Fergus Mcneill
Biographic Data
| ID | 334316 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fergus Mcneill |
| GIVEN NAMES | Fergus |
| FAMILY NAME | Mcneill |
| SIGNATURE | MCNEILL F |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Glasgow |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3547-6482 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 236 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Generative Justice: Beyond Crime and Punishment
Making Light of Imprisonment: Humour, Connection and Resistance
In previous papers, we have explored how songs written in prison, and the process of collaborative songwriting that produced them, served as devices for solving relational and personal problems that imprisonment poses. Here, drawing on data from the same project (Distant Voices: Coming Home), we explore and analyse how humour featured both in the songwriting process and in some of the songs, focussing on two songs written by women in prison. Our …
Probation and Parole in Europe
In this essay, we review uses of and developments in probation and parole in Europe, and consider the prospects for such sanctions. Our analysis reveals huge variation across European jurisdictions in the extent to which supervisory sanctions are used and in how their uses relate to the uses of imprisonment. We find evidence of very large expansions in the numbers of people under supervision in several European countries, but little or no evidenc…
Reimagining Probation Practice: Re-forming Rehabilitation in an Age of Penal Excess
This chapter considers the nature of probation officer training over the last thirty years. It places the current model of training within the context of increasing politicisation of probation practice, the associated impact of New Public Management policies, shifts in understandings of rehabilitation, and the semi privatisation of Probation in 2013. The chapter examines the value of the four forms of rehabilitation as a model that can inform the…
Miller R, Halfway Home: Race, Punishment and the Afterlife of Mass Incarceration
Miller R, Halfway Home: Race, Punishment and the Afterlife of Mass Incarceration. Little Brown and Company, New York, 2021
Reimagining Probation Practice: Re-Forming Rehabilitation in an Age of Penal Excess
Pervasive punishment in a pandemic
In this paper, we draw on data from a recent study of how Covid-19 and related restrictions impacted on vulnerable and/or marginalised populations in Scotland (Armstrong and Pickering, 2020), including justice-affected people (i.e. people in prison and under supervision, their families and those that work with them; see Gormley et al., 2020). Focusing here mainly on interviews with people released from prison and others under community-based crim…
Mediating Punishment? Prisoners’ Songs as Relational ‘Problem-Solving’ Devices
In this article we share some findings from the Distant Voices – Coming Home project. It is a partnership between the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and the West of Scotland, and the Glasgow-based arts charity Vox Liminis. Distant Voices aims to explore and practice re/integration after punishment through creative collaborations (primarily songwriting) and action-research. The project is complex and interdisciplinary, blurring boundaries betw…
Penal and welfare conditionality: Discipline or degradation
This paper aims to complement analyses of welfare conditionality by examining what can be learned from studies of conditional punishment in the criminal justice system. Drawing on a range of recent studies, I explore lived experiences of the conditionality attendant on penal forms of supervision; penal forms that have expanded rapidly in recent decades. I argue that, to paraphrase Stan Cohen, such supervision is as much about the dispersal of deg…
Collaboration before collaborative research: The development of 'Distant Voices
In this article, we explore the origins and early development of the ongoing collaborative action research project 'Distant Voices - Coming Home'. We begin by explaining why and how our somewhat different backgrounds and interests came to be connected in Distant Voices. We then go on to explore the project's first two development stages. In discussing the first phase (Distant Voices 1), we focus on how and why we developed creative processes and …
The Routledge Companion to Rehabilitative Work in Criminal Justice
Over the last 30 years there has been a steady growth in ‘victim-focused work with offenders’. Yet this phrase itself is vague, conveying little about what such work actually is, and is not. If it conjures any meaning at all, it is most commonly associated with victim awareness or empathy programmes designed to help reduce recidivism by improving offenders’ understanding about the impact of their harmful behaviour on victims. These programmes are…
Contesting Probation in Scotland: How An Agonistic Perspective Travels
In this Review Essay, I try to rise to one of the challenges that Goodman, Page, and Phelps pose to other scholars in their book, Breaking the Pendulum (2017). They invite us to explore whether and how well their “agonistic perspective” on penal change travels. In response, I draw on original archival and oral history research on probation history in Scotland to explore their model’s utility in the context of this particular and challenging test …
