Peter Starke
Biographic Data
| ID | 324761 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter Starke |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter |
| FAMILY NAME | Starke |
| SIGNATURE | STARKE P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Southern Denmark |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0837-7553 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 414 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Nothing to Fear? Insecurity, Inequality, and the Welfare State
There is general sentiment that insecurity is on the rise across countries. However, some groups are likely to be more vulnerable to shocks than others, indicating that we may not expect insecurity to be equally distributed across the population. In this article, we examine how subjective insecurity is distributed and then turn to the question of whether welfare states can reduce potential gaps in subjective insecurity. Using multilevel models wi…
To support or punish? analyzing the relationship between welfare state attitudes and penal punitiveness
The nexus between punishment and social welfare has been extensively studied at the macrolevel, both for single cases and across countries. However, we lack comparative studies at the individual level because the literatures on punitive and welfare attitudes have developed largely in isolation. This article for the first time provides comprehensive empirical evidence for the link at the micro-level. Using data covering 24,481 individuals in 22 co…
Exploring the Disciplinary State: The Pace and Pattern of ‘Getting Tough’ in Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom Since 1990
Welfare states in rich democracies have returned to a more ‘disciplinary’ agenda in recent decades. This has occurred roughly simultaneously with the so‐called ‘punitive turn’ in criminal justice. We argue that it makes sense to analyse the two movements together, as manifestations of the novel concept of the ‘disciplinary state’. Empirically, we explore the contours of and political dynamics behind the disciplinary state in Denmark, Germany and …
The politics of anger: Emotional appraisal mechanisms and the French pension reform protests
In this article, using the French pension reform in 2020 as a case, we demonstrate how a focus on emotions helps us to better understand important policy dynamics. While existing approaches of welfare state reform typically focus on rational-materialist and institutionalist approaches, we use appraisal theory of emotion to explain how the reform project and process on the one hand and interest group behaviour and protest on the other are linked v…
Registers of security: The concept of tryghed in Danish politics
On the face of it, existing theoretical and empirical work on the politics of (in)security takes language and speech acts seriously, yet often actually fails to problematize how the very meaning of ‘security’ and related terms can differ across social, political, and linguistic contexts. This article demonstrates the consequences of context-specific registers of security for the dynamics of political debate and policymaking. Such registers of sec…
Disciplinary welfare and the punitive turn in criminal justice: Parallel trends or communicating vessels
When it comes to the relationship between social policy and penal policy, existing scholarship often focuses on the penal–welfare tradeoff, according to which countries with large and generous welfare states tend to have lower incarceration rates and less harsh treatment of offenders. We know much less about the relationship between the punitive turn in criminal justice and the use of discipline within social policy. Has there been a parallel tre…
How does the welfare state reduce crime? The effect of program characteristics and decommodification across 18 OECD-countries
Welfare State, Retrenchment of
Welfare state retrenchment” refers to the act of cutting back the welfare state. The central reference point of the scholarly debate on retrenchment remains Paul Pierson's work. Pierson argues that retrenchment in democratic countries with large systems of social security is difficult because benefits tend to be popular and the structure of conflict as well as psychological loss aversion facilitate the mobilization of opposition against retrenchm…
Social Policy by Other Means: Theorizing Unconventional Forms of Welfare Production
The goal of this special issue is to highlight the importance of unconventional social policies, theorize their development in comparison with traditional welfare state accounts and outline a new research agenda. In this introduction to the special issue, the editors present the concept of social policy by other means as encompassing two kinds of unconventional social policy (from the point of view of mainstream comparative research): First, func…
Warfare and Welfare
This book is concerned with the nexus between warfare and welfare. The relationship between war and welfare states is contested. While some scholars consider war a pacemaker of the welfare state, others have emphasized a sharp trade-off between ‘guns and butter’ and highlighted the negative impacts of war on social protection. However, many of these findings only focus on social spending or are based on studies of individual national cases. From …
From Military State to Welfare State: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries
Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare state. First, the formation of the nation state is directly linked to war and military defeats. As a result, Denmark gradually went from being a medium-sized European power to a small nation state with a very homogeneous population. Second, being a smal…
Divided by the Market, Divided by the State: Distribution, Redistribution and Welfare Attitudes in 47 Countries
