R Liu
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 33457 |
|---|---|
| NOME | R Liu |
| PRENOMES | R |
| SOBRENOME | Liu |
| ASSINATURA | LIU R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | British Museum |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7745-5933 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 35 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 221 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2015 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Pathways to learning
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more embedded in daily life, it is also reshaping educational tools, including robotics in K-12 settings. AI-powered robots offer new opportunities in educational robotics by enabling capabilities such as perceiving their surroundings, understanding movement patterns, recognizing images, and responding to user input. While prior research highlights the positive impact of educational robots on learners’ comp…
Does Political Connection Stifle Corporate Hypocrisy? Evidence from Greenwashing
Intra- and interregional interactions contributed to the emergence of herding in the late prehistoric Upper Yellow River region (2500–1500 BCE)
This study examines the emergence and diversification of subsistence patterns in the Upper Yellow River region of northern China between 2500 and 1500 BCE through a systematic review of published archaeological evidence. Drawing on data from 54 settlement and burial sites, we investigate how domesticated herd animals—introduced from Central Asia and/or Mongolia—were incorporated into local subsistence practices and lifeways. The results demonstra…
High-precision chronology and scientific analysis of Panchi mirrors reveal the state policy impact in early Imperial China
Cultural exchange and technical artistry
Provenance Studies in Archaeology – More Reflective of ‘Quality Control’ Within a Resourcescape Than Geochemistry
Despite the obvious methodological similarities between archaeology and geology, we argue here that the fundamental assumption in scientific provenance studies of inorganic artefacts provides an insufficient basis for the methodology. That assumption is that there is a geochemical link between the source of the raw material and the finished object. Although this is undoubtedly necessary, it is not sufficient. We argue that, particularly for highl…
A View From the Countryside
The conquest of the Shang Dynasty at Anyang around 1046 BCE by the Zhou is one of the major events for not only Chinese Bronze Age but also early interaction between the pastoralist groups from the Eurasian Steppes and agriculture ones in the Central Plains of China. It is well-known from historical texts that the pre-Zhou people lived in the ancient Bin region (豳), the exact location of which is unclear, but most likely in the Jing River valley.…
Bronze alloying recipes at Anyang during the Shang Dynasty
We present a detailed analysis of the chemical alloying data (Cu, Sn, Pb) on the bronzes recovered from the Late Shang capital at Yinxu, revealing a complex pattern which varies by social status and object typology, and which also changes over time. The preference for higher tin in the bronze vessels and weapons for the elites during Yinxu Phase II gives way to a more binary pattern (with weapons being preferentially alloyed with lead) for the lo…
Predicting bronze casting recipes in ancient China
This paper explores the relationship between trends in the observed composition of ternary copper-lead-tin alloys and the recreation of "recipes" used for the casting of bronze objects, and in particular, to ask if the recipe can be reconstructed from the chemical data. The archaeological context is specifically the manufacture of bronzes in pre-Dynastic China, but the nature of the discussion is essentially mathematical. Although the chemical co…
Demystifying ancient filigree art
Understanding the transport networks complex between South Asia, Southeast Asia and China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age
The emergence and intensification of transcontinental exchange during both the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age profoundly influenced the social history of Eurasia. While scholars have intensively discussed east-west long-distance communication along the proto-Silk Road, the north-south transport networks that connected China to South and Southeast Asia during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age have attracted much less attention in the scholarly lite…
Chemical Studies of Ming and Qing (1368–1911 CE) coinage and the later history of brass in China
New scientific analyses reveal mixing of copper sources in the early Iron Age metal production at Ili, western China
