Christian Leuprecht
Biographic Data
| ID | 310090 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Christian Leuprecht |
| GIVEN NAMES | Christian |
| FAMILY NAME | Leuprecht |
| SIGNATURE | LEUPRECHT C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Royal Military College of Canada |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9498-4749 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 52 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Art or Asset? Criminogenic Accelerants of Financial Crime and Money Laundering in Digital Markets
By blurring the boundary between art and financial assets, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have created regulatory ambiguity and criminogenic vulnerabilities in digital markets. The article applies the Howey Test to an original dataset of NFT-related cases that involve financial crime. As it turns out, functionally NFTs often resemble securities: they are characterized by information asymmetries, speculative dynamics, and weak oversight. These structu…
Criminalized Sovereignty: State Capture and Systemic Corruption Embedded in Economic Globalization
How are elites able to capture a state and offshore exorbitant ill-gotten gains for years, with relative impunity, and with complicity from financial institutions? The conventional ontology of territory provides a possible clue: criminalized sovereignty. Both state and non-state organized criminal activities involve systemic corruption. They then exploit the logic of transnational mobility to launder illicit gains offshore. Yet, by design, state …
Officers and Civilians: A Civil–Military Gap in Canadian National Security? A Research Note
This research note measures the political attitudes held by Canadian Military Colleges (CMC) graduates, as compared with the general population on issues related to Canadian democratic life. It employs survey data from a sample of over 1000 alumni of CMCs, complemented by data on the general population from the 2021 Canadian Election Study. The results show that CMC graduates tend to be more interested in politics and have higher levels of politi…
Military Operations in Response to Domestic Emergencies and Global Pandemics: Implications for Civil-Military Relations
An Empirical Comparison of the Profiles of Security Threat Group Offenders with General Offenders
Datasets of offender attributes, both pre-custody and in-custody, were provided by the Correctional Service of Canada with the goal of exploring whether Security Threat Group (STG) offenders (informally, gang members of various kinds) differ in any systematic way from other offenders. For pre-custody attributes, we show that the entire offender population varies along two almost independent axes, one associated with affinity for violence, and the…
Detecting, disrupting and deterring sexual exploitation of trafficked persons: Leveraging beneficial ownership registries to reduce criminogenic information asymmetry and raise public expectations
Beneficial ownership disclosure laws address information asymmetries that enable financial crime. The domain awareness beneficial ownership registries afford enables detection, disruption and deterrence of proceeds of crime from being laundered through corporate vehicles, such as shell and front companies. In Australia and Canada, beneficial ownership regime reforms are now on the political agenda. But how best to balance privacy considerations a…
Linguistic models of abusive language
Abusive language and hate speech that incites violence is a growing problem for governments trying to manage social media posts on the internet. Such language incites civil disorder by angering target individuals and groups, and tends to reinforce the identity and cohesiveness of those who use it. Abusive language is an intelligence target because it can be a leading indicator of violence. Black box predictors can achieve high accuracy but they r…
Polar Cousins: Comparing Antarctic and Arctic Geostrategic Futures
Patterns in Border Security: Regional Comparisons
International audience
Polar Cousins: Comparative Perspectives on Antarctic and Arctic Geostrategic Futures
New opportunities in common security and defence policy: Joining Pesco
Responding to concerns about burden-sharing and aiming to improve internal defence cooperation, act more quickly and harness resource synergies, the European Union (EU) initiated the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in 2017. PESCO, however, is controversial. On the one hand, the United States (US) wants greater burden-sharing by European allies whilst concerned about greater European military autarky that would undermine US influence over…
Copresence networks: Criminals in their environment
Patterns in nascent, ascendant and mature border security: Regional comparisons in transgovernmental coordination, cooperation, and collaboration
This special issue raises the prospect of trust-based determinants of security communities other than cultural similarity. The case studies in this special issue document the emergence of cross-border and transgovernmental policy and enforcement networks that facilitate policy development, implementation and alignment through coordination, cooperation, and collaboration: nascent communities coordinate, ascendant communities coordinate and coopera…
The United States–Canada security community: A case study in mature border management
