Sarah A Schnitker
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 337924 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Sarah A Schnitker |
| NOMBRES | Sarah A |
| APELLIDO | Schnitker |
| FIRMA | SCHNITKER S A |
| AFILIACIONES | Baylor University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2403-9765 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 79 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 79 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2012 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Examining the Temporal Associations Between Religious Motivations and Meaning in Life
A person-centered approach to situational stress
In a sample of White Americans, we employed a person-centered approach to identify patterns of stress-related appraisals that disentangle interracial anxiety from general social anxiety and help investigate the role of secondary appraisals in promoting positive interracial attitudes and interactions. Three latent profiles emerged: low stress, characterized by low stress-related appraisals across all contexts; high stress, characterized by heighte…
The codevelopment of contingent self-worth and religious engagement in U.S. college students
Comparing general gratitude and gratitude to God and their associations with well-being over time
Religious/spiritual struggles, patience, and anxiety
Attachment to mother, father, and God
College student volunteering as a channel toward the virtue of generosity in higher education
The role of patience, religiosity, and spirituality in the search for purpose among young adults
Attachment to God and Contingencies of Self-Worth
Patiently waiting
Original photographic art induces self-transcendent emotions
Reappraisal as a means to self-transcendence
Recent work in positive psychology demonstrates the importance of self-transcendence: understanding oneself to be part of something greater than the self, such as a family, community, or tradition of sacred practice. Self-transcendence is positively associated with wellbeing and a sense of meaning and purpose. Philosophers have argued that self-transcendent motivation has a central role in good character, or virtue. Positive psychologists are jus…
How American college students identify and resolve their moral challenges
In moral education, scholars tend to focus on resolving moral dilemmas versus identifying and overcoming moral challenges. Yet, a major part of acquiring moral expertise also involves learning how to identify and overcome moral challenges—a less explored topic. Thus, our qualitative study examined the extent to which a nationally drawn sample of 179 undergraduates at eight different institutions could identify a moral challenge and the solutions …
Belonging and Social Class at a Religious University
Sense of belonging is important in higher education. Unfortunately, sense of belonging is not evenly experienced by all college students. Using a theoretical framework based on the Culturally Engaging Campus Environment model, we examine the influence of social class and discussions of religion/spirituality (in class, with faculty, and with peers) on students’ sense of belonging at a religious university in the U.S. South. Regression analyses in …
Multidimensional religious identity predicts Muslim American adolescent mental health, well-being, and purpose
Exploring conceptions of patience among a sample of Muslim, Buddhist, Christian, and nonreligious young adults
Does change in faith maturity reflect maturation? Establishing strict measurement invariance for the Faith Maturity Scale across time
Transcendent accountability amplifies the link between accountability to people and patience and courage in goal pursuit
Religious contingent self-worth in U.S. Christians
Is Virtue Good for You
INTRODUCTION: Does virtue benefit its possessor, or is it beneficial for others but not the self? We tested two highly influential theories that offer contradictory answers. In particular, we focused on three "hard cases" for the theory that virtue promotes well-being-that is, three virtues that aren't obviously enjoyable (compassion, patience, and self-control). METHODS: Two preregistered studies (total N = 43,164 observations; N = 1218 particip…
Not as good as I would like to be
Self-sacrifice for others’ flourishing
Assessing Longitudinal Measurement Invariance for the Short Christian Orthodoxy Scale
Maternal Promotion of Autonomy as a Moderator Between Religious Socialization and Virtue Development Among Muslim American Adolescents
Divine Comfort
Religion, Spirituality, and Thriving
A theory is proposed to explain how religion/spirituality (R/S) is related to positive youth development and thriving. The concept of telos is employed to define thriving as continued growth through strength-based living that leads to contributing to one's communities and living out one's ethical ideals. Virtue development is proposed as a primary process by which R/S promotes thriving. Virtues are defined as hybrid personality units emerging whe…
Spiritual Striving and Seeking the Sacred
Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009) Hood, R. W. Jr., Hill, P. C. and Spilka, B. 2009. The psychology of religion: An empirical approach(.), 4th ed, New York, NY: Guilford. [Google Scholar], among others, present the need for meaning as a central organizing framework for understanding the psychological functions of religion. A plethora of research findings in the psychology of religion have been integrated into this overarching structure, but scholars h…
Can Prayer Increase Charitable Giving? Examining the Effects of Intercessory Prayer, Moral Intuitions, and Theological Orientation on Generous Behavior
This study was designed to investigate the effects of intercessory prayer, moral intuitions, God concept, and theological orientation on generous behavior in the form of charitable giving. Christian participants (N = 313) were assigned to engage in either intercessory prayer or a secular reflection over a 2-week period on the hardships faced by either Christians (religious ingroup) or Muslims (religious outgroup) in Myanmar/Burma being persecuted…
Changes in Politics and Religiosity Among Students at a Protestant University
College is a setting and time of profound change in the lives of emerging adults. This change can include shifts in identity related to politics and religion. Given widespread attention to the alignment of religious people with conservative politics and less religious people with liberal politics (i.e., the 'God Gap'), we ask: do college students who become politically liberal lose their religion in the process? Using longitudinal panel data, thi…
Writing About Gratitude Toward God Produces Differential Content and Outcomes Compared to Gratitude Toward Other Benefactors Among U.S. Adults
We test the effectiveness of 2 different written inductions of gratitude toward God and analyze the content and outcomes of these gratitude expressions. We recruited 1,170 predominantly Christian U.S. participants across 3 CloudResearch datasets. Participants were randomly assigned to write about gratitude to God or another benefactor, including people, parents, country, and unspecified benefactors, or to write about their daily activities. Study…
Beyond the Liberal-Conservative Binary
This study conducted an experiment to examine the associations between moral foundations profiles, religion, and generosity ( N = 313). Previously identified profiles were replicated with latent profile analyses based on the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). Four MFQ profiles (Neutral, High Moralist, Moderate, and Individuator) were identified in this study of Christian church attenders. Significant differences across these four profiles are…
Modeling the effects of within-person characteristic and goal-level attributes on personal project pursuit over time
Charitable Sporting Events as a Context for Building Adolescent Generosity
Previous research demonstrates an association between religiousness, spirituality, and generosity in adolescents, but few studies have tested the mechanisms by which religion might facilitate the development of generosity in real-world contexts. In this paper, a theoretical model is presented describing the potential mechanisms by which engagement in transformational contexts (i.e., participating in charity marathon training) may lead to the deve…
Attachment Predicts Adolescent Conversions at Young Life Religious Summer Camps
The correspondence hypothesis maintains that people with secure parental attachments will experience gradual religious conversions, with internal working models of childhood attachment figures forming the basis of attachment to God. The compensation hypothesis predicts that people with insecure attachments will experience sudden and dramatic conversions as they seek a relationship with God to compensate for insecure attachment relationships. In S…
Increased Bible Reading, Religious Beliefs, and Prosociality During College
Religious self-socialization theory posits that chosen exposure to religion can impact future attitudes and behaviors via the internalization of religious messages, but emerging adults in the United States tend to decrease their participation in religious activities during college. Therefore, unique outcomes may arise for the few that maintain or increase religious activity. The present longitudinal study examines whether and how an increase in B…
Intangible Benefactors and the Contribution of Construal Level and Attitude Accessibility in Predicting Gratitude and Expansive Emotions
We tested whether manipulating construal level would change the experience of gratitude or other expansive emotions (gratitude, awe, compassion) and negative emotions. We also examined whether construal level was correlated with the type of gratitude benefactor that participants spontaneously listed, focusing especially on God and non-theistic intangible benefactors compared to tangible human benefactors. We manipulated construal level in 265 U.S…
Humanitarian Athletic Participation and Identity Work
