Nicolas Sommet
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 333353 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Nicolas Sommet |
| PRENOMES | Nicolas |
| SOBRENOME | Sommet |
| ASSINATURA | SOMMET N |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Lausanne |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8585-1274 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 30 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 30 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2017 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Teachers’ immigration attitudes and students’ performance
To ensure harmonious intergroup relations, schools must foster the academic integration of immigrant students. School diversity climates play a central role in shaping immigrant students' performance; however, most studies rely on students' perceptions of these climates. Because such perceptions are shaped by subjective experiences, they limit our understanding of how institutions can nurture inclusion. Measuring school diversity climates with an…
Rising Income Inequality and Longer Work Hours
This research examines how rising income inequality prompts longer work hours. In Study 1, the largest cross-national analysis to date (2,798 country-years; 1960–2019), a one-tenth increase in a country’s Gini index predicted an additional 60 annual work hours per capita. In Study 2, a large-scale longitudinal study in the United States (33,083 participants; 1968–2021), increasing state-level Gini index predicted longer work hours over time, part…
Black Poverty Leads White Americans to Blame Racial Inequality on Black Americans Themselves
In this article, we argue that White Americans exposed to Black poverty may rationalize racial inequality in ways that deflect blame from their own racial group. In Study 1 (11,855 participants; 537 counties), White Americans in counties with higher Black poverty rates were ironically more likely to believe in racial equality of opportunity, while Black residents were less likely. In Study 2 (4,297 participants; 227 counties), White Americans liv…
Team performance goals and team performance
Existing research on the relationship between team performance goals and team performance has yielded mixed findings. We argue that these inconsistencies arise in part from the use of two different operationalizations of team performance goals: a collective-based operationalization (averaging team members’ perceptions that their team aims to outperform other teams) and a composition-based one (aggregating team members’ personal aims to outperform…
Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places
In this research, we examine how the lay conceptualization of subjective social class varies based on economic contexts. We argue that income should be a more central component of subjective social class in areas with higher income inequality. To address the issue of low power in existing research, we combined local-level income inequality indicators with large-scale repeated cross-sectional data, enabling the most reliable test to date on how th…
Perceived economic inequality is linked to poorer sleep quality
Economic inequality is believed to negatively affect individuals' psychological and physical health. We hypothesized that perceptions of greater economic inequality predict poorer sleep quality through social comparison and stress. We tested this hypothesis across three studies. Study 1 used a large-scale longitudinal dataset with a nationally representative sample in China (n = 37,984) to investigate the within-participant association between ec…
Middle-Income Groups Perceive Themselves as Belonging to a Higher Social Class When National Income Inequality is Greater
Subjective social class reflects individuals’ beliefs about their position within a social hierarchy and is associated with various important life outcomes. While many studies have investigated the psychological consequences of subjective social class, few have explored its determinants, particularly at the contextual level. This study addresses this gap by examining how individual-level income and contextual-level income inequality interact in p…
Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries
Theoretical models have been developed to understand how social class influences individual thoughts, feelings and behaviours. However, the validity of these models is threatened by the prevailing use of small, non-diverse samples and flexible measurement practices. We preregistered replications of 35 key hypotheses from 17 correlational and 5 experimental studies, and collected large, quota-based or probability samples from the USA, France, Swit…
Income-Related Inequalities in Physical and Cognitive Health Domains Over the Later Life Course
This study aims to investigate changes in the income–health gradient over the later life course. We test the age-as-leveler, the cumulative advantage/disadvantage, and the persistent inequality pattern for physical and cognitive health domains, and analyze whether these patterns are gendered. We used HRS data (1992–2016) and Poisson growth curve models to predict multimorbidity (33,860 participants) as an indicator of physical health and memory (…
Cooperative learning reduces the gender gap in perceived social competences
Considering the evolving and unpredictable job market, adaptability is an important skill for young adults. Such adaptability implies that schools need to teach key social competences, like communication, collaboration, or problem-solving. In this area, a gender gap has consistently been found, showing that boys display social competences less than girls. A large-scale nationwide multilab longitudinal experiment—the ProFAN project—was conducted i…
The social class test gap
