P A Brunt
Biographic Data
| ID | 318251 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P A Brunt |
| GIVEN NAMES | P A |
| FAMILY NAME | Brunt |
| SIGNATURE | BRUNT P A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Newbold College of Higher Education |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 67 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 757 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 67 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1950 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Marcus Aurelius and Slavery
MARCUS AURELIUS AND SLAVERY Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Volume 42, Issue Supplement_71, February 1998, Pages 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1998.tb01698.x Published: 22 February 2011
Philosophy and Religion in the Late Republic
From the second century BC Greek culture was increasingly imbibed by the Roman élite. Many of them thus became familiar, or at least superficially acquainted, with Greek philosophic ideas, partly through the medium of instruction in Greek rhetoric, which had a more practical value for those who followed a political career. It was members of the elite who filled the great priesthoods at Rome and were responsible for the maintenance of the state cu…
The Bubble of the Second Sophistic
Journal Article THE BUBBLE OF THE SECOND SOPHISTIC Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Volume 39, Issue 1, December 1994, Pages 25–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1994.tb00450.x Published: 12 March 2010
The Hellenic League against Persia
ln 480-79 the Greeks saved themselves and the future of European civilization from Oriental conquest. They were victorious because they had achieved a certain measure of unity. For the first and last time in Greek history consciousness of community in race, language, religion and customs (Herodotus viii 144) formed the basis for common political action, prompted by a common danger. When the danger had passed, the Greek world was soon divided agai…
Introduction to Thucydides
‘My history is an everlasting possession, not a prize composition that is heard and forgotten’ (I 22). Thucydides meant his history to be instructive, and his proud claim which time has vindicated was not based on the literary merits of his work. Yet it was perhaps those merits that preserved it amid the loss of most of the classical literature of Greece. If some of the narrative is arid, Thucydides always rises to the great moments; no one could…
Aristotle and Slavery
Among the Greeks and Romans and all peoples known to them slavery was ubiquitous. In many communities slaves were doubtless employed only or chiefly as household servants, but in those which were economically most advanced, such as Athens, where Aristotle passed much of his life, or Rome, they also worked in the fields and the mines, and as craftsmen, traders, secretaries, accountants, teachers, doctors and public servants; they shaped and decora…
Plato’s Academy and Politics
Plato’s concern with the problems of justice, law and the government of the city state is revealed in dialogues of all periods of his writing, especially in the Laws. He himself attempted to transform the government of Syracuse. We have reports of the political activities of persons who are styled his pupils. Scholars have consequently been prone to think that ‘the primary aim of education for statesmanship never left his thoughts’, that he sough…
Athenian Settlements Abroad in the Fifth Century B.C.1
Athens as a city organized no colonies overseas before the sixth century. If over-population was the chief reason why Greek cities sent out colonies in the archaic period, her absence from the list of colonizing cities suggests that until quite a late date Attica sufficed for the needs of its inhabitants. The fact that Athens found it hard to wrest Salamis from Megara in the early sixth century may indicate that her population, the basis of milit…
Aspects of the Social Thought of Dio Chrysostom and of the Stoics
On re-reading Dio of Prusa’s Euboicus, I formed the impression that his ideas on manual labour and on the respectability of occupations open to the poor are somewhat different from those conventionally adopted by Greeks and Romans of the upper class, to which Dio belonged. Part I of this paper discusses these ideas in the Euboicus and in some related works of Dio. It will inter alia afford some conjectural support to von Arnim’s hypothesis that t…
Spartan Policy and Strategy in the Archidamian War
The avowed aim of the Spartans in 431 was to liberate the subjects of Athens (2.8.4; cf. 1.139.2);but, according to Thucydides, their truest motive for making war was the growth of Athenian power and the fear it inspired which forced them to fight (1.23.6), and the Spartans voted for war in 432 ‘not so much persuaded by the speeches of their allies as because they were afraid that the Athenians would acquire greater power, for they saw that the l…
Thucydides and Alcibiades
To many readers of Thucydides the arguments adduced by Nicias against the Sicilian expedition must appear of irresistible cogency. Even if Syracuse and the other Sicilian cities had been conquered, Athens could not have held them down without suffering exhaustion; and the men and money expended in so vain an enterprise could better have been devoted to restoring the Empire in Chalcidice and rebuilding the Peloponnesian coalition against Sparta. T…
The Megarian Decree
It has become the accepted view that the decree by which Megarians were excluded from the Attic agora and the harbours of the Athenian empire was passed in 433 or 432 and that it had a significant place among the chain of events leading to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. Precisely what significance is not indeed a matter of agreement. Those who explain the outbreak of that war by trade rivalries between Athens and the leading commercial ci…
Cicero and Historiography
There is a general consensus of scholarly opinion that with few exceptions Hellenistic historians sought primarily to ‘charm, divert, and edify’ and paid at most ‘lip-service to truth’; ‘if they deal with events already narrated by others, their overriding aim is not to outdo their predecessors in accuracy or balanced judgement, but to outshine them in splendid and dramatic description. Often the theme is chosen on artistic criteria, being a self…
The Model City of Plato’s Laws1