Canada and the US The United States and Canada have a long tradition of bilateral and binational security coordination, cooperation and collaboration. This is evident in a vast and growing number of transgovernmental networks that facilitate and enable policy alignment and parallelism in defence, border security, intelligence and counter-terrorism. The security community has mastered coordination and cooperation. The US–Canada relationship is bas…
Securing cross-border collaboration: Transgovernmental enforcement networks, organized crime and illicit international political economy
In a globalizing world, cross-border enforcement networks are rapidly emerging as important mechanisms to tackle illicit transnational markets. As a relatively recent mode of cross-border governance, both the IPE and public policy literatures have only just begun to explore the dynamics and implications of cross-border policy networks in general and security networks in particular. Cross-border enforcement networks are similar to current IPE conc…
The Diffusion and Permeability of Political Violence in North and West Africa
This article explores the spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa by endeavoring to represent a group leader's mental landscape as he contemplates strategic targeting. We assume that this representation is a combination of the physical and social geography of the target environment, and the mental and physical cost of following a seemingly random pattern of attacks. Focusing on the distance and time between a…
Political Fragmentation and Alliances among Armed Non-state Actors in North and Western Africa (1997-2014)
Drawing on a collection of open source data, the article uses network analysis to represent alliances and conflicts among 179 organizations involved in violence in North and Western Africa between 1997 and 2014. Owing to the fundamentally relational nature of internecine violence, this article investigates the way the structural positions of conflicting parties affect their ability to resort to political violence. To this end, we combine two spec…
The Damoclean sword of offensive cyber: Policy uncertainty and collective insecurity
Cyberspace is a new domain of operation, with its own characteristics. Cyber weapons differ qualitatively from kinetic ones: They generate effects by non-kinetic means through information, technology, and networks. Their properties, opportunities, and constraints are comparable to the qualitative difference between conventional and nuclear weapons. New weapons and their target sets in a new domain raise a series of unresolved policy challenges at…
Paying it forward: Canada's renewed commitment to Nato's enhanced Forward Presence
Although the dissolution of the Soviet Union may have altered the founding Cold War rationale for NATO, the fundamental principle of the transatlantic alliance has prevailed for 70 years: the collective defence of shared interests. In the face of Russian aggression, and uncertainty about US continued commitment to the alliance, reinforcing NATO has emerged as Canada's top expeditionary defence priority. Indeed, just before the NATO summit in July…
Determinants of Cross-Border Cooperation
The cities of Narva, Estonia and Ivangorod, Russia are separated physically by the Narva River—and by an imposing border regime. By contrast, prior to 1991 they were joined by a bridge and shared r
Spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa: Addressing Transnational Extremist Organizations
This chapter explores the spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa since 1997. Focusing on the distance and time between attacks and taking into consideration the transaction costs that state boundaries impose, the contribution analyzes what induces a group leader to attack at a location other than the one that would seem to yield the greatest overt payoff. The result is a “map” of North and West Africa that r…
Hezbollah's Global Tentacles: A Relational Approach to Convergence with Transnational Organized Crime
That terrorists, criminals, and their facilitators exploit the global marketplace is well known. While the global movement of illicit goods is well documented, robust empirical evidence linking terrorism and organized crime remains elusive. This article posits Network Science as a means of making these links more apparent. As a critical case study, Hezbollah is quite possibly the most mature globalized terrorist organization, although it thinks o…
The puzzling resilience of transnational organized criminal networks
Why is transnational organized crime so difficult to dismantle? While organized crime networks within states have received some attention, actual transnational operations have not. In this article, we study the transnational drug and gun trafficking operations of the Shower Posse, a violent international organized crime syndicate based in Jamaica, whose resilience proves particularly puzzling. We were curious to know whether there is any evidence…
Beyond the Castle Model of cyber-risk and cyber-security
The predominant metaphor for secure computing today is modeled on ever higher, ever better layers of walls. This article explains why that approach is as outmoded for cyber security today as it became for physical security centuries ago. Three forces are undermining the Castle Model as a practical security solution. First, organizations themselves tear down their walls and make their gateways more porous because it pays off in terms of better agi…