International audience
The Great Migration and Implicit Bias in the Northern United States
The spatial patterning of present-day racial bias in Southern states is predicted by the prevalence of slavery in 1860 and the structural inequalities that followed. Here we extend the investigation of the historical roots of implicit bias to areas outside the South by tracing the Great Migration of Black southerners to Northern and Western states. We found that the proportion of Black residents in each county ( N = 1,981 counties) during the yea…
Selection and the economic value of education
Due to the role that schools play in determining the status of the future occupations of their children (i.e., the selection function of education), high socioeconomic status (SES) parents may not always be supportive of interventions that would reduce the SES achievement gap. In four experiments, we measured the support of parents ( N total = 1966) for implementing an equalizing (and, in Experiments 2 and 3, an inequality‐maintaining) interventi…
How Many Participants Do I Need to Test an Interaction? Conducting an Appropriate Power Analysis and Achieving Sufficient Power to Detect an Interaction
Power analysis for first-order interactions poses two challenges: (a) Conducting an appropriate power analysis is difficult because the typical expected effect size of an interaction depends on its shape, and (b) achieving sufficient power is difficult because interactions are often modest in size. This article consists of three parts. In the first part, we address the first challenge. We first use a fictional study to explain the difference betw…
Feeling poor or feeling poorer
Separate areas of research have found that need-based and relative-based operationalizations of subjective income are important for health. Need- and relative-based measures are conceptually distinct, but differential implications for downstream outcomes have never been directly tested. In the present study, US residents ( N = 844) reported their subjective-need and subjective-relative income, as well as their health and well-being. Subjective-ne…
Exposure to the 1959–1961 Chinese famine and risk of non-communicable diseases in later life
Child undernutrition and later-life non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major global health issues. Literature suggests that undernutrition/famine exposure in childhood has immediate and long-term adverse health consequences. However, many studies have theoretical and methodological limitations. To add to the literature and overcome some of these limitations, we adopted a life course perspective and used more robust methods. We investigated the …
Opposing effects of income inequality on health
Income inequality is commonly posited to elevate concerns about social status that undermine psychological health, but the empirical evidence is inconsistent. Here we propose that these inconsistencies conceal opposing processes: Income inequality prompts perceived competitiveness, which can both negatively predict psychological health via avoidance motivation and positively predict psychological health via approach motivation. First, we conducte…
Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school
Competitiveness and cooperativeness are important predictors of social and learning outcomes at school.Drawing on evidence suggesting that contexts with high income inequality foster an ethos of competitiveness and inhibit cooperativeness in the economic environment, we examine whether income inequality is also associated with more competitiveness and less cooperativeness in the academic environment.We conducted four preregistered studies to test…
Social Class—Not Income Inequality—Predicts Social and Institutional Trust
Trust is the social glue that holds society together. The academic consensus is that trust is weaker among lower-class individuals and in unequal regions/countries, which is often considered a threat to a healthy society. However, existing studies are inconsistent and have two limitations: (i) variability in the measurement of social class and (ii) small numbers of higher level units (regions/countries). We addressed these problems using large-sc…
The relationship of maternal rank, 5‐HTTLPR genotype, and Maoa‐LPR genotype to temperament in infant rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
Temperament is a construct whose manifestations are quantifiable from an early age, and whose origins have been proposed as “biological.” Our goal was to determine whether maternal rank and infant genotype are associated with five measures of temperament in 3‐ to 4‐month old rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ), all of whom were born and reared by their mothers in large, outdoor, half‐acre cages. Maternal rank was defined as the proportion of animal…
The effects of U.S. county and state income inequality on self-reported happiness and health are equivalent to zero
The present work suggests that-at least in the USA-income inequality is likely neither associated with self-reported happiness nor with self-reported health
The paradox of local inequality
A puzzle has emerged amidst rising inequality: why do people profess high levels of belief in meritocracy even as income gains are increasingly concentrated at the top? In light of contradictory theories and evidence, we undertake the first assessment of the relationship between local income inequality and meritocratic beliefs outside the United States, using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We find that the positive relationship be…
Financial scarcity undermines health across the globe and the life course