The crucial role that Xinjiang played in cultural communication across the Eurasian steppe in prehistory is evidenced by the large number of copper‐based objects that represent the early metallurgical technologies found across this region. Our research adds new chemical and isotopic analyses of 44 copper‐based objects dated to the early Iron Age of Ili in Xinjiang, western China. As noted in a number of publications, tin bronze and arsenic copper…
Art historical and archaeometric analyses of the ‘animal style’ gold and silver ornaments (fourth–third centuries bce ) found in north‐west China
The archaeological visibility of the production and consumption of gold and silver ornaments increased substantially during the Iron Age. A large number of precious metalworks rendered with distinctive ‘animal style’ motifs have been recovered from elite tombs in north‐west China, and have attracted great interest when investigating the dynamics of exchange, mobility and transcultural encounters in Eurasian antiquity. However, little scientific r…
Iron production along the Great Wall Belt of the Han Empire
Ironworks of the Han dynasty in Yangqiaopan ancient city are so far the only discovered iron smelting site in Northern Shaanxi. A total of 27 slag samples from the site were analysed. The results of metallographic and elemental analyses suggest that both cast iron smelting and the fining process were employed at the site. In addition, this paper suggests that under the iron monopoly policy, iron production was carried out in prefectures along the…
Rare colour in medieval China
Yellow colourants appear to have been rarely employed for tombs mural paintings in ancient China. The recently discovered mural paintings at Xi'an (dated to the Tang dynasty, 618–907 ce ) offer fresh materials for characterization of yellow pigments, which can be potentially useful for filling the gap of the yellow pigments. Multi‐analytical approaches have been applied in this study, including chromaticity analysis, cross‐section, polarizing mic…
The six recipes of Zhou
Knowledge of alloying practices is key to understanding the mass production of ancient Chinese bronzes. The Eastern Zhou text, the Rites of Zhou, contains six formulae, or recipes, for casting different forms of bronze based on the combination of two components: Jin and Xi. For more than 100 years, the precise interpretation of these two components has eluded explanation. Drawing on analyses of pre-Qin coinage, the authors offer a new interpretat…
Bronze Alloying Practice in ancient China - Evidence from Pre-Qin Coin Analyses
Chronology of the Tianshanbeilu Cemetery in Xinjiang, Northwestern China
Eurasian steppes experienced frequent cultural transfers, human migration, and diffusion of techniques during the Bronze Age. The Hami Oasis is one of the most dynamic areas and has attracted multiple cultural flows. It is an important area that connects various routes of the Tianshan Corridor with the Hexi Corridor in western China. The Tianshanbeilu cemetery is the largest Bronze Age cemetery in Hami. Thirty-seven new radiocarbon dates allowed …
Global circulation of silver between Ming–Qing China and the Americas
The circulation of silver between the Americas, Europe and China has provided a critical impetus for modern globalization since the 16th century. Even though substantial documentary information about this process has been collected and processed, there is still an ongoing debate about its underlying mechanism and the nature of the economic model. This article argues that the scientific analyses of the silver bullion and coins of Ming–Qing China a…
A new perspective towards the debate on highly radiogenic lead in Chinese archaeometallurgy
Synthesis of stable isotopic data for human bone collagen
Ancient China is one of the most important regions for the development of agriculture in human history, contributing the two key crops millet and rice. Meanwhile, it was closely connected to the wider Eurasian network, receiving wheat and barley from the West. Because of the large isotopic differences between C 3 and C 4 crops, we are able to track their changing importance in different regions of China and underlying connections to their cultura…
Introduction to the Special Issue
Identifying and explaining changes in the prehistoric material and social world is one of the greatest research interests in archaeology, palaeoclimate and environmental science. In the last two decades or so, a considerable number of studies have made significant contributions to the associated disciplines in eastern Asian archaeology. However, due to the more specialised scientific approaches and the rapid accumulation of new excavation materia…
Lead isotopic analyses of copper ores in the Early Bronze Age central Hexi Corridor, north‐west China
This paper explores the possible provenance of ores employed for metallurgical production during the Early Bronze Age in the central Hexi Corridor of north‐west China. In total, 78 pieces of copper (Cu) ore samples were collected from five Early Bronze Age sites and one Cu deposit site (the Beishantang Cu deposit) in the Heihe River region of the central corridor. These sites were dated to the late Machang (4100–4000 bp ), Xichengyi (4000–3700 bp…
