Not Walking the Walk: Public Reactions to Hypocrisy in Political Scandal
Aggregate, survey, and experimental research into political scandal teaches us how the public reacts to revelations of misdeeds on behalf of its elected representatives. One common scenario, however, has been largely overlooked in scandal studies: the effects of hypocrisy in scandal. Examples abound of politicians who campaign on values that they then directly betray with their actions in office. Conventional wisdom, however, holds that such hypo…
Do Public Evaluations Of Congress Matter: Retrospective Voting in Congressional Elections
Although recent research has made great strides in explaining the causes of public approval or disapproval of Congress, there has been little evidence that evaluations of Congress have had any demonstrable effects on the political system. In fact, the literature suggests that individual members are largely insulated from public judgments of Congress. In contrast, we show that attitudes toward congressional performance affect outcomes in congressi…
Partisanship and the Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy
Has partisan polarization reached the stage that it now affects Americans' decisions whether or not to get vaccinated against a pervasive and deadly virus such as COVID-19? To date, the evidence has largely been hypothetical—collected before the vaccine was widely available—superficial, or contradictory. Using two original surveys conducted at two different time periods after vaccines became available, this study represents one of the first effor…
Symbolism Versus Policy Learning: Public Opinion of the 1996 U.S. Welfare Reforms
The logic of democracy rests on the assumption that policymakers respond to public preferences, which, in turn, respond to policy developments. We address the question of how policy might affect public opinion by analyzing public opinion before and after the 1996 U.S. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. We hypothesized that changes made by the legislation would have improved opinions of welfare recipients. Using U.S. …
Congressional Performance, Incumbent Behavior, and Voting in Senate Elections
Conventional wisdom suggests that individual members of Congress have no real incentive to act in ways that might improve public evaluations of their collective body. In particular, the literature provides no clear evidence that public evaluations of Congress affect individual races for Congress, and little reason to expect that voters would hold specific individuals responsible for the institution's performance. We suggest that this conventional…
Gender, Sex, and Trust in Government
As Americans’ trust in their government—most specifically Congress—has declined over the past half century, it has become increasingly important to answer the question of who does or does not trust government and why. Trust research tends to take for granted that sex affects trust—most studies control for it—but results have been mixed. This could be because researchers have been looking at the wrong aspect of gender, relying on the traditional d…
Barack Obama and Americans’ Racial Attitudes: Rallying and Polarization
During the 2008 presidential election, and briefly following it, researchers and pundits wondered whether the election of America's first African-American President could create a post-racial America. But while political scientists have done much to analyze the election itself, we remain largely uninformed about the potential long-term effects of the Obama presidency on racial attitudes in America. This paper addresses the effects of the Obama pr…
The Salience of the Democratic Congress and the 2010 Elections
The results of the 2010 congressional elections were indeed historic. The loss of 63 seats by the Democrats was the biggest electoral loss by any party since 1948, making the more recent 1994 and 2006 turnovers pale by comparison. The question that political scientists naturally ask after an event of this magnitude is—why? This article addresses this question by analyzing the role played by the public's attitudes toward Congress
The Polls--Review
Journal Article Review: Horserace Polling and Survey Method Effects: An Analysis of the 2000 Campaign Get access MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT, MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244–264, https://doi.org/10.1086/374574 P…
Judging a Book by its Cover: Did Perceptions of the 1996 US Welfare Reforms Affect Public Support for Spending on the Poor
Research into public policy and public opinion demonstrates ample evidence that opinion affects policy, but relatively limited empirical findings regarding how policy might affect opinion: a process dubbed policy feedback. Much of the literature examines aggregate reactions to policy, while related public opinion research emphasises individual findings driven primarily by party affiliation or political ideology. This article takes the research on…
Measuring Opinions vs. Non-Opinions - The Case of the USA Patriot Act
The public polling industry frequently faces the challenge of measuring and reporting opinions on topical policy issues about which the public may be uninformed or confused. These situations present a true challenge to pollsters who, through the process of polling itself, could end up manufacturing, rather than measuring, public opinion. Multiple studies have addressed the problems with manufacturing opinions on fictional issues, but none have ad…
Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections
Theory: Theories of low-information voting are used to examine the effect of candidate demographic characteristics on voting behavior, specifically candidate gender. Hypotheses: For voters in low-information elections, candidate gender operates as a social information cue signaling that women candidates are more liberal than men candidates of the same party. As a result, the gender of a candidate affects ideological voting. Method: Logistic regre…
Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections
Previous research has demonstrated that in low-information elections voters compensate for a lack of information by taking informational short-cuts, based on candidate cues, to make voting decisions. To date, this research has focused on candidate party identification and incumbency cues. This article argues that candidate demographic cues, specifically race and gender, also play an influential role. Unlike past psychological research that focuse…
Ideological Distance from the Majority Party and Public Approval of Congress
We analyze whether or not perceived ideological distance from the congressional majority party influences individuals' approval of the way Congress as a whole handles its job. We argue that, to the extent citizens see the majority party as representing an ideological stance that is distant from their own, they are unlikely to feel that Congress is representing them and therefore will be less supportive toward Congress. In contrast, when members o…
The Polls--Review
Journal Article Review: Horserace Polling and Survey Method Effects: An Analysis of the 2000 Campaign Get access MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT, MONIKA L. MCDERMOTT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC KATHLEEN A. FRANKOVIC Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244–264, https://doi.org/10.1086/374574 P…
Do Public Evaluations Of Congress Matter: Retrospective Voting in Congressional Elections
Although recent research has made great strides in explaining the causes of public approval or disapproval of Congress, there has been little evidence that evaluations of Congress have had any demonstrable effects on the political system. In fact, the literature suggests that individual members are largely insulated from public judgments of Congress. In contrast, we show that attitudes toward congressional performance affect outcomes in congressi…
The Responsible Party Government Model in House and Senate Elections
Responsible party government theory requires that voters hold parties electorally accountable for their performance in control of government. Existing literature suggests that voters do this only to a limited extent—holding the presidential party's candidates responsible for government performance on Election Day. While this method of voting may hold the executive accountable for his performance, it is not really an effective way to hold the part…
Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts
Voters in low-information elections frequently rely on heuristics or information shortcuts when making their decisions of whom to support. While existing research on these shortcuts has examined many candidate characteristics, it has largely overlooked the potential of candidate occupational cues. This article uses experimental survey data conducted by the Los Angeles Times Poll in the 1994 statewide elections in California to analyze whether can…
Congressional Performance, Incumbent Behavior, and Voting in Senate Elections
Conventional wisdom suggests that individual members of Congress have no real incentive to act in ways that might improve public evaluations of their collective body. In particular, the literature provides no clear evidence that public evaluations of Congress affect individual races for Congress, and little reason to expect that voters would hold specific individuals responsible for the institution's performance. We suggest that this conventional…
Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues
Endorsements by groups in American politics have typically been studied as voting cues only for members of the given organization. Using both the formal theoretical and low-information cognitive voting literatures, this article argues for a broader electoral role for group endorsements. Specifically, if groups that have clear ideological or policy preferences endorse candidates, these endorsements should provide all voters with ideological or iss…
Measuring Opinions vs. Non-Opinions - The Case of the USA Patriot Act
The public polling industry frequently faces the challenge of measuring and reporting opinions on topical policy issues about which the public may be uninformed or confused. These situations present a true challenge to pollsters who, through the process of polling itself, could end up manufacturing, rather than measuring, public opinion. Multiple studies have addressed the problems with manufacturing opinions on fictional issues, but none have ad…
Voting for Catholic Candidates: The Evolution of a Stereotype
Objectives. This article looks at the effects of candidate Catholicism on individual voters, turning the traditional inquiry into voters ' religion on its head. Specifically, it hypothesizes that individuals stereotype Catholic candidates based on the voting behavior of Catholics in general, and that these stereotypes help voters make a decision in elections with Catholic candidates. Methods. Using data from the American National Election Studies…