Abstenerse del terror: La paradoja de la no violencia en el Sáhara Occidental
En el Sáhara Occidental, antigua colonia española ocupada por Marruecos desde 1975, no ha habido prácticamente ninguna resistencia violenta por parte del pueblo indígena saharaui desde el final de la guerra de 1975-1991 entre Marruecos y el Frente Polisario. La ausencia de violencia sorprende por varios factores: amplio apoyo de la población a la independencia, disparidades sociales y económicas entre marroquíes y saharauis, así como una brutal r…
Determinants of Cross-Border Cooperation
The cities of Narva, Estonia and Ivangorod, Russia are separated physically by the Narva River—and by an imposing border regime. By contrast, prior to 1991 they were joined by a bridge and shared r
Beyond the Castle Model of cyber-risk and cyber-security
The predominant metaphor for secure computing today is modeled on ever higher, ever better layers of walls. This article explains why that approach is as outmoded for cyber security today as it became for physical security centuries ago. Three forces are undermining the Castle Model as a practical security solution. First, organizations themselves tear down their walls and make their gateways more porous because it pays off in terms of better agi…
The Tory Fragment in Canada: Endangered Species
Decades after Gad Horowitz's seminal article first appeared in 1966 in the Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, fragment theory's capacity to make sense of phenomena for which it might otherwise be difficult to account, still appears relevant. Support for the Reform party/Canadian Alliance is most robust in provinces marked by immigration from the western United States. By contrast, provinces where United Empire Loyalists settled …
Securing cross-border collaboration: Transgovernmental enforcement networks, organized crime and illicit international political economy
In a globalizing world, cross-border enforcement networks are rapidly emerging as important mechanisms to tackle illicit transnational markets. As a relatively recent mode of cross-border governance, both the IPE and public policy literatures have only just begun to explore the dynamics and implications of cross-border policy networks in general and security networks in particular. Cross-border enforcement networks are similar to current IPE conc…
The Puzzle of Nonviolence in Western Sahara
Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that has been controlled by Morocco since 1975, has seen virtually no violent resistance by the indigenous Sahrawi people since the conclusion of a 1975–1991 war between Morocco and the pro-independence Polisario Front. That lack of political violence is puzzling in light of several factors, including broad support for independence, socio-economic disparities between Moroccan and Sahrawi inhabitants and Mor…
The Diffusion and Permeability of Political Violence in North and West Africa
This article explores the spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa by endeavoring to represent a group leader's mental landscape as he contemplates strategic targeting. We assume that this representation is a combination of the physical and social geography of the target environment, and the mental and physical cost of following a seemingly random pattern of attacks. Focusing on the distance and time between a…
Political Fragmentation and Alliances among Armed Non-state Actors in North and Western Africa (1997-2014)
Drawing on a collection of open source data, the article uses network analysis to represent alliances and conflicts among 179 organizations involved in violence in North and Western Africa between 1997 and 2014. Owing to the fundamentally relational nature of internecine violence, this article investigates the way the structural positions of conflicting parties affect their ability to resort to political violence. To this end, we combine two spec…
Fixed Election Cycles: A Genuine Alternative to Responsible and Responsive Government
Canada's federal government and several provinces have recently moved to fixed election cycles on the assumption that the ability to pick the election date endogenously (1) gives the incumbent government an unfair advantage and (2) curbs the discretionary powers of the Governor General. Electoral opportunism is posited as a problem that fixed election cycles will remedy by virtue of ensuring greater turnover among governments. This article subjec…
Incumbency effects in U.S. presidential campaigns: Language patterns matter
Defense Policy 'Walmart Style: Canadian Lessons in “not-so-grand” Grand Strategy
As the government of Canada cuts back on defense spending after years of significant increases, critics lament the supposed lack of a 'grand strategy' when it comes to military expenditures. But the current reductions are actually a return to traditional Canadian grand strategy, albeit one that is not that 'grand.' Put in retail shopping terms, Canada has tended to follow an economizing Walmart approach to defense spending as opposed to a more up…
The Damoclean sword of offensive cyber: Policy uncertainty and collective insecurity