This article examines the impact of income inequality and welfare state context on the extent to which the rich and poor share similar attitudes towards redistribution. It asks whether and how differences in attitudes, particularly those between income groups, are shaped by inequality and redistributive efforts. Based on a multi‐level analysis of individual survey data across 47 countries at three points in time, the article shows that such an in…
Dualization as Destiny? The Political Economy of the German Minimum Wage Reform
Germany is widely seen as a 'dualized' economy driven by a powerful and stable 'insider' coalition in the manufacturing sectors. In this article, that picture is challenged. An examination of the political economy of the outsider-friendly 2014 Minimum Wage Act, using public opinion data, document analysis, and qualitative interviews, shows how earlier dualizing reforms led to unintended negative feedback effects: First, public opinion reacted neg…
Comparative Welfare State Politics
Political Parties and Social Policy Responses to Global Economic Crises: Constrained Partisanship in Mature Welfare States
Based on empirical findings from a comparative study on welfare state responses to the four major economic shocks (the 1970s oil shocks, the early 1990s recession, the 2008 financial crisis) in four OECD countries, this article demonstrates that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, policy responses to global economic crises vary significantly across countries. What explains the cross-national and within-case variation in responses to crises? We d…
The shock routine: Economic Crisis and the Nature of Social Policy Responses
The idea that moments of crisis form opportunities for fundamental policy change is widespread in political science and public policy. It is usually associated with historical institutionalism and the notion of 'critical junctures'. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of social policy responses in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden over the course of four global economic shocks, we ask whether the notion of critical junctures is usef…
The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis
This book presents an in-depth analysis of social policy reactions to international economic shocks in four different welfare states, over a 40-year period. It reveals how expansion and retrenchment a
Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research
For many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overvie…
Antipodean Social Policy Responses to Economic Crises
In this article, I analyze the social policy reactions to economic crises in A ustralia and N ew Z ealand. After the financial crisis of 2008, Australia built its crisis management strategy around a large fiscal stimulus with a significant social policy component, whereas N ew Z ealand did not. While the government enacted fiscal stimulus measures, the social policy component was small and the government soon returned to welfare retrenchment and …
Building on Solid Ground: Robust Case Selection in Multi‐Method Research
The social sciences are currently witnessing a trend toward multi‐method research (MMR). However, many important issues have not been sufficiently addressed so far. The focus of this paper is case selection for process tracing on the basis of regression results, which is the main point of intersection between the two methods. Based on a review, we first show that the current empirical and methodological literature does not fully appreciate the im…
Qualitative Methods for the Study of Policy Diffusion: Challenges and Available Solutions
This article deals with the question whether and how processes of policy diffusion can be examined with qualitative methods. More specifically, how can qualitative methods address the “twin challenge of interdependence,” namely the challenge to identify diffusion, on the one hand, and the challenge to discriminate between mechanisms of diffusion, on the other? I argue, first, that there are three distinct qualitative techniques that can be used, …
Responses to Labor Market Divides in Small States Since The 1990s
In this chapter, Herbert Obinger, Peter Starke, and Alexandra Kaasch analyze various policy responses to labor market divides in three small open economies (Austria, New Zealand, and Sweden). They argue that different welfare state regimes generate distinctive patterns of insider-outsider divides and that the three countries developed quite different, albeit mainly path-dependent coping strategies. In other words, none of the three countries sign…
Explaining convergence of OECD welfare states: A conditional approach
Existing studies have found only limited empirical evidence of welfare state convergence. Moreover, although there are good theoretical reasons both for and against welfare state convergence, there are virtually no studies that have explicitly tested the assumed effects. We argue that the concept of conditional convergence helps to both better describe and explain the phenomenon. By applying error correction models, we examine conditional converg…
Why Institutions Are Not the Only Thing That Matters: Twenty-Five Years of Health Care Reform in New Zealand
The literature on the causes of health care reform is dominated by institutionalist accounts, and political institutions are among the most prominent factors cited to explain why change takes place. However, institutionalist accounts have difficulty explaining both the timing and the content of reforms. By applying a range of explanatory approaches to a case study of health reform in New Zealand since the 1970s, this article explores some of the …
Switzerland: From Liberal to Conservative Welfare State — a Pattern of Late Maturation?