Judging a Book by its Cover: Did Perceptions of the 1996 US Welfare Reforms Affect Public Support for Spending on the Poor
Research into public policy and public opinion demonstrates ample evidence that opinion affects policy, but relatively limited empirical findings regarding how policy might affect opinion: a process dubbed policy feedback. Much of the literature examines aggregate reactions to policy, while related public opinion research emphasises individual findings driven primarily by party affiliation or political ideology. This article takes the research on…
Symbolism Versus Policy Learning: Public Opinion of the 1996 U.S. Welfare Reforms
The logic of democracy rests on the assumption that policymakers respond to public preferences, which, in turn, respond to policy developments. We address the question of how policy might affect public opinion by analyzing public opinion before and after the 1996 U.S. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. We hypothesized that changes made by the legislation would have improved opinions of welfare recipients. Using U.S. …
Religious Stereotyping and Voter Support for Evangelical Candidates
While much important research exists on the topic of religion and politics, very little exists on candidate religious affiliation and its potential effect on voters' behavior. This article addresses the issue of candidate religion from the point of view that it acts as an information cue for voters in elections through trait and belief stereotypes. Using a case study of hypothetical evangelical Christian candidates and an original experimental da…
Voting for myself: Candidate and voter group associations over time
The Salience of the Democratic Congress and the 2010 Elections
The results of the 2010 congressional elections were indeed historic. The loss of 63 seats by the Democrats was the biggest electoral loss by any party since 1948, making the more recent 1994 and 2006 turnovers pale by comparison. The question that political scientists naturally ask after an event of this magnitude is—why? This article addresses this question by analyzing the role played by the public's attitudes toward Congress
Barack Obama and Americans’ Racial Attitudes: Rallying and Polarization
During the 2008 presidential election, and briefly following it, researchers and pundits wondered whether the election of America's first African-American President could create a post-racial America. But while political scientists have done much to analyze the election itself, we remain largely uninformed about the potential long-term effects of the Obama presidency on racial attitudes in America. This paper addresses the effects of the Obama pr…
Be All that You Can Be: The Electoral Impact of Military Service as an Information Cue
Former military service has long been considered a plus for the résumé of a political candidate, presumably because voters may rely on this information as a shortcut by which to make inferences about the candidates and cast ballots accordingly. Previous research has demonstrated that such heuristics frequently affect vote decisions, but few studies have examined the impact of candidates’ military background on support at the polls; moreover, exis…
Talking the Talk but Not Walking the Walk: Public Reactions to Hypocrisy in Political Scandal
Aggregate, survey, and experimental research into political scandal teaches us how the public reacts to revelations of misdeeds on behalf of its elected representatives. One common scenario, however, has been largely overlooked in scandal studies: the effects of hypocrisy in scandal. Examples abound of politicians who campaign on values that they then directly betray with their actions in office. Conventional wisdom, however, holds that such hypo…
Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior
This book presents a unique analysis of the effects of individuals' gendered personality traits on their political attitudes and behavior. The empirical analyses demonstrate that, regardless of biological sex, individuals' levels of masculine and feminine personality traits help to determine their party identification, vote choice, ideology, and political engagement.
Partisanship and the Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy
Has partisan polarization reached the stage that it now affects Americans' decisions whether or not to get vaccinated against a pervasive and deadly virus such as COVID-19? To date, the evidence has largely been hypothetical—collected before the vaccine was widely available—superficial, or contradictory. Using two original surveys conducted at two different time periods after vaccines became available, this study represents one of the first effor…
Gender, Sex, and Trust in Government
As Americans’ trust in their government—most specifically Congress—has declined over the past half century, it has become increasingly important to answer the question of who does or does not trust government and why. Trust research tends to take for granted that sex affects trust—most studies control for it—but results have been mixed. This could be because researchers have been looking at the wrong aspect of gender, relying on the traditional d…
Political science (22 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (20 works) · Law (20 works) · Politics (19 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Economics (8 works)