The gradient between income and health is well established: the lower the income, the poorer the health. However, low income (having few economic resources) may not be enough to characterize economic vulnerability, and financial scarcity (perceiving having insufficient economic resources) may further reduce health. First, analysis of cross-national data (275,000+ participants from 200+ country-years) revealed that financial scarcity was associate…
Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes
There exists a racial income gap in America: Blacks earn ∼38% less than Whites, but little is known about its relation to interracial psychological outcomes. Toward this end, the present research examined associations between the Black–White income gap and perceptions of interracial competition and, subsequently, negative intergroup outcomes. Study 1 extracted data from a large, preexisting data set ( N = 2,543) and provided initial support for t…
Collaborative competence, social capital, and mental health
Social capital interventions for the mental health of older adults have been inconclusive to date, and have rarely investigated the psychological resources that are important to having social capital. This study focused on the “Neighborhoods in Solidarity” (NS), which are a series of Swiss community‐based interventions that aim to empower older adults to participate in their communities. Our goal was to understand whether the NS were associated w…
The paradox of local inequality
A puzzle has emerged amidst rising inequality: why do people profess high levels of belief in meritocracy even as income gains are increasingly concentrated at the top? In light of contradictory theories and evidence, we undertake the first assessment of the relationship between local income inequality and meritocratic beliefs outside the United States, using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We find that the positive relationship be…
Financial scarcity undermines health across the globe and the life course
The gradient between income and health is well established: the lower the income, the poorer the health. However, low income (having few economic resources) may not be enough to characterize economic vulnerability, and financial scarcity (perceiving having insufficient economic resources) may further reduce health. First, analysis of cross-national data (275,000+ participants from 200+ country-years) revealed that financial scarcity was associate…
A Contingent Perspective on Pluralistic Ignorance
Although past research has suggested that pluralistic ignorance—a mismatch between perceptions of others’ opinions and actual personal opinions—does not occur in every circumstance, no studies have directly investigated variations among different attitude objects. Drawing upon theoretical and analytical approaches based on social representations, this study examines differences between personal opinions and perceived opinions of different groups …
Selection and the economic value of education
Due to the role that schools play in determining the status of the future occupations of their children (i.e., the selection function of education), high socioeconomic status (SES) parents may not always be supportive of interventions that would reduce the SES achievement gap. In four experiments, we measured the support of parents ( N total = 1966) for implementing an equalizing (and, in Experiments 2 and 3, an inequality‐maintaining) interventi…
Opposing effects of income inequality on health
Income inequality is commonly posited to elevate concerns about social status that undermine psychological health, but the empirical evidence is inconsistent. Here we propose that these inconsistencies conceal opposing processes: Income inequality prompts perceived competitiveness, which can both negatively predict psychological health via avoidance motivation and positively predict psychological health via approach motivation. First, we conducte…
Collaborative competence, social capital, and mental health
Social capital interventions for the mental health of older adults have been inconclusive to date, and have rarely investigated the psychological resources that are important to having social capital. This study focused on the “Neighborhoods in Solidarity” (NS), which are a series of Swiss community‐based interventions that aim to empower older adults to participate in their communities. Our goal was to understand whether the NS were associated w…
I Will Put My Law in Their Minds
Catholics and Protestants differ in terms of social autonomy versus heteronomy. We propose that the regulation of behavior in accordance with social norms depends on the social control exercised by an authority for Catholics more than it does for Protestants. Two experiments measured cheating behavior (the transgression of a social norm) as a function of the religious group (Protestant vs. Catholic) and social control (with vs. without). Catholic…
Keep Calm and Learn Multilevel Logistic Modeling
This paper aims to introduce multilevel logistic regression analysis in a simple and practical way. First, we introduce the basic principles of logistic regression analysis (conditional probability, logit transformation, odds ratio). Second, we discuss the two fundamental implications of running this kind of analysis with a nested data structure: In multilevel logistic regression, the odds that the outcome variable equals one (rather than zero) m…
I Will Put My Law in Their Minds
Catholics and Protestants differ in terms of social autonomy versus heteronomy. We propose that the regulation of behavior in accordance with social norms depends on the social control exercised by an authority for Catholics more than it does for Protestants. Two experiments measured cheating behavior (the transgression of a social norm) as a function of the religious group (Protestant vs. Catholic) and social control (with vs. without). Catholic…
Confirmation as coping with competition