From Alloy Composition to Alloying Practice
We propose a new methodology based on standard statistical processes for displaying and rigorously comparing the alloy composition of archaeological bronze alloys. Although traditional approaches using visual comparisons of histograms of alloying elements in an assemblage of archaeological objects are adequate for observing differences between these distributions, we argue that differences in sample size cannot be adequately accounted for without…
Form and flow
Panlongcheng, Zhengzhou and the Movement of Metal in Early Bronze Age China
The role of Panlongcheng—a walled settlement on the Yangtze River with obvious links to the Erligang capital at Zhengzhou, ~ 500 km to the north—in early Bronze Age China has been the subject of much debate. Panlongcheng is a typical Erligang site (~ 1500–1300 BC), with evidence for people of elite status, unlike any other site apart from Zhengzhou itself. The tombs and bronzes at Panlongcheng, as well as other materials, closely resemble those a…
Lead Isotope Analyses Revealed the Key Role of Chang'an in the Mirror Production and Distribution Network During the Han Dynasty
Chang'an (now Xi'an) was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and the starting point of the Silk Road. In the light of the importance of Chang'an as the centre of politics, economy and cultural interaction, the overarching question proposed in this paper is focused on its role in the mirror production and distribution network during Han period. On the basis of chemical and lead isotopic analyses of 34 Han mirrors, this paper discusses the poten…
Bronze Age metal circulation in China
Chemical analysis of ancient Chinese copper-based objects
The six recipes of Zhou
Knowledge of alloying practices is key to understanding the mass production of ancient Chinese bronzes. The Eastern Zhou text, the Rites of Zhou, contains six formulae, or recipes, for casting different forms of bronze based on the combination of two components: Jin and Xi. For more than 100 years, the precise interpretation of these two components has eluded explanation. Drawing on analyses of pre-Qin coinage, the authors offer a new interpretat…
From Alloy Composition to Alloying Practice
We propose a new methodology based on standard statistical processes for displaying and rigorously comparing the alloy composition of archaeological bronze alloys. Although traditional approaches using visual comparisons of histograms of alloying elements in an assemblage of archaeological objects are adequate for observing differences between these distributions, we argue that differences in sample size cannot be adequately accounted for without…
Economic Change in the Prehistoric Hexi Corridor (4800–2200 bp ), North‐West China
It is widely known that the Hexi Corridor in North‐West China lies at a hub of trans‐Eurasian cultural exchange. Its role became increasingly important during the late prehistoric period, particularly as the ancient Silk Road began to be used. While the profound transformation of local cultural characteristics in the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age is well documented, the detailed economic dynamics of cultural evolution have not yet been clearl…
Understanding the transport networks complex between South Asia, Southeast Asia and China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age
The emergence and intensification of transcontinental exchange during both the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age profoundly influenced the social history of Eurasia. While scholars have intensively discussed east-west long-distance communication along the proto-Silk Road, the north-south transport networks that connected China to South and Southeast Asia during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age have attracted much less attention in the scholarly lite…
Iron production along the Great Wall Belt of the Han Empire
Ironworks of the Han dynasty in Yangqiaopan ancient city are so far the only discovered iron smelting site in Northern Shaanxi. A total of 27 slag samples from the site were analysed. The results of metallographic and elemental analyses suggest that both cast iron smelting and the fining process were employed at the site. In addition, this paper suggests that under the iron monopoly policy, iron production was carried out in prefectures along the…
Bronze Alloying Practice in ancient China - Evidence from Pre-Qin Coin Analyses
Synthesis of stable isotopic data for human bone collagen
Ancient China is one of the most important regions for the development of agriculture in human history, contributing the two key crops millet and rice. Meanwhile, it was closely connected to the wider Eurasian network, receiving wheat and barley from the West. Because of the large isotopic differences between C 3 and C 4 crops, we are able to track their changing importance in different regions of China and underlying connections to their cultura…