Reintegration, Hospitality and Hostility: Song-writing and Song-sharing in Criminal Justice
Distant Voices is an ongoing, interdisciplinary collaborative action research project, drawing on criminology, community development, politics, practice-led research and songwriting to explore crime, punishment and reintegration through creative conversations that aim to challenge and unsettle understandings of and approaches to rehabilitation and reintegration. In this paper, we discuss some of the thinking behind the project and we reflect on o…
Reimagining Rehabilitation: Beyond the Individual
This book aims to make the case for and provide some of the resources necessary to reimagine rehabilitation for twenty-first-century criminal justice. Outlining an approach to rehabilitation which takes into account wider democratic processes, political structures and mechanisms of resource allocation, the authors develop a new model of rehabilitation comprising four forms - personal, legal, social and moral. Personal rehabilitation concerns how …
Pervasive Punishment: Making Sense of Mass Supervision
This book challenges the centrality of the prison in our understanding of punishment, inviting us to see, hear, imagine, analyse and restrain ‘mass supervision’. Though rooted in social theory and social research, its innovative approach complements more conventional academic writing with photography, song-writing and storytelling
Punishment, legitimacy and taste: The role and limits of mainstream and social media in constructing attitudes towards community sanctions
Although criminologists have studied public attitudes to community sanctions, and there has also been some attention to media representations of them, there has been no serious examination of the relationships between media and public understandings. This article presents an interdisciplinary analysis (drawing on sociology, media and communications and organizational studies) of the potential influence of media consumption practices on penal tast…
Mass supervision, misrecognition and the ‘Malopticon’
This paper aims to contribute to debates about ‘mass supervision’ by exploring its penal character as a lived experience. It begins with a review of recent studies that have used ethnographic methods to explore how supervision is experienced before describing the two projects (‘Supervisible’ and ‘Mass Supervision: Seen and Heard’) on which the paper draws, explaining these as an attempt to generate a ‘counter-visual criminology’ of mass supervisi…
Beyond the Risk Paradigm in Criminal Justice
The risk assessment process, the interventions and treatment commenced as a result of it and the theory behind it are central to the administration of criminal justice programmes around the world. Most youth and adult corrections departments routinely conduct risk assessments, which are then used to inform the nature and intensity of subsequent criminal justice interventions. In this unique and important text, a team of the world's leading resear…
Probation: 12 Essential Questions
This volume poses a series of key questions about the practice of probation as an integral part of the European criminal justice system. The contributors are established experts in their respective fields of study and together their questions address the legitimacy, and perhaps continued existence, of probation. The book offers analyses of why people offend and stop offending, and the wide ranging impacts of probation. This includes the impact on…
Rethinking What Helps? Beyond Probation and Desistance
No abstract available
Integration and reintegration: Comparing pathways to citizenship through asylum and criminal justice
The development of scholarship related to particular categories of people who are subject to different forms of social control often results in subfields that become or remain isolated from each other. As an example, theory and research relating to the reintegration of ex-offenders and the integration of asylum seekers have developed almost completely independently. However, both processes involve people who are marginalized and stigmatized throu…
Meredith Rossner, Just Emotions: Rituals of Restorative Justice
What Matters in Practice? Understanding ‘Quality’ in the Routine Supervision of Offenders in Scotland
Little is known about the nature, character and construction of quality in the routine supervision of offenders in Scotland. Quality is an important yet contested concept with multiple facets and features, but its meanings for practitioners are under-researched. This article will present findings from a study using Appreciative Inquiry to reveal how Scottish criminal justice social workers attempt to conceptualise and construct meanings of qualit…
Social Solidarity, Penal Evolution and Probation
Compared to the sociology of the prison, the 'sociology of probation' has been much neglected. In Europe and the USA, that neglect is beginning to be addressed by a number of scholars, both empirically and conceptually. Where these scholars have looked to the founding figures in the sociology of punishment, they have tended to examine probation through a Foucauldian or Marxist lens. This paper takes a different direction, reexamining Durkheim's i…
Castigo en Sociedad: La Improbable Persistencia De La Probation Y Otras Sanciones Y Medidas Comunitarias