Cyberspace is a new domain of operation, with its own characteristics. Cyber weapons differ qualitatively from kinetic ones: They generate effects by non-kinetic means through information, technology, and networks. Their properties, opportunities, and constraints are comparable to the qualitative difference between conventional and nuclear weapons. New weapons and their target sets in a new domain raise a series of unresolved policy challenges at…
Paying it forward: Canada's renewed commitment to Nato's enhanced Forward Presence
Although the dissolution of the Soviet Union may have altered the founding Cold War rationale for NATO, the fundamental principle of the transatlantic alliance has prevailed for 70 years: the collective defence of shared interests. In the face of Russian aggression, and uncertainty about US continued commitment to the alliance, reinforcing NATO has emerged as Canada's top expeditionary defence priority. Indeed, just before the NATO summit in July…
Structural differences of violent extremist offenders in correctional settings
The process of radicalisation has received wide attention over the past decade. As the number of violent extremist offenders grows, the potential diffusion of radical ideologies inside prisons is gaining attention. Offender attribute data, both pre-custody and in-custody, routinely collected by Correctional Service Canada, were explored to determine whether violent extremist and mainstream offenders differed (that is, could be clustered); if so, …
Asymmetric decentralization of the administration of public safety in the C anadian federal political system
C anada's federal political system has to reconcile differences over the balance between shared rule and self‐rule concerning two bedrock principles of the constitutional government: the rule of law and democratic oversight of the exercise of the power of the state to ensure that it is not usurped. The hallmark of the administration of multilevel security governance in C anada is horizontal and vertical differentiation of diverse territorial and …
Networks as strategic repertoires: Functional differentiation among Al-Shabaab terror cells
This article explains variation across the characteristics and structure of Al-Shabaab (AS) networks as a function of strategic repertoires. From a comparison of domestic and transnational AS recruitment and fundraising networks in the United States, the article generates hypotheses about the characteristics and structure of networks and how traits such as brokers, centrality characteristics of nodes, international linkages and use of funds are r…
The ethno-demographic structure of democratic consolidation in Mauritius and Fiji
This article investigates political demography as a predictor of the onset and prevalence of inter-communal conflict and different political outcomes in cases with conditions that are otherwise quite similar. Applying a most similar systems design, the article compares the Mauritius and Fiji to assess the currency of independent variables to which the article posits political demography as a complementary explanation. The article posits demograph…
Homegrown Islamist Radicalization in Canada: Process Insights from an Attitudinal Survey
Theories of radicalization make implicit predictions about variation among attitudes in the communities from which radicals are drawn. This article subjects some popular theories to empirical testing. The precise process by which individuals come to sympathize with, provide material support for or actually engage in political violence is fully comprehensible only by longitudinal analysis, but much existing work tries to reconstruct the process by…
Tracking the War of Ideas: A Poll of Ottawa Muslims
A 2008 poll of 430 Ottawa Muslims found predominantly negative views of the U.S. war on terrorism, including the war in Iraq and the war in Afghanistan. This poll also assessed approval of Western powers (U.S., Canada, Israel, United Nations) and challengers of Western power (Al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hizballah, government of Iran). Surprisingly, attitudes of Ottawa Muslims toward militant Muslim groups were unrelated to their attitudes toward Western gov…
When Fraud Comes of Age: Libations and Legitimacy in Canadian Electioneering
This article makes the case for a nuanced approach to the study of electoral fraud. Maturing techniques necessitate greater sensitivity toward questionable electoral practices. The evolution of electoral fraud in Canada, for instance, defies the conventional understanding of fraud, as it has moved beyond the grasp of a standard definition. Instead, detection depends on a dynamic analysis cognizant of the way different circumstances may lend thems…
The Tory Fragment in Canada: Endangered Species
Decades after Gad Horowitz's seminal article first appeared in 1966 in the Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, fragment theory's capacity to make sense of phenomena for which it might otherwise be difficult to account, still appears relevant. Support for the Reform party/Canadian Alliance is most robust in provinces marked by immigration from the western United States. By contrast, provinces where United Empire Loyalists settled …
Fixed Election Cycles: A Genuine Alternative to Responsible and Responsive Government
Canada's federal government and several provinces have recently moved to fixed election cycles on the assumption that the ability to pick the election date endogenously (1) gives the incumbent government an unfair advantage and (2) curbs the discretionary powers of the Governor General. Electoral opportunism is posited as a problem that fixed election cycles will remedy by virtue of ensuring greater turnover among governments. This article subjec…