Lead isotopic analyses of copper ores in the Early Bronze Age central Hexi Corridor, north‐west China
This paper explores the possible provenance of ores employed for metallurgical production during the Early Bronze Age in the central Hexi Corridor of north‐west China. In total, 78 pieces of copper (Cu) ore samples were collected from five Early Bronze Age sites and one Cu deposit site (the Beishantang Cu deposit) in the Heihe River region of the central corridor. These sites were dated to the late Machang (4100–4000 bp ), Xichengyi (4000–3700 bp…
Some Recently Rediscovered Analyses of Chinese Bronzes from Oxford
We report here the rediscovery of the chemical analyses of approximately 540 Chinese bronze objects, carried out in RLAHA in the late 1950s by optical emission spectrometry. Although largely of historical interest, they do in fact even now approximately double the number analyses of Chinese bronze objects that contain data on both major and minor elements. In fact, the other major equivalent data sets, from the Freer Gallery and the Sackler Colle…
Predicting bronze casting recipes in ancient China
This paper explores the relationship between trends in the observed composition of ternary copper-lead-tin alloys and the recreation of "recipes" used for the casting of bronze objects, and in particular, to ask if the recipe can be reconstructed from the chemical data. The archaeological context is specifically the manufacture of bronzes in pre-Dynastic China, but the nature of the discussion is essentially mathematical. Although the chemical co…
A new perspective towards the debate on highly radiogenic lead in Chinese archaeometallurgy
Chronology of the Tianshanbeilu Cemetery in Xinjiang, Northwestern China
Eurasian steppes experienced frequent cultural transfers, human migration, and diffusion of techniques during the Bronze Age. The Hami Oasis is one of the most dynamic areas and has attracted multiple cultural flows. It is an important area that connects various routes of the Tianshan Corridor with the Hexi Corridor in western China. The Tianshanbeilu cemetery is the largest Bronze Age cemetery in Hami. Thirty-seven new radiocarbon dates allowed …
Bronze alloying recipes at Anyang during the Shang Dynasty
We present a detailed analysis of the chemical alloying data (Cu, Sn, Pb) on the bronzes recovered from the Late Shang capital at Yinxu, revealing a complex pattern which varies by social status and object typology, and which also changes over time. The preference for higher tin in the bronze vessels and weapons for the elites during Yinxu Phase II gives way to a more binary pattern (with weapons being preferentially alloyed with lead) for the lo…
Cultural exchange and technical artistry
Provenance Studies in Archaeology – More Reflective of ‘Quality Control’ Within a Resourcescape Than Geochemistry
Despite the obvious methodological similarities between archaeology and geology, we argue here that the fundamental assumption in scientific provenance studies of inorganic artefacts provides an insufficient basis for the methodology. That assumption is that there is a geochemical link between the source of the raw material and the finished object. Although this is undoubtedly necessary, it is not sufficient. We argue that, particularly for highl…
Demystifying ancient filigree art
Chemical Studies of Ming and Qing (1368–1911 CE) coinage and the later history of brass in China
New scientific analyses reveal mixing of copper sources in the early Iron Age metal production at Ili, western China
The crucial role that Xinjiang played in cultural communication across the Eurasian steppe in prehistory is evidenced by the large number of copper‐based objects that represent the early metallurgical technologies found across this region. Our research adds new chemical and isotopic analyses of 44 copper‐based objects dated to the early Iron Age of Ili in Xinjiang, western China. As noted in a number of publications, tin bronze and arsenic copper…
Art historical and archaeometric analyses of the ‘animal style’ gold and silver ornaments (fourth–third centuries bce ) found in north‐west China
The archaeological visibility of the production and consumption of gold and silver ornaments increased substantially during the Iron Age. A large number of precious metalworks rendered with distinctive ‘animal style’ motifs have been recovered from elite tombs in north‐west China, and have attracted great interest when investigating the dynamics of exchange, mobility and transcultural encounters in Eurasian antiquity. However, little scientific r…
Global circulation of silver between Ming–Qing China and the Americas