This paper aims to explore and explain the key "adaptations" by which community sanctions have sought legitimacy in the wake of the decline of penal welfarism and of the Texto publicado, traducido y reproducido con el permiso de
A desistance paradigm for offender management
In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence…
Risk, responsibility and reconfiguration: Penal adaptation and misadaptation
This article draws on the findings of an ethnographic study of social enquiry and sentencing in the Scottish courts. It explores the nature of the practice of social enquiry (that is, of social workers preparing reports to assist sentencers) and explores the extent to which this practice is being reconfigured in line with the recent accounts of penal transformation. In so doing, we problematize and explore what we term the ‘governmentality gap’; …
Street‐Level Bureaucracy, Interprofessional Relations, and Coping Mechanisms: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Workers in the Sentencing Process
This article builds on the work of Michael Lipsky and develops an argument about the significance of interprofessional working for street‐level bureaucracy. It presents an ethnographic analysis of criminal justice social workers writing presentence reports for the Scottish courts. Social workers' report writing for judges brought into relief issues of relative professional status. Social workers were uncertain of their place within the legal doma…
Mass supervision, misrecognition and the ‘Malopticon’
This paper aims to contribute to debates about ‘mass supervision’ by exploring its penal character as a lived experience. It begins with a review of recent studies that have used ethnographic methods to explore how supervision is experienced before describing the two projects (‘Supervisible’ and ‘Mass Supervision: Seen and Heard’) on which the paper draws, explaining these as an attempt to generate a ‘counter-visual criminology’ of mass supervisi…
Exploring the dynamics of compliance with community penalties
In this paper, we examine how compliance with community penalties has been theorized hitherto and seek to develop a new dynamic model of compliance with community penalties. This new model is developed by exploring some of the interfaces between existing criminological and socio-legal work on compliance. The first part of the paper examines the possible definitions and dimensions of compliance with community supervision. Secondly, we examine exis…
Understanding ‘quality’ in probation practice: Frontline perspectives in England & Wales
In the context of ‘ordinary’ probation practice, quality is a contested concept, as well as an under-researched one. In this article we present the findings of a study which sought to capture, via interviews inspired by Appreciative Inquiry, the views of probation staff about the meaning(s) of ‘quality’ in probation practice. The interviews revealed a ‘frontline’ perspective on quality which has not previously been exposed or articulated as such.…
Consumer society, commodification and offender management
This article aims to set current developments in `offender management' services in England and Wales and in Scotland within the contexts first of a discussion of Bauman's analysis of crime and punishment in consumer society and second of wider debates about the commodification of public services. Rather than examining the formal commodification of offender management through organizational restructuring, `contestability' and marketization, the au…
Doing ‘strengths-based’ research: Appreciative Inquiry in a probation setting
This article considers the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a research methodology in the field of probation research. Although AI has previously been used in prisons research it has not to date been applied to research on probation. In this article we describe why and how AI was applied in an exploratory study of ‘quality’ in probation practice. The article includes some reflections from us as researchers and from the participants in …
Castigo en Sociedad: La Improbable Persistencia De La Probation Y Otras Sanciones Y Medidas Comunitarias
This paper aims to explore and explain the key "adaptations" by which community sanctions have sought legitimacy in the wake of the decline of penal welfarism and of the Texto publicado, traducido y reproducido con el permiso de
Learning, rehabilitation and the arts in prisons: A Scottish case study
This article investigates the role of the arts in enabling prisoners to engage with learning and improve their literacy, and the impact this has on their rehabilitation and desistance from crime. It draws on data collected from prisoners who participated in arts interventions in three different Scottish prisons. It argues that participating in the arts projects built an active learning culture and encouraged the improvement of verbal and written …
Penal and welfare conditionality: Discipline or degradation
This paper aims to complement analyses of welfare conditionality by examining what can be learned from studies of conditional punishment in the criminal justice system. Drawing on a range of recent studies, I explore lived experiences of the conditionality attendant on penal forms of supervision; penal forms that have expanded rapidly in recent decades. I argue that, to paraphrase Stan Cohen, such supervision is as much about the dispersal of deg…