Welfare state change in Switzerland during the last thirty years has clearly not been as radical as in New Zealand. Nevertheless, the Swiss system of social protection has been substantially modified since the early 1970s. All major programmes have been altered, some even fundamentally, resulting in a shift from a ‘liberal’ welfare state regime to one that has the closest affinities to the conservative model. Furthermore, the Swiss welfare state …
The Politics of Welfare State Retrenchment: A Literature Review
Welfare state retrenchment is widely seen as a highly unpopular endeavour and, therefore, as politically difficult to pursue. This assumption has underpinned most of the political science research on this issue, notably Paul Pierson's seminal contributions about the ‘new politics of the welfare state’. Yet, the question remains why and under what circumstances cutbacks take place in highly developed welfare states despite these formidable politic…
Convergence towards where: In What Ways, if Any, Are Welfare States Becoming More Similar
This article examines whether or not OECD welfare states have converged since 1980. Making use of a variety of concepts of convergence, we analyse the development of a broad range of quantitative welfare state indicators, including several expenditure-based indicators, revenue patterns, benefit replacement rates and decommodification. Contrary to what one might expect from much of the theoretical literature, we find that, although there is eviden…
Qualitative Methods for the Study of Policy Diffusion: Challenges and Available Solutions
This article deals with the question whether and how processes of policy diffusion can be examined with qualitative methods. More specifically, how can qualitative methods address the “twin challenge of interdependence,” namely the challenge to identify diffusion, on the one hand, and the challenge to discriminate between mechanisms of diffusion, on the other? I argue, first, that there are three distinct qualitative techniques that can be used, …
Explaining convergence of OECD welfare states: A conditional approach
Existing studies have found only limited empirical evidence of welfare state convergence. Moreover, although there are good theoretical reasons both for and against welfare state convergence, there are virtually no studies that have explicitly tested the assumed effects. We argue that the concept of conditional convergence helps to both better describe and explain the phenomenon. By applying error correction models, we examine conditional converg…
The shock routine: Economic Crisis and the Nature of Social Policy Responses
The idea that moments of crisis form opportunities for fundamental policy change is widespread in political science and public policy. It is usually associated with historical institutionalism and the notion of 'critical junctures'. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of social policy responses in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden over the course of four global economic shocks, we ask whether the notion of critical junctures is usef…
Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research
For many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overvie…
Dualization as Destiny? The Political Economy of the German Minimum Wage Reform
Germany is widely seen as a 'dualized' economy driven by a powerful and stable 'insider' coalition in the manufacturing sectors. In this article, that picture is challenged. An examination of the political economy of the outsider-friendly 2014 Minimum Wage Act, using public opinion data, document analysis, and qualitative interviews, shows how earlier dualizing reforms led to unintended negative feedback effects: First, public opinion reacted neg…
Political Parties and Social Policy Responses to Global Economic Crises: Constrained Partisanship in Mature Welfare States
Based on empirical findings from a comparative study on welfare state responses to the four major economic shocks (the 1970s oil shocks, the early 1990s recession, the 2008 financial crisis) in four OECD countries, this article demonstrates that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, policy responses to global economic crises vary significantly across countries. What explains the cross-national and within-case variation in responses to crises? We d…
Social Policy by Other Means: Theorizing Unconventional Forms of Welfare Production
The goal of this special issue is to highlight the importance of unconventional social policies, theorize their development in comparison with traditional welfare state accounts and outline a new research agenda. In this introduction to the special issue, the editors present the concept of social policy by other means as encompassing two kinds of unconventional social policy (from the point of view of mainstream comparative research): First, func…
Small country, big business? New Zealand as education exporter