Guest Editor's Introductory Note
Diversity as Strategy: Democracy's Ultimate Litmus Test
Advanced democracies' defence and security forces have the privileged task of upholding the democratic way of life and its underlying values. Why, then, are they increasingly unrepresentative of the societies they allegedly serve? These organisations widely see diversity as a liability. They appear to have good reasons to defend their reticence. Contra the prevailing logic, this article posits diversity as a strategic asset. However, rather than …
International Security Strategy and Global Population Aging
To be successful, grand strategy requires objectives, concepts, and resources to be balanced appropriately with a view to defeating one’s enemy. The trouble is, of course, that Generals are always well prepared to fight the last war. In the words of Yogi Berra, predictions are always difficult, especially when they involve the future. Yet, grand strategy is all about the future. But how is one to strategize about a future that is inherently diffi…
Tracking the War of Ideas: A Poll of Ottawa Muslims
A 2008 poll of 430 Ottawa Muslims found predominantly negative views of the U.S. war on terrorism, including the war in Iraq and the war in Afghanistan. This poll also assessed approval of Western powers (U.S., Canada, Israel, United Nations) and challengers of Western power (Al-Qaeda, Hamas, Hizballah, government of Iran). Surprisingly, attitudes of Ottawa Muslims toward militant Muslim groups were unrelated to their attitudes toward Western gov…
The ethno-demographic structure of democratic consolidation in Mauritius and Fiji
This article investigates political demography as a predictor of the onset and prevalence of inter-communal conflict and different political outcomes in cases with conditions that are otherwise quite similar. Applying a most similar systems design, the article compares the Mauritius and Fiji to assess the currency of independent variables to which the article posits political demography as a complementary explanation. The article posits demograph…
The Nascent Societies and Governments of Germany's Unitary Federalism
Is German federalism a function of its society or of its institutions? Understood as co-ordinating mechanisms, federal institutions are functionally predicated on generating or sustaining equilibria. But what impact do changes in independent social effects have on institutional stability? Either these equilibria are highly elastic; or there comes a tipping point of social change beyond which equilibria become increasingly costly and difficult to …
Homegrown Islamist Radicalization in Canada: Process Insights from an Attitudinal Survey
Theories of radicalization make implicit predictions about variation among attitudes in the communities from which radicals are drawn. This article subjects some popular theories to empirical testing. The precise process by which individuals come to sympathize with, provide material support for or actually engage in political violence is fully comprehensible only by longitudinal analysis, but much existing work tries to reconstruct the process by…
Cross-border terror networks: A social network analysis of the Canada–US border
American rhetoric has repeatedly painted Canada as a conduit for terrorists to enter the USA. But what actually happens at Canada's borders? This article analyses open-source, cross-sectional data on Canadians convicted of terrorism offences between 1999 and 2011. It applies social network analysis (SNA) – investigating stochastic networks by means of the structure of human groups using pairwise links among their members – to (1) identify the dri…
Networks as strategic repertoires: Functional differentiation among Al-Shabaab terror cells
This article explains variation across the characteristics and structure of Al-Shabaab (AS) networks as a function of strategic repertoires. From a comparison of domestic and transnational AS recruitment and fundraising networks in the United States, the article generates hypotheses about the characteristics and structure of networks and how traits such as brokers, centrality characteristics of nodes, international linkages and use of funds are r…
Asymmetric decentralization of the administration of public safety in the C anadian federal political system
C anada's federal political system has to reconcile differences over the balance between shared rule and self‐rule concerning two bedrock principles of the constitutional government: the rule of law and democratic oversight of the exercise of the power of the state to ensure that it is not usurped. The hallmark of the administration of multilevel security governance in C anada is horizontal and vertical differentiation of diverse territorial and …
Structural differences of violent extremist offenders in correctional settings
The process of radicalisation has received wide attention over the past decade. As the number of violent extremist offenders grows, the potential diffusion of radical ideologies inside prisons is gaining attention. Offender attribute data, both pre-custody and in-custody, routinely collected by Correctional Service Canada, were explored to determine whether violent extremist and mainstream offenders differed (that is, could be clustered); if so, …