Shadow Writing and Participant Observation: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Work Around Sentencing
The study of decision‐making by public officials in administrative settings has been a mainstay of law and society scholarship for decades. The methodological challenges posed by this research agenda are well understood: how can socio‐legal researchers get inside the heads of legal decision‐makers in order to understand the uses of official discretion? This article describes an ethnographic technique the authors developed to help them penetrate t…
Integration and reintegration: Comparing pathways to citizenship through asylum and criminal justice
The development of scholarship related to particular categories of people who are subject to different forms of social control often results in subfields that become or remain isolated from each other. As an example, theory and research relating to the reintegration of ex-offenders and the integration of asylum seekers have developed almost completely independently. However, both processes involve people who are marginalized and stigmatized throu…
Assisting and Advising The Sentencing Decision Process: The Pursuit of 'Quality' in Pre-Sentence Reports
Pre-sentence reports are an increasingly prevalent feature of the sentencing process. Yet, although judges have been surveyed about their general views, we know relatively little about how such reports are read and interpreted by judges considering sentence in specific cases, and, in particular, how these judicial interpretations compare with the intentions of the writers of those same reports. This article summarizes some of the main findings of…
Contesting Probation in Scotland: How An Agonistic Perspective Travels
In this Review Essay, I try to rise to one of the challenges that Goodman, Page, and Phelps pose to other scholars in their book, Breaking the Pendulum (2017). They invite us to explore whether and how well their “agonistic perspective” on penal change travels. In response, I draw on original archival and oral history research on probation history in Scotland to explore their model’s utility in the context of this particular and challenging test …
Punishment, legitimacy and taste: The role and limits of mainstream and social media in constructing attitudes towards community sanctions
Although criminologists have studied public attitudes to community sanctions, and there has also been some attention to media representations of them, there has been no serious examination of the relationships between media and public understandings. This article presents an interdisciplinary analysis (drawing on sociology, media and communications and organizational studies) of the potential influence of media consumption practices on penal tast…
Probation and Parole in Europe
In this essay, we review uses of and developments in probation and parole in Europe, and consider the prospects for such sanctions. Our analysis reveals huge variation across European jurisdictions in the extent to which supervisory sanctions are used and in how their uses relate to the uses of imprisonment. We find evidence of very large expansions in the numbers of people under supervision in several European countries, but little or no evidenc…
Collaboration before collaborative research: The development of 'Distant Voices
In this article, we explore the origins and early development of the ongoing collaborative action research project 'Distant Voices - Coming Home'. We begin by explaining why and how our somewhat different backgrounds and interests came to be connected in Distant Voices. We then go on to explore the project's first two development stages. In discussing the first phase (Distant Voices 1), we focus on how and why we developed creative processes and …
Reintegration, Hospitality and Hostility: Song-writing and Song-sharing in Criminal Justice
Distant Voices is an ongoing, interdisciplinary collaborative action research project, drawing on criminology, community development, politics, practice-led research and songwriting to explore crime, punishment and reintegration through creative conversations that aim to challenge and unsettle understandings of and approaches to rehabilitation and reintegration. In this paper, we discuss some of the thinking behind the project and we reflect on o…
What Matters in Practice? Understanding ‘Quality’ in the Routine Supervision of Offenders in Scotland
Little is known about the nature, character and construction of quality in the routine supervision of offenders in Scotland. Quality is an important yet contested concept with multiple facets and features, but its meanings for practitioners are under-researched. This article will present findings from a study using Appreciative Inquiry to reveal how Scottish criminal justice social workers attempt to conceptualise and construct meanings of qualit…
Defining Effective Probation: Frontline Perspectives
In probation and, in Scotland, in criminal justice social work, the evaluation of effectiveness is fraught with difficulty. Engaging workers in the process of defining effective probation and in developing effectiveness measures is essential if workers are to have any investment in evaluation. The research study reported here attempted to explore workers' definitions of effective probation and found evidence of considerable diversity of opinion o…