The circulation of silver between the Americas, Europe and China has provided a critical impetus for modern globalization since the 16th century. Even though substantial documentary information about this process has been collected and processed, there is still an ongoing debate about its underlying mechanism and the nature of the economic model. This article argues that the scientific analyses of the silver bullion and coins of Ming–Qing China a…
Chemical analysis of ancient Chinese copper-based objects
Form and flow
Lead Isotope Analyses Revealed the Key Role of Chang'an in the Mirror Production and Distribution Network During the Han Dynasty
Chang'an (now Xi'an) was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and the starting point of the Silk Road. In the light of the importance of Chang'an as the centre of politics, economy and cultural interaction, the overarching question proposed in this paper is focused on its role in the mirror production and distribution network during Han period. On the basis of chemical and lead isotopic analyses of 34 Han mirrors, this paper discusses the poten…
Bronze Age metal circulation in China
Bronze Age metal circulation in China - Erratum
In the article by Pollard et al. (2017), Figure 2 was incorrectly duplicated as Figure 5
Traditional medicines used by Q’eqchi’ Maya to treat diabetic symptoms and their antiglycation potential
A New Approach to the Chronology of Caves 268/272/275 in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
The construction chronology of three of the earliest Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (Caves 268, 272, and 275) has been the subject of ongoing debate for over half a century. This chronology is a crucial topic in terms of further understanding of the establishment of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, early Buddhism in the Gansu corridor, and its relationship with Buddhism developed in the Central Plains. Building upon archaeological, art historical and radioc…
Some Recently Rediscovered Analyses of Chinese Bronzes from Oxford
We report here the rediscovery of the chemical analyses of approximately 540 Chinese bronze objects, carried out in RLAHA in the late 1950s by optical emission spectrometry. Although largely of historical interest, they do in fact even now approximately double the number analyses of Chinese bronze objects that contain data on both major and minor elements. In fact, the other major equivalent data sets, from the Freer Gallery and the Sackler Colle…
From Alloy Composition to Alloying Practice
We propose a new methodology based on standard statistical processes for displaying and rigorously comparing the alloy composition of archaeological bronze alloys. Although traditional approaches using visual comparisons of histograms of alloying elements in an assemblage of archaeological objects are adequate for observing differences between these distributions, we argue that differences in sample size cannot be adequately accounted for without…
Economic Change in the Prehistoric Hexi Corridor (4800–2200 bp ), North‐West China
It is widely known that the Hexi Corridor in North‐West China lies at a hub of trans‐Eurasian cultural exchange. Its role became increasingly important during the late prehistoric period, particularly as the ancient Silk Road began to be used. While the profound transformation of local cultural characteristics in the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age is well documented, the detailed economic dynamics of cultural evolution have not yet been clearl…
Panlongcheng, Zhengzhou and the Movement of Metal in Early Bronze Age China
The role of Panlongcheng—a walled settlement on the Yangtze River with obvious links to the Erligang capital at Zhengzhou, ~ 500 km to the north—in early Bronze Age China has been the subject of much debate. Panlongcheng is a typical Erligang site (~ 1500–1300 BC), with evidence for people of elite status, unlike any other site apart from Zhengzhou itself. The tombs and bronzes at Panlongcheng, as well as other materials, closely resemble those a…
Synthesis of stable isotopic data for human bone collagen
Ancient China is one of the most important regions for the development of agriculture in human history, contributing the two key crops millet and rice. Meanwhile, it was closely connected to the wider Eurasian network, receiving wheat and barley from the West. Because of the large isotopic differences between C 3 and C 4 crops, we are able to track their changing importance in different regions of China and underlying connections to their cultura…
Introduction to the Special Issue
Identifying and explaining changes in the prehistoric material and social world is one of the greatest research interests in archaeology, palaeoclimate and environmental science. In the last two decades or so, a considerable number of studies have made significant contributions to the associated disciplines in eastern Asian archaeology. However, due to the more specialised scientific approaches and the rapid accumulation of new excavation materia…