Confirmation is a widespread tendency to seek, use, interpret or remember information in such a way as to corroborate one’s hypothesis. We review various conceptions of confirmation and classify them as a function of whether they depict this phenomenon as a cognitive failure, a form of motivational prioritisation, or a pragmatic strategy. Then, we note that such a systematic and pervasive phenomenon must be a central mechanism of human activity s…
Income inequality, perceived competitiveness, and approach‐avoidance motivation
OBJECTIVE: Scholars disagree on whether income inequality has incentive or disincentive effects. In the present research, we move beyond such debate and focus on the motivational processes that income inequality predicts. First, income inequality makes economic stratification salient; therefore, it should promote perceived competitiveness. Second, competitiveness can be appraised as both a challenge and a threat; therefore, it should promote both…
A Contingent Perspective on Pluralistic Ignorance
Although past research has suggested that pluralistic ignorance—a mismatch between perceptions of others’ opinions and actual personal opinions—does not occur in every circumstance, no studies have directly investigated variations among different attitude objects. Drawing upon theoretical and analytical approaches based on social representations, this study examines differences between personal opinions and perceived opinions of different groups …
Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes
There exists a racial income gap in America: Blacks earn ∼38% less than Whites, but little is known about its relation to interracial psychological outcomes. Toward this end, the present research examined associations between the Black–White income gap and perceptions of interracial competition and, subsequently, negative intergroup outcomes. Study 1 extracted data from a large, preexisting data set ( N = 2,543) and provided initial support for t…
Collaborative competence, social capital, and mental health
Social capital interventions for the mental health of older adults have been inconclusive to date, and have rarely investigated the psychological resources that are important to having social capital. This study focused on the “Neighborhoods in Solidarity” (NS), which are a series of Swiss community‐based interventions that aim to empower older adults to participate in their communities. Our goal was to understand whether the NS were associated w…
Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school
Competitiveness and cooperativeness are important predictors of social and learning outcomes at school.Drawing on evidence suggesting that contexts with high income inequality foster an ethos of competitiveness and inhibit cooperativeness in the economic environment, we examine whether income inequality is also associated with more competitiveness and less cooperativeness in the academic environment.We conducted four preregistered studies to test…
Social Class—Not Income Inequality—Predicts Social and Institutional Trust
Trust is the social glue that holds society together. The academic consensus is that trust is weaker among lower-class individuals and in unequal regions/countries, which is often considered a threat to a healthy society. However, existing studies are inconsistent and have two limitations: (i) variability in the measurement of social class and (ii) small numbers of higher level units (regions/countries). We addressed these problems using large-sc…
The relationship of maternal rank, 5‐HTTLPR genotype, and Maoa‐LPR genotype to temperament in infant rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta )
Temperament is a construct whose manifestations are quantifiable from an early age, and whose origins have been proposed as “biological.” Our goal was to determine whether maternal rank and infant genotype are associated with five measures of temperament in 3‐ to 4‐month old rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ), all of whom were born and reared by their mothers in large, outdoor, half‐acre cages. Maternal rank was defined as the proportion of animal…
The effects of U.S. county and state income inequality on self-reported happiness and health are equivalent to zero
The present work suggests that-at least in the USA-income inequality is likely neither associated with self-reported happiness nor with self-reported health
The paradox of local inequality
A puzzle has emerged amidst rising inequality: why do people profess high levels of belief in meritocracy even as income gains are increasingly concentrated at the top? In light of contradictory theories and evidence, we undertake the first assessment of the relationship between local income inequality and meritocratic beliefs outside the United States, using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We find that the positive relationship be…
Financial scarcity undermines health across the globe and the life course
The gradient between income and health is well established: the lower the income, the poorer the health. However, low income (having few economic resources) may not be enough to characterize economic vulnerability, and financial scarcity (perceiving having insufficient economic resources) may further reduce health. First, analysis of cross-national data (275,000+ participants from 200+ country-years) revealed that financial scarcity was associate…
How Many Participants Do I Need to Test an Interaction? Conducting an Appropriate Power Analysis and Achieving Sufficient Power to Detect an Interaction