Desistance, Rehabilitation and Correctionalism: Developments and Prospects in Scotland
This article argues that desistance research should provoke a reconsideration of the essential character of interventions with adults involved in offending behaviour. It begins by discussing broad accounts of the characteristics of late‐modern penal systems as the background to an exploration of current developments in probation policy and practice. In particular, the discussion develops some contrasts between ‘welfarist rehabilitation’ and ‘corr…
The place of the officer-offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime
For decades, the relationship between the officer and offender (variously labelled as the ‘casework relationship’, the ‘supervisory relationship’ or ‘one-to-one work’) was the main channel for probation service interventions. In the modernized probation service in England and Wales, this relationship element has been marginalized, on a policy level at least, by accredited groupwork programmes and case management approaches involving referrals to …
A desistance paradigm for offender management
In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence…
Consumer society, commodification and offender management
This article aims to set current developments in `offender management' services in England and Wales and in Scotland within the contexts first of a discussion of Bauman's analysis of crime and punishment in consumer society and second of wider debates about the commodification of public services. Rather than examining the formal commodification of offender management through organizational restructuring, `contestability' and marketization, the au…
Exploring the dynamics of compliance with community penalties
In this paper, we examine how compliance with community penalties has been theorized hitherto and seek to develop a new dynamic model of compliance with community penalties. This new model is developed by exploring some of the interfaces between existing criminological and socio-legal work on compliance. The first part of the paper examines the possible definitions and dimensions of compliance with community supervision. Secondly, we examine exis…
Shadow Writing and Participant Observation: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Work Around Sentencing
The study of decision‐making by public officials in administrative settings has been a mainstay of law and society scholarship for decades. The methodological challenges posed by this research agenda are well understood: how can socio‐legal researchers get inside the heads of legal decision‐makers in order to understand the uses of official discretion? This article describes an ethnographic technique the authors developed to help them penetrate t…
Assisting and Advising The Sentencing Decision Process: The Pursuit of 'Quality' in Pre-Sentence Reports
Pre-sentence reports are an increasingly prevalent feature of the sentencing process. Yet, although judges have been surveyed about their general views, we know relatively little about how such reports are read and interpreted by judges considering sentence in specific cases, and, in particular, how these judicial interpretations compare with the intentions of the writers of those same reports. This article summarizes some of the main findings of…
Risk, responsibility and reconfiguration: Penal adaptation and misadaptation
This article draws on the findings of an ethnographic study of social enquiry and sentencing in the Scottish courts. It explores the nature of the practice of social enquiry (that is, of social workers preparing reports to assist sentencers) and explores the extent to which this practice is being reconfigured in line with the recent accounts of penal transformation. In so doing, we problematize and explore what we term the ‘governmentality gap’; …
Street‐Level Bureaucracy, Interprofessional Relations, and Coping Mechanisms: A Study of Criminal Justice Social Workers in the Sentencing Process
This article builds on the work of Michael Lipsky and develops an argument about the significance of interprofessional working for street‐level bureaucracy. It presents an ethnographic analysis of criminal justice social workers writing presentence reports for the Scottish courts. Social workers' report writing for judges brought into relief issues of relative professional status. Social workers were uncertain of their place within the legal doma…
Four forms of ‘offender’ rehabilitation: Towards an interdisciplinary perspective
This paper aims to advance the case for a more fully interdisciplinary understanding of offender rehabilitation, partly as a means of shedding light upon and moving beyond contemporary ‘paradigm conflicts’. It begins with a review of current arguments about what a credible ‘offender’ rehabilitation theory requires and by exploring some aspects of current debates about different theories. It goes on to locate this specific kind of contemporary the…
Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice
1. Introduction: 'What's New and Exciting?', Fergus McNeill, Peter Raynor and Chris Trotter Part One: New directions in theory 2. Viewing Offender Assessment and Rehabilitation Through the Lens of the Risk-Needs-Responsivity Model, Jim Bonta and Don Andrews 3. Strengths and Risks: The Good Lives Model of Offender Rehabilitation, Tony Ward 4. The Desistance Paradigm in Correctional Practice: From Programs to Lives, Shadd Maruna and Thomas P. LeBel…