In the Laws Plato has constructed a political and social framework for what he himself calls ‘the second best city’, in comparison with the ideal state of the Republic; he makes reluctant concessions to prejudices which he has evidently come to regard as ineradicable. The framework is professedly devised for a colony in Crete to be named Magnesia, which is to be organized by Cnossus with settlers from Crete and the Peloponnese. The site is to be …
Studies in Greek History and Thought
Professor Brunt was Camden Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford until 1982. This book contains a selection of his writings on Greek history and thought, both some previously published as papers in journals and some new. Subjects covered include Greek political history of the fifth century BC and ancient historiography - including an introduction to Thucydides designed for the more general reader, to which the author has now an…
Roman imperial themes
Cicero's Officium in the Civil War
If great men were the driving force in historical development, the history of antiquity according to Beloch could not be written; our knowledge of their actions is incomplete and their personalities are virtually unknown. ‘In the best case we have only a couple of anecdotes of altogether dubious value, but almost never a line from their own hand; the first and nearly the last of whose character we can form a picture in some degree adequate is Cic…
The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime
Discussions of the constitution of the Principate are usually focused on the powers of the emperor, and relatively little attention is given to the role of the senate; by exception much has been written on its jurisdiction, with which I shall not be concerned. Despite his theory of a dyarchy of emperor and senate, which I do not wish to revive, Mommsen, partly because he devoted separate volumes to each, did I not exhibit the extent to which Augu…
L. Perelli, Il Movimento Popolare Nell'ultimo Secolo Della Repubblica (Historica, politica, philosophica XI). Turin, etc
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Princeps and Equites
From the first Augustus employed Equites in military and civil posts (Dio LIII 15). The number of such posts multiplied in the course of time, and finally in the third century Equites supplanted senators in positions of the highest responsibility. In general ancient authors almost ignore the inception and development of the equestrian service. Dio makes Maecenas advocate the use of Equites by arguing that the emperor needed numerous assistants an…
A Marxist View of Roman History
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Nobilitas and Novitas
I. No Roman definition of nobilis or novus homo exists. Mommsen held that the nobiles comprised: ( a ) all patricians; ( b ) those descended from patricians who had effected a transitio ad plebem ; ( c ) those descended from plebeians who had held curule offices, viz. the offices of dictator, magister equitum , censor, consul, praetor, curule aedile. They were thus identical with the persons who had the ius imaginum. (On this footing Mommsen ough…
The Legal Issue In Cicero, Pro Balbo
In 56 L. Cornelius Balbus, a native of Gades, was charged with having usurped the Roman citizenship. Most scholars have held on the basis of Cicero’s speech in his defence that the charge was unjustified. This orthodoxy was challenged in 1966 by H. Braunert: 1 in his view Balbus’ enfranchisement was illegal because the consent of Gades had not been obtained. More recently H. Galsterer has deduced from this premise the further conclusion that in t…
The Revenues of Rome
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Free Labour and Public Works at Rome
Some years ago I maintained that the common people in the city of Rome had to earn much of their living in casual employment, partly for instance in the unloading and porterage of goods that arrived by sea, partly in the building trade. This hypothesis cannot be established by the accumulation of literary or epigraphic testimony, nor from archaeological material, though I shall argue later that none the less it must be accepted; however, I did ad…
On Historical Fragments and Epitomes
The modern historian of Greece and Rome often depends for his information on writings whose reliability is no greater, though often much less, than that of the histories, now lost in whole or part, which their authors followed. The quality of these histories can sometimes be detected from the internal evidence of the extant derivative accounts, even when we cannot name the historians with any certainty
The Administrators of Roman Egypt
Before A.D. 70 the prefecture of Egypt was the greatest prize in an equestrian career—four praetorian prefects were promoted to it—and thereafter it ranked only just below the praetorian prefecture, to which no fewer than fourteen governors of Egypt were advanced between 70 and 235. In the other great provinces of the empire legati Augusti pro praetore could leave finance to the procurators, while proconsuls perhaps soon came to retain little of …
Princeps and Equites
From the first Augustus employed Equites in military and civil posts (Dio LIII 15). The number of such posts multiplied in the course of time, and finally in the third century Equites supplanted senators in positions of the highest responsibility. In general ancient authors almost ignore the inception and development of the equestrian service. Dio makes Maecenas advocate the use of Equites by arguing that the emperor needed numerous assistants an…
Studies in Greek History and Thought
Professor Brunt was Camden Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford until 1982. This book contains a selection of his writings on Greek history and thought, both some previously published as papers in journals and some new. Subjects covered include Greek political history of the fifth century BC and ancient historiography - including an introduction to Thucydides designed for the more general reader, to which the author has now an…
The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution
The Roman revolution, which transformed an oligarchic Republic into the Principate of Augustus, had its origin, as Sallust ( BJ , 41–2) saw, partly in the misery of the poor, in a social crisis, whose origins I cannot discuss here; it began with the Gracchi and with agrarian reform, and agrarian reform remained a leitmotiv in the turbulent century that followed. I need only mention the laws or bills of Lucius Philippus, Saturninus, Sextus Titius …
Social conflicts in the Roman Republic.
Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army
The importance of the Roman army in the social history of the Empire needs no stressing. The financial and, therefore, the social position of the soldier cannot be assessed without an estimate of the pay that he received during service and of the lumpsums or grants of land that he secured on retirement. The conclusions of A. von Domaszewski on this question have hitherto been generally accepted; but, as they have recently been sharply challenged …
The Roman Mob
THE ROMAN MOB1 P. A. Brunt P. A. Brunt Oriel CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar 1Many statements can readily be verified in standard histories of Rome, or for the period covered, in Greenidge and Clay, Sources for Roman History 133-70 B.C., revised by E. W. Gray (Oxford, 1960), or under the year named in T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York, 1951). All dates are B.C. u…
Cicero's Officium in the Civil War
If great men were the driving force in historical development, the history of antiquity according to Beloch could not be written; our knowledge of their actions is incomplete and their personalities are virtually unknown. ‘In the best case we have only a couple of anecdotes of altogether dubious value, but almost never a line from their own hand; the first and nearly the last of whose character we can form a picture in some degree adequate is Cic…
Spartan Policy and Strategy in the Archidamian War
THE AVOWED AIM of the Spartans in 431 was to liberate the subjects of Athens (2.8.4; cf. 1.139.2);1 but, according to Thucydides, truest motive for making war was the growth of Athenian power and the fear it inspired which forced to fight (1.23.6), and the Spartans voted for war in 432 so much persuaded by the speeches of allies as because they were afraid that the Athenians would acquire greater power, for they saw that the larger part of Greece…
Euboea in the Time of Philip II
To the modern student of fourth-century Greece nothing at first sight seems so surprising as the almost kaleidoscopic changes in relations between Greek cities, especially in the fourth century. Mortal enemies become allies suddenly, and alliances, though made for all time, are rapidly dissolved. In his old age Sophocles had summed up the harsh experience of a lifetime in words that might serve as an epigraph for the mutability of Greek ‘internat…
The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime
Discussions of the constitution of the Principate are usually focused on the powers of the emperor, and relatively little attention is given to the role of the senate; by exception much has been written on its jurisdiction, with which I shall not be concerned. Despite his theory of a dyarchy of emperor and senate, which I do not wish to revive, Mommsen, partly because he devoted separate volumes to each, did I not exhibit the extent to which Augu…
Notes on Aristobulus of Cassandria
In the preface to the Anabasis Arrian explains his reliance on Aristobulus (as well as Ptolemy) because he took part in Alexander's campaigns and yet wrote after Alexander's death, when he was under no constraint or hope of gain that might lead him to distort the truth. It is in fact clear from 7. 18. 5 that Aristobulus was still writing his history after the battle of Ipsus in 301. According to Ps.-Lucian, Macrobioi 22 , he stated at the beginni…
Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism
In the heyday of British imperialism some fifty years ago, when Lord Cromer could find that the empire was 'the main title which makes us great', imperialists were apt to compare the British with the Roman empire and to seek 'in the history of imperial Rome for any facts or commentaries gleaned from ancient times which might be of service to the modern empire of which we are so justly proud'.1 A critic of imperialism, J. A. Hobson, sourly remarke…
The Bubble of the Second Sophistic
Journal Article THE BUBBLE OF THE SECOND SOPHISTIC Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Volume 39, Issue 1, December 1994, Pages 25–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1994.tb00450.x Published: 12 March 2010
The Megarian Decree
Free Labour and Public Works at Rome
Some years ago I maintained that the common people in the city of Rome had to earn much of their living in casual employment, partly for instance in the unloading and porterage of goods that arrived by sea, partly in the building trade. This hypothesis cannot be established by the accumulation of literary or epigraphic testimony, nor from archaeological material, though I shall argue later that none the less it must be accepted; however, I did ad…
Lex de Imperio Vespasiani
Few Roman documents have been more discussed than the great bronze tablet which Cola di Rienzo discovered and erected in the Church of St. John Lateran, and which preserves the latter part of a grant of powers made to Vespasian by senate and people. Does it relate to his tribunician power or to his imperium , or does it merely confer on him supplementary rights? Is the grant tralatician in character, or is it specifically designed to enlarge, or …