This paper discusses New Zealand’s role in the global market for tertiary education. The internationalisation and liberalisation of education markets is progressing rapidly in today’s globalising world, as reflected by the incorporation of education as a service into the GATS framework. Through the example of New Zealand as a case study for the internationalisation of education services, the study depicts the way the government is involved in thi…
The politics of anger: Emotional appraisal mechanisms and the French pension reform protests
In this article, using the French pension reform in 2020 as a case, we demonstrate how a focus on emotions helps us to better understand important policy dynamics. While existing approaches of welfare state reform typically focus on rational-materialist and institutionalist approaches, we use appraisal theory of emotion to explain how the reform project and process on the one hand and interest group behaviour and protest on the other are linked v…
Building on Solid Ground: Robust Case Selection in Multi‐Method Research
The social sciences are currently witnessing a trend toward multi‐method research (MMR). However, many important issues have not been sufficiently addressed so far. The focus of this paper is case selection for process tracing on the basis of regression results, which is the main point of intersection between the two methods. Based on a review, we first show that the current empirical and methodological literature does not fully appreciate the im…
Registers of security: The concept of tryghed in Danish politics
On the face of it, existing theoretical and empirical work on the politics of (in)security takes language and speech acts seriously, yet often actually fails to problematize how the very meaning of ‘security’ and related terms can differ across social, political, and linguistic contexts. This article demonstrates the consequences of context-specific registers of security for the dynamics of political debate and policymaking. Such registers of sec…
How does the welfare state reduce crime? The effect of program characteristics and decommodification across 18 OECD-countries
Comparative Welfare State Politics
Antipodean Social Policy Responses to Economic Crises
In this article, I analyze the social policy reactions to economic crises in A ustralia and N ew Z ealand. After the financial crisis of 2008, Australia built its crisis management strategy around a large fiscal stimulus with a significant social policy component, whereas N ew Z ealand did not. While the government enacted fiscal stimulus measures, the social policy component was small and the government soon returned to welfare retrenchment and …
Disciplinary welfare and the punitive turn in criminal justice: Parallel trends or communicating vessels
When it comes to the relationship between social policy and penal policy, existing scholarship often focuses on the penal–welfare tradeoff, according to which countries with large and generous welfare states tend to have lower incarceration rates and less harsh treatment of offenders. We know much less about the relationship between the punitive turn in criminal justice and the use of discipline within social policy. Has there been a parallel tre…
Welfare state transformation in small open economies
We examine whether a fundamental change in the core dimension of modern 20th century statehood, the welfare state, has become evident in response to changed exogenous and endogenous challenges. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches we take stock of social policy development in four advanced welfare states – Austria, Denmark, New Zealand and Switzerland – over the last 30 years. Neither spending patterns nor structural changes suppo…
Welfare state transformation in small open economies
We examine whether a fundamental change in the core dimension of modern 20th century statehood, the welfare state, has become evident in response to changed exogenous and endogenous challenges. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches we take stock of social policy development in four advanced welfare states – Austria, Denmark, New Zealand and Switzerland – over the last 30 years. Neither spending patterns nor structural changes suppo…
The Politics of Welfare State Retrenchment: A Literature Review
Welfare state retrenchment is widely seen as a highly unpopular endeavour and, therefore, as politically difficult to pursue. This assumption has underpinned most of the political science research on this issue, notably Paul Pierson's seminal contributions about the ‘new politics of the welfare state’. Yet, the question remains why and under what circumstances cutbacks take place in highly developed welfare states despite these formidable politic…
Radical Welfare State Retrenchment: A Comparative Analysis
This book confronts one of the most fiercely contested issues in current political debates: how is welfare state retrenchment possible in modern democracies despite the welfare state's continuing popu
Small country, big business? New Zealand as education exporter