Doing ‘strengths-based’ research: Appreciative Inquiry in a probation setting
This article considers the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a research methodology in the field of probation research. Although AI has previously been used in prisons research it has not to date been applied to research on probation. In this article we describe why and how AI was applied in an exploratory study of ‘quality’ in probation practice. The article includes some reflections from us as researchers and from the participants in …
Learning, rehabilitation and the arts in prisons: A Scottish case study
This article investigates the role of the arts in enabling prisoners to engage with learning and improve their literacy, and the impact this has on their rehabilitation and desistance from crime. It draws on data collected from prisoners who participated in arts interventions in three different Scottish prisons. It argues that participating in the arts projects built an active learning culture and encouraged the improvement of verbal and written …
Values in Criminology and Community Justice
The way we think about crime and the way that society responds to it are imbued with values that can determine what is considered important and what gets attention. Sometimes values that are claimed may not be the values expressed in practice, as we see in the multiple and confusing discourses about victims and offenders, punishment and protection, rights and responsibilities. This collection of writings considers values in crime theory, criminal…
Offender Supervision in Europe
Offender supervision in Europe has developed rapidly in scale, distribution and intensity in recent years. However, the emergence of mass supervision in the community has largely escaped the attention
Understanding Penal Practice
No abstract available
Understanding ‘quality’ in probation practice: Frontline perspectives in England & Wales
In the context of ‘ordinary’ probation practice, quality is a contested concept, as well as an under-researched one. In this article we present the findings of a study which sought to capture, via interviews inspired by Appreciative Inquiry, the views of probation staff about the meaning(s) of ‘quality’ in probation practice. The interviews revealed a ‘frontline’ perspective on quality which has not previously been exposed or articulated as such.…
Social Solidarity, Penal Evolution and Probation
Compared to the sociology of the prison, the 'sociology of probation' has been much neglected. In Europe and the USA, that neglect is beginning to be addressed by a number of scholars, both empirically and conceptually. Where these scholars have looked to the founding figures in the sociology of punishment, they have tended to examine probation through a Foucauldian or Marxist lens. This paper takes a different direction, reexamining Durkheim's i…
Castigo en Sociedad: La Improbable Persistencia De La Probation Y Otras Sanciones Y Medidas Comunitarias
This paper aims to explore and explain the key "adaptations" by which community sanctions have sought legitimacy in the wake of the decline of penal welfarism and of the Texto publicado, traducido y reproducido con el permiso de
Rethinking What Helps? Beyond Probation and Desistance
No abstract available
Integration and reintegration: Comparing pathways to citizenship through asylum and criminal justice
The development of scholarship related to particular categories of people who are subject to different forms of social control often results in subfields that become or remain isolated from each other. As an example, theory and research relating to the reintegration of ex-offenders and the integration of asylum seekers have developed almost completely independently. However, both processes involve people who are marginalized and stigmatized throu…
Meredith Rossner, Just Emotions: Rituals of Restorative Justice
What Matters in Practice? Understanding ‘Quality’ in the Routine Supervision of Offenders in Scotland
Little is known about the nature, character and construction of quality in the routine supervision of offenders in Scotland. Quality is an important yet contested concept with multiple facets and features, but its meanings for practitioners are under-researched. This article will present findings from a study using Appreciative Inquiry to reveal how Scottish criminal justice social workers attempt to conceptualise and construct meanings of qualit…
Probation: 12 Essential Questions
This volume poses a series of key questions about the practice of probation as an integral part of the European criminal justice system. The contributors are established experts in their respective fields of study and together their questions address the legitimacy, and perhaps continued existence, of probation. The book offers analyses of why people offend and stop offending, and the wide ranging impacts of probation. This includes the impact on…
Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (33 works) · Political science (32 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Criminology (30 works) · Psychology (29 works) · Law (24 works) · Public relations (17 works) · Law (15 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Criminal justice (13 works)