Defense Policy 'Walmart Style: Canadian Lessons in “not-so-grand” Grand Strategy
As the government of Canada cuts back on defense spending after years of significant increases, critics lament the supposed lack of a 'grand strategy' when it comes to military expenditures. But the current reductions are actually a return to traditional Canadian grand strategy, albeit one that is not that 'grand.' Put in retail shopping terms, Canada has tended to follow an economizing Walmart approach to defense spending as opposed to a more up…
The puzzling resilience of transnational organized criminal networks
Why is transnational organized crime so difficult to dismantle? While organized crime networks within states have received some attention, actual transnational operations have not. In this article, we study the transnational drug and gun trafficking operations of the Shower Posse, a violent international organized crime syndicate based in Jamaica, whose resilience proves particularly puzzling. We were curious to know whether there is any evidence…
Beyond the Castle Model of cyber-risk and cyber-security
The predominant metaphor for secure computing today is modeled on ever higher, ever better layers of walls. This article explains why that approach is as outmoded for cyber security today as it became for physical security centuries ago. Three forces are undermining the Castle Model as a practical security solution. First, organizations themselves tear down their walls and make their gateways more porous because it pays off in terms of better agi…
Abstenerse del terror: La paradoja de la no violencia en el Sáhara Occidental
En el Sáhara Occidental, antigua colonia española ocupada por Marruecos desde 1975, no ha habido prácticamente ninguna resistencia violenta por parte del pueblo indígena saharaui desde el final de la guerra de 1975-1991 entre Marruecos y el Frente Polisario. La ausencia de violencia sorprende por varios factores: amplio apoyo de la población a la independencia, disparidades sociales y económicas entre marroquíes y saharauis, así como una brutal r…
Incumbency effects in U.S. presidential campaigns: Language patterns matter
The Puzzle of Nonviolence in Western Sahara
Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that has been controlled by Morocco since 1975, has seen virtually no violent resistance by the indigenous Sahrawi people since the conclusion of a 1975–1991 war between Morocco and the pro-independence Polisario Front. That lack of political violence is puzzling in light of several factors, including broad support for independence, socio-economic disparities between Moroccan and Sahrawi inhabitants and Mor…
Spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa: Addressing Transnational Extremist Organizations
This chapter explores the spatial and temporal diffusion of political violence in North and West Africa since 1997. Focusing on the distance and time between attacks and taking into consideration the transaction costs that state boundaries impose, the contribution analyzes what induces a group leader to attack at a location other than the one that would seem to yield the greatest overt payoff. The result is a “map” of North and West Africa that r…
Hezbollah's Global Tentacles: A Relational Approach to Convergence with Transnational Organized Crime
That terrorists, criminals, and their facilitators exploit the global marketplace is well known. While the global movement of illicit goods is well documented, robust empirical evidence linking terrorism and organized crime remains elusive. This article posits Network Science as a means of making these links more apparent. As a critical case study, Hezbollah is quite possibly the most mature globalized terrorist organization, although it thinks o…
Determinants of Cross-Border Cooperation
The cities of Narva, Estonia and Ivangorod, Russia are separated physically by the Narva River—and by an imposing border regime. By contrast, prior to 1991 they were joined by a bridge and shared r
The Damoclean sword of offensive cyber: Policy uncertainty and collective insecurity
Cyberspace is a new domain of operation, with its own characteristics. Cyber weapons differ qualitatively from kinetic ones: They generate effects by non-kinetic means through information, technology, and networks. Their properties, opportunities, and constraints are comparable to the qualitative difference between conventional and nuclear weapons. New weapons and their target sets in a new domain raise a series of unresolved policy challenges at…
Paying it forward: Canada's renewed commitment to Nato's enhanced Forward Presence
Although the dissolution of the Soviet Union may have altered the founding Cold War rationale for NATO, the fundamental principle of the transatlantic alliance has prevailed for 70 years: the collective defence of shared interests. In the face of Russian aggression, and uncertainty about US continued commitment to the alliance, reinforcing NATO has emerged as Canada's top expeditionary defence priority. Indeed, just before the NATO summit in July…
Political science (34 works) · Law (28 works) · Politics (22 works) · Law (20 works) · Sociology (19 works) · Economics (17 works) · Computer Science (16 works) · Computer security (14 works) · Political economy (12 works) · Business (10 works)