Nobilitas and Novitas
I. No Roman definition of nobilis or novus homo exists. Mommsen held that the nobiles comprised: ( a ) all patricians; ( b ) those descended from patricians who had effected a transitio ad plebem ; ( c ) those descended from plebeians who had held curule offices, viz. the offices of dictator, magister equitum , censor, consul, praetor, curule aedile. They were thus identical with the persons who had the ius imaginum. (On this footing Mommsen ough…
Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War
The Social war broke out when Rome refused to grant the allies' demand for citizenship. Any explanation of this refusal is conjectural; on this subject I have nothing new to say. This paper is concerned rather with the attitude of the Italians. I shall argue, like Professor Gabba, that they sought a share in political power, though not only, if at all, for the reasons he suggested; and that their desire to become Romans reflects the success of Ro…
Marcus Aurelius and Slavery
MARCUS AURELIUS AND SLAVERY Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Volume 42, Issue Supplement_71, February 1998, Pages 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1998.tb01698.x Published: 22 February 2011
The Legal Issue In Cicero, Pro Balbo
In 56 L. Cornelius Balbus, a native of Gades, was charged with having usurped the Roman citizenship. Most scholars have held on the basis of Cicero’s speech in his defence that the charge was unjustified. This orthodoxy was challenged in 1966 by H. Braunert: 1 in his view Balbus’ enfranchisement was illegal because the consent of Gades had not been obtained. More recently H. Galsterer has deduced from this premise the further conclusion that in t…
The Revenues of Rome
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Divine Elements in the Imperial Office
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Stoicism and the Principate
The wide circulation of Stoic ideas among Romans of the upper class from the time of Panaetius in the second century B.C. to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161–80) is a familiar fact. Few Romans of note can indeed be marked down as committed Stoics, and even those like Seneca who avowedly belonged to the school borrowed ideas from other philosophies. Still, even if eclecticism was the mode, the Stoic element was dominant. Stoicism permeated t…
Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army
The importance of the Roman army in the social history of the Empire needs no stressing. The financial and, therefore, the social position of the soldier cannot be assessed without an estimate of the pay that he received during service and of the lumpsums or grants of land that he secured on retirement. The conclusions of A. von Domaszewski on this question have hitherto been generally accepted; but, as they have recently been sharply challenged …
The Megarian Decree
Cicero
In a recent article on the Vettius affair ( Historia , i. 45–51) Professor Lily Ross Taylor has tried to show that this letter should be dated to mid-July 59, and that it is therefore antecedent to 2. 20, 21, and 22. According to the hitherto accepted view the letters 2. According to the hitherto accepted view the letters 2. 18–25 are given by the manuscripts in the right chronological order, and since 21 is certainly later than Pompey's contio o…
Peter Sattler, Augustus und der Senat (Untersuchungen zur Römischen Innenpolitik zwischen 30 und 17 vor Christus). Göttingen
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The Lex Valeria Cornelia
The Lex Valeria Cornelia of A.D. 5, known to us only from the Tabula Hebana of 19, provided that the senators and those Equites who were enrolled in the judicial decuries should henceforth vote in ten centuries, named after the dead princes, C. and L. Caesar, for the ‘destinatio’ of consuls and praetors. In 19 these same voters were redistributed into fifteen centuries, and in 23 into twenty centuries; the new units were named after Germanicus an…
Persian Accounts of Alexander's Campaigns
J. Kaerst, following a suggestion made by Ranke, conjectured that Diodorus' source for Alexander, whom he identified with Clitarchus, derived information from the mercenaries who served Darius. This conjecture has been developed into an elaborate theory by Sir William Tarn, a theory that has found some favour. He holds that the ‘mercenaries' source’, which I shall henceforth call M, was Diodorus' ‘principal guide [my italics] down to Issus’, and …
The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution
The Roman revolution, which transformed an oligarchic Republic into the Principate of Augustus, had its origin, as Sallust ( BJ , 41–2) saw, partly in the misery of the poor, in a social crisis, whose origins I cannot discuss here; it began with the Gracchi and with agrarian reform, and agrarian reform remained a leitmotiv in the turbulent century that followed. I need only mention the laws or bills of Lucius Philippus, Saturninus, Sextus Titius …
Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War
The Social war broke out when Rome refused to grant the allies' demand for citizenship. Any explanation of this refusal is conjectural; on this subject I have nothing new to say. This paper is concerned rather with the attitude of the Italians. I shall argue, like Professor Gabba, that they sought a share in political power, though not only, if at all, for the reasons he suggested; and that their desire to become Romans reflects the success of Ro…
Spartan Policy and Strategy in the Archidamian War
THE AVOWED AIM of the Spartans in 431 was to liberate the subjects of Athens (2.8.4; cf. 1.139.2);1 but, according to Thucydides, truest motive for making war was the growth of Athenian power and the fear it inspired which forced to fight (1.23.6), and the Spartans voted for war in 432 so much persuaded by the speeches of allies as because they were afraid that the Athenians would acquire greater power, for they saw that the larger part of Greece…
Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism
In the heyday of British imperialism some fifty years ago, when Lord Cromer could find that the empire was 'the main title which makes us great', imperialists were apt to compare the British with the Roman empire and to seek 'in the history of imperial Rome for any facts or commentaries gleaned from ancient times which might be of service to the modern empire of which we are so justly proud'.1 A critic of imperialism, J. A. Hobson, sourly remarke…
The ‘Fiscus’ and its Development
In a recent article Mr. Fergus Millar has propounded the hypothesis that in the first two centuries of the Principate the term ‘fiscus’ always refers to the emperor's private wealth and is indistinguishable from such terms as ‘res familiaris’. In support of this view he has collected a great mass of useful material where the term ‘fiscus’ is actually used. Some of this evidence undoubtedly accords very well with his contention, and indeed no one …
The Roman Mob
THE ROMAN MOB1 P. A. Brunt P. A. Brunt Oriel CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar 1Many statements can readily be verified in standard histories of Rome, or for the period covered, in Greenidge and Clay, Sources for Roman History 133-70 B.C., revised by E. W. Gray (Oxford, 1960), or under the year named in T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York, 1951). All dates are B.C. u…
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT Oriel CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXII, Issue CCCXXV, October 1967, Pages 815-b–816, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXII.CCCXXV.815-b Published: 01 October 1967
Les equites romains à la fin de la République
Durant le dernier siècle de la République Romaine Vordo equester joua un rôle important dans les affaires, parfois en soutenant la noblesse dirigeante, parfois en luttant contre elle. Tout le monde est aujourd'hui d'accord pour admettre qu'il était composé de citoyens d'ascendance libre, justifiant d'une honnête aisance et ne faisant pas partie du sénat. Ses membres, ou certains parmi les plus riches et les plus influents, avaient la responsabili…
Christian Meier, Res Publica amissa, eine Studie zu Verfassung und Geschichte der späten römischen Republik. Wiesbaden
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Short Notices
Journal Article SHORT NOTICES Get access P. A. BRUNT P. A. BRUNT Gonville and Caius CollegeCambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXIV, Issue CCCXXX, January 1969, Pages 139–140, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXX.139 Published: 01 January 1969
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Euboea in the Time of Philip II
To the modern student of fourth-century Greece nothing at first sight seems so surprising as the almost kaleidoscopic changes in relations between Greek cities, especially in the fourth century. Mortal enemies become allies suddenly, and alliances, though made for all time, are rapidly dissolved. In his old age Sophocles had summed up the harsh experience of a lifetime in words that might serve as an epigraph for the mutability of Greek ‘internat…
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Ancient Culture and Society
Social conflicts in the Roman Republic.
Italian Manpower 225 B.C.-A.D. 14
Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14
Peter Garnsey, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire. Oxford
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Aspects of the Social Thought of Dio Chrysostom and of the Stoics
On re-reading Dio of Prusa's Euboicus , I formed the impression that his ideas on manual labour and on the respectability of occupations open to the poor are somewhat different from those conventionally adopted by Greeks and Romans of the upper class, to which Dio belonged. Part 1 of this paper discusses these ideas in the Euboicus and in some related works of Dio. It will inter alia afford some conjectural support to von Arnim's hypothesis that …
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