This paper discusses New Zealand’s role in the global market for tertiary education. The internationalisation and liberalisation of education markets is progressing rapidly in today’s globalising world, as reflected by the incorporation of education as a service into the GATS framework. Through the example of New Zealand as a case study for the internationalisation of education services, the study depicts the way the government is involved in thi…
Convergence towards where: In What Ways, if Any, Are Welfare States Becoming More Similar
This article examines whether or not OECD welfare states have converged since 1980. Making use of a variety of concepts of convergence, we analyse the development of a broad range of quantitative welfare state indicators, including several expenditure-based indicators, revenue patterns, benefit replacement rates and decommodification. Contrary to what one might expect from much of the theoretical literature, we find that, although there is eviden…
Why Institutions Are Not the Only Thing That Matters: Twenty-Five Years of Health Care Reform in New Zealand
The literature on the causes of health care reform is dominated by institutionalist accounts, and political institutions are among the most prominent factors cited to explain why change takes place. However, institutionalist accounts have difficulty explaining both the timing and the content of reforms. By applying a range of explanatory approaches to a case study of health reform in New Zealand since the 1970s, this article explores some of the …
Switzerland: From Liberal to Conservative Welfare State — a Pattern of Late Maturation?
Welfare state change in Switzerland during the last thirty years has clearly not been as radical as in New Zealand. Nevertheless, the Swiss system of social protection has been substantially modified since the early 1970s. All major programmes have been altered, some even fundamentally, resulting in a shift from a ‘liberal’ welfare state regime to one that has the closest affinities to the conservative model. Furthermore, the Swiss welfare state …
Transformations of the Welfare State: Small States, Big Lessons
This book gives a twist to the longstanding debate on the impact of economic globalization on the welfare state. It focuses on several small, advanced OECD economies in order to assess whether (and how) the welfare state will be able to compete under conditions of an increasingly integrated world economy. Small states can be seen as an ‘early warning system’ for general trends, because of their dependence on world markets and vulnerability to com…
Explaining convergence of OECD welfare states: A conditional approach
Existing studies have found only limited empirical evidence of welfare state convergence. Moreover, although there are good theoretical reasons both for and against welfare state convergence, there are virtually no studies that have explicitly tested the assumed effects. We argue that the concept of conditional convergence helps to both better describe and explain the phenomenon. By applying error correction models, we examine conditional converg…
Responses to Labor Market Divides in Small States Since The 1990s
In this chapter, Herbert Obinger, Peter Starke, and Alexandra Kaasch analyze various policy responses to labor market divides in three small open economies (Austria, New Zealand, and Sweden). They argue that different welfare state regimes generate distinctive patterns of insider-outsider divides and that the three countries developed quite different, albeit mainly path-dependent coping strategies. In other words, none of the three countries sign…
The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis
This book presents an in-depth analysis of social policy reactions to international economic shocks in four different welfare states, over a 40-year period. It reveals how expansion and retrenchment a
Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research
For many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overvie…
Antipodean Social Policy Responses to Economic Crises
In this article, I analyze the social policy reactions to economic crises in A ustralia and N ew Z ealand. After the financial crisis of 2008, Australia built its crisis management strategy around a large fiscal stimulus with a significant social policy component, whereas N ew Z ealand did not. While the government enacted fiscal stimulus measures, the social policy component was small and the government soon returned to welfare retrenchment and …
Building on Solid Ground: Robust Case Selection in Multi‐Method Research
The social sciences are currently witnessing a trend toward multi‐method research (MMR). However, many important issues have not been sufficiently addressed so far. The focus of this paper is case selection for process tracing on the basis of regression results, which is the main point of intersection between the two methods. Based on a review, we first show that the current empirical and methodological literature does not fully appreciate the im…