Power analysis for first-order interactions poses two challenges: (a) Conducting an appropriate power analysis is difficult because the typical expected effect size of an interaction depends on its shape, and (b) achieving sufficient power is difficult because interactions are often modest in size. This article consists of three parts. In the first part, we address the first challenge. We first use a fictional study to explain the difference betw…
Feeling poor or feeling poorer
Separate areas of research have found that need-based and relative-based operationalizations of subjective income are important for health. Need- and relative-based measures are conceptually distinct, but differential implications for downstream outcomes have never been directly tested. In the present study, US residents ( N = 844) reported their subjective-need and subjective-relative income, as well as their health and well-being. Subjective-ne…
Exposure to the 1959–1961 Chinese famine and risk of non-communicable diseases in later life
Child undernutrition and later-life non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major global health issues. Literature suggests that undernutrition/famine exposure in childhood has immediate and long-term adverse health consequences. However, many studies have theoretical and methodological limitations. To add to the literature and overcome some of these limitations, we adopted a life course perspective and used more robust methods. We investigated the …
Opposing effects of income inequality on health
Income inequality is commonly posited to elevate concerns about social status that undermine psychological health, but the empirical evidence is inconsistent. Here we propose that these inconsistencies conceal opposing processes: Income inequality prompts perceived competitiveness, which can both negatively predict psychological health via avoidance motivation and positively predict psychological health via approach motivation. First, we conducte…
Income-Related Inequalities in Physical and Cognitive Health Domains Over the Later Life Course
This study aims to investigate changes in the income–health gradient over the later life course. We test the age-as-leveler, the cumulative advantage/disadvantage, and the persistent inequality pattern for physical and cognitive health domains, and analyze whether these patterns are gendered. We used HRS data (1992–2016) and Poisson growth curve models to predict multimorbidity (33,860 participants) as an indicator of physical health and memory (…
Cooperative learning reduces the gender gap in perceived social competences
Considering the evolving and unpredictable job market, adaptability is an important skill for young adults. Such adaptability implies that schools need to teach key social competences, like communication, collaboration, or problem-solving. In this area, a gender gap has consistently been found, showing that boys display social competences less than girls. A large-scale nationwide multilab longitudinal experiment—the ProFAN project—was conducted i…
The social class test gap
International audience
The Great Migration and Implicit Bias in the Northern United States
The spatial patterning of present-day racial bias in Southern states is predicted by the prevalence of slavery in 1860 and the structural inequalities that followed. Here we extend the investigation of the historical roots of implicit bias to areas outside the South by tracing the Great Migration of Black southerners to Northern and Western states. We found that the proportion of Black residents in each county ( N = 1,981 counties) during the yea…
Selection and the economic value of education
Due to the role that schools play in determining the status of the future occupations of their children (i.e., the selection function of education), high socioeconomic status (SES) parents may not always be supportive of interventions that would reduce the SES achievement gap. In four experiments, we measured the support of parents ( N total = 1966) for implementing an equalizing (and, in Experiments 2 and 3, an inequality‐maintaining) interventi…
Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places
In this research, we examine how the lay conceptualization of subjective social class varies based on economic contexts. We argue that income should be a more central component of subjective social class in areas with higher income inequality. To address the issue of low power in existing research, we combined local-level income inequality indicators with large-scale repeated cross-sectional data, enabling the most reliable test to date on how th…
Perceived economic inequality is linked to poorer sleep quality
Economic inequality is believed to negatively affect individuals' psychological and physical health. We hypothesized that perceptions of greater economic inequality predict poorer sleep quality through social comparison and stress. We tested this hypothesis across three studies. Study 1 used a large-scale longitudinal dataset with a nationally representative sample in China (n = 37,984) to investigate the within-participant association between ec…
Middle-Income Groups Perceive Themselves as Belonging to a Higher Social Class When National Income Inequality is Greater
Subjective social class reflects individuals’ beliefs about their position within a social hierarchy and is associated with various important life outcomes. While many studies have investigated the psychological consequences of subjective social class, few have explored its determinants, particularly at the contextual level. This study addresses this gap by examining how individual-level income and contextual-level income inequality interact in p…
Psychology (22 obras) · Inequality (17 obras) · Social Psychology (17 obras) · Economics (14 obras) · Sociology (12 obras) · Economic inequality (11 obras) · Mathematics (10 obras) · Demographic economics (9 obras) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (8 obras) · Developmental psychology (7 obras)