Lead isotopic analyses of copper ores in the Early Bronze Age central Hexi Corridor, north‐west China
This paper explores the possible provenance of ores employed for metallurgical production during the Early Bronze Age in the central Hexi Corridor of north‐west China. In total, 78 pieces of copper (Cu) ore samples were collected from five Early Bronze Age sites and one Cu deposit site (the Beishantang Cu deposit) in the Heihe River region of the central corridor. These sites were dated to the late Machang (4100–4000 bp ), Xichengyi (4000–3700 bp…
Bronze Alloying Practice in ancient China - Evidence from Pre-Qin Coin Analyses
Chronology of the Tianshanbeilu Cemetery in Xinjiang, Northwestern China
Eurasian steppes experienced frequent cultural transfers, human migration, and diffusion of techniques during the Bronze Age. The Hami Oasis is one of the most dynamic areas and has attracted multiple cultural flows. It is an important area that connects various routes of the Tianshan Corridor with the Hexi Corridor in western China. The Tianshanbeilu cemetery is the largest Bronze Age cemetery in Hami. Thirty-seven new radiocarbon dates allowed …
Global circulation of silver between Ming–Qing China and the Americas
The circulation of silver between the Americas, Europe and China has provided a critical impetus for modern globalization since the 16th century. Even though substantial documentary information about this process has been collected and processed, there is still an ongoing debate about its underlying mechanism and the nature of the economic model. This article argues that the scientific analyses of the silver bullion and coins of Ming–Qing China a…
A new perspective towards the debate on highly radiogenic lead in Chinese archaeometallurgy
Demystifying ancient filigree art
Understanding the transport networks complex between South Asia, Southeast Asia and China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age
The emergence and intensification of transcontinental exchange during both the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age profoundly influenced the social history of Eurasia. While scholars have intensively discussed east-west long-distance communication along the proto-Silk Road, the north-south transport networks that connected China to South and Southeast Asia during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age have attracted much less attention in the scholarly lite…
Chemical Studies of Ming and Qing (1368–1911 CE) coinage and the later history of brass in China
New scientific analyses reveal mixing of copper sources in the early Iron Age metal production at Ili, western China
The crucial role that Xinjiang played in cultural communication across the Eurasian steppe in prehistory is evidenced by the large number of copper‐based objects that represent the early metallurgical technologies found across this region. Our research adds new chemical and isotopic analyses of 44 copper‐based objects dated to the early Iron Age of Ili in Xinjiang, western China. As noted in a number of publications, tin bronze and arsenic copper…
Art historical and archaeometric analyses of the ‘animal style’ gold and silver ornaments (fourth–third centuries bce ) found in north‐west China
The archaeological visibility of the production and consumption of gold and silver ornaments increased substantially during the Iron Age. A large number of precious metalworks rendered with distinctive ‘animal style’ motifs have been recovered from elite tombs in north‐west China, and have attracted great interest when investigating the dynamics of exchange, mobility and transcultural encounters in Eurasian antiquity. However, little scientific r…
Iron production along the Great Wall Belt of the Han Empire
Ironworks of the Han dynasty in Yangqiaopan ancient city are so far the only discovered iron smelting site in Northern Shaanxi. A total of 27 slag samples from the site were analysed. The results of metallographic and elemental analyses suggest that both cast iron smelting and the fining process were employed at the site. In addition, this paper suggests that under the iron monopoly policy, iron production was carried out in prefectures along the…
Rare colour in medieval China
Yellow colourants appear to have been rarely employed for tombs mural paintings in ancient China. The recently discovered mural paintings at Xi'an (dated to the Tang dynasty, 618–907 ce ) offer fresh materials for characterization of yellow pigments, which can be potentially useful for filling the gap of the yellow pigments. Multi‐analytical approaches have been applied in this study, including chromaticity analysis, cross‐section, polarizing mic…
Archaeology (29 obras) · History (24 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (23 obras) · China (19 obras) · Geography (17 obras) · History (16 obras) · Ancient history (13 obras) · Bronze Age (13 obras) · Bronze (12 obras) · Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis (11 obras)