Qualitative Methods for the Study of Policy Diffusion: Challenges and Available Solutions
This article deals with the question whether and how processes of policy diffusion can be examined with qualitative methods. More specifically, how can qualitative methods address the “twin challenge of interdependence,” namely the challenge to identify diffusion, on the one hand, and the challenge to discriminate between mechanisms of diffusion, on the other? I argue, first, that there are three distinct qualitative techniques that can be used, …
Political Parties and Social Policy Responses to Global Economic Crises: Constrained Partisanship in Mature Welfare States
Based on empirical findings from a comparative study on welfare state responses to the four major economic shocks (the 1970s oil shocks, the early 1990s recession, the 2008 financial crisis) in four OECD countries, this article demonstrates that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, policy responses to global economic crises vary significantly across countries. What explains the cross-national and within-case variation in responses to crises? We d…
The shock routine: Economic Crisis and the Nature of Social Policy Responses
The idea that moments of crisis form opportunities for fundamental policy change is widespread in political science and public policy. It is usually associated with historical institutionalism and the notion of 'critical junctures'. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of social policy responses in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden over the course of four global economic shocks, we ask whether the notion of critical junctures is usef…
Comparative Welfare State Politics
Divided by the Market, Divided by the State: Distribution, Redistribution and Welfare Attitudes in 47 Countries
This article examines the impact of income inequality and welfare state context on the extent to which the rich and poor share similar attitudes towards redistribution. It asks whether and how differences in attitudes, particularly those between income groups, are shaped by inequality and redistributive efforts. Based on a multi‐level analysis of individual survey data across 47 countries at three points in time, the article shows that such an in…
Dualization as Destiny? The Political Economy of the German Minimum Wage Reform
Germany is widely seen as a 'dualized' economy driven by a powerful and stable 'insider' coalition in the manufacturing sectors. In this article, that picture is challenged. An examination of the political economy of the outsider-friendly 2014 Minimum Wage Act, using public opinion data, document analysis, and qualitative interviews, shows how earlier dualizing reforms led to unintended negative feedback effects: First, public opinion reacted neg…
Warfare and Welfare
This book is concerned with the nexus between warfare and welfare. The relationship between war and welfare states is contested. While some scholars consider war a pacemaker of the welfare state, others have emphasized a sharp trade-off between ‘guns and butter’ and highlighted the negative impacts of war on social protection. However, many of these findings only focus on social spending or are based on studies of individual national cases. From …
From Military State to Welfare State: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries
Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare state. First, the formation of the nation state is directly linked to war and military defeats. As a result, Denmark gradually went from being a medium-sized European power to a small nation state with a very homogeneous population. Second, being a smal…
Social Policy by Other Means: Theorizing Unconventional Forms of Welfare Production
The goal of this special issue is to highlight the importance of unconventional social policies, theorize their development in comparison with traditional welfare state accounts and outline a new research agenda. In this introduction to the special issue, the editors present the concept of social policy by other means as encompassing two kinds of unconventional social policy (from the point of view of mainstream comparative research): First, func…
How does the welfare state reduce crime? The effect of program characteristics and decommodification across 18 OECD-countries
Welfare State, Retrenchment of
Welfare state retrenchment” refers to the act of cutting back the welfare state. The central reference point of the scholarly debate on retrenchment remains Paul Pierson's work. Pierson argues that retrenchment in democratic countries with large systems of social security is difficult because benefits tend to be popular and the structure of conflict as well as psychological loss aversion facilitate the mobilization of opposition against retrenchm…
Political science (27 works) · Economics (25 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (25 works) · Welfare state (21 works) · Politics (19 works) · Law (17 works) · Welfare (17 works) · Political economy (13 works) · Market economy (11 works) · Law (10 works)