Numerous studies examine youth purpose and volunteerism, but only few investigate how altruistic activities shape identity development within athletic contexts. Endurance-based humanitarian fundraising teams are becoming increasingly popular forms of volunteerism among adolescents and young adults in the United States, but little is known about their developmental role. Twenty-four participants (15-21 years of age; M = 17.42) were interviewed to …
High goal conflict and low goal meaning are associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent religious transformation in adolescents
Religious Service Attendance, Moral Foundations, God Concept, and In-Group Giving
Studies demonstrate that religious people are more likely to donate money to charity, but these donations are more often given to in-group members (e.g., religiously affiliated organizations). Few studies test mechanisms by which religious attendance affects the bias toward in-group giving. Moral foundations are proposed as mediators of the association between religious attendance and the in-group giving bias, and traditional God concept is propo…
An examination of patience and well-being
Patience is the propensity to wait calmly in the face of frustration or adversity. The new 3-Factor Patience Scale (Study 1) measures three types of patience (interpersonal, life hardship, and daily hassles patience), which differentially relate to well-being and personality. In Study 2, goal pursuit and achievement mediated the relation between patience and well-being. Participants rated 10 personal goals on 15 dimensions of goal pursuit (e.g. p…
Attachment Predicts Adolescent Conversions at Young Life Religious Summer Camps
The correspondence hypothesis maintains that people with secure parental attachments will experience gradual religious conversions, with internal working models of childhood attachment figures forming the basis of attachment to God. The compensation hypothesis predicts that people with insecure attachments will experience sudden and dramatic conversions as they seek a relationship with God to compensate for insecure attachment relationships. In S…
Spiritual Striving and Seeking the Sacred
Hood, Hill, and Spilka (2009) Hood, R. W. Jr., Hill, P. C. and Spilka, B. 2009. The psychology of religion: An empirical approach(.), 4th ed, New York, NY: Guilford. [Google Scholar], among others, present the need for meaning as a central organizing framework for understanding the psychological functions of religion. A plethora of research findings in the psychology of religion have been integrated into this overarching structure, but scholars h…
Longitudinal study of religious and spiritual transformation in adolescents attending young life summer camp
Attachment to God moderates the relation between sociocultural pressure and eating disorder symptoms as mediated by emotional eating
Research suggests that secure attachment to God protects against eating disorder risk factors, but studies have not examined how attachment to God might moderate the effects of sociocultural pressure on eating disorder symptoms. Moreover, models testing moderation in combination with mediation by eating in response to negative emotions have not been tested. Questionnaires collected from 102 women (19–57 years) recruited from Amazon's Mechanical T…
Charitable Sporting Events as a Context for Building Adolescent Generosity
Previous research demonstrates an association between religiousness, spirituality, and generosity in adolescents, but few studies have tested the mechanisms by which religion might facilitate the development of generosity in real-world contexts. In this paper, a theoretical model is presented describing the potential mechanisms by which engagement in transformational contexts (i.e., participating in charity marathon training) may lead to the deve…
The psychology of virtue
The virtue of patience, spirituality, and suffering
Based on insights from the psychology of religion, positive psychology, personality psychology, and theology, a theoretical model relating the virtue of patience to religion and spirituality is proposed. Patience is conceptualized as a hybrid personality construct related to effective emotion regula
Efficacy of self-control and patience interventions in adolescents
Sarah A. Schnitkera*, Thomas J. Felkea, Nathaniel A. Fernandeza, Nanyamka Redmonda & Amber E. Blewsaa Fuller Theological Seminary
Can Prayer Increase Charitable Giving? Examining the Effects of Intercessory Prayer, Moral Intuitions, and Theological Orientation on Generous Behavior
This study was designed to investigate the effects of intercessory prayer, moral intuitions, God concept, and theological orientation on generous behavior in the form of charitable giving. Christian participants (N = 313) were assigned to engage in either intercessory prayer or a secular reflection over a 2-week period on the hardships faced by either Christians (religious ingroup) or Muslims (religious outgroup) in Myanmar/Burma being persecuted…
Modeling the effects of within-person characteristic and goal-level attributes on personal project pursuit over time
Religion, Spirituality, and Thriving
A theory is proposed to explain how religion/spirituality (R/S) is related to positive youth development and thriving. The concept of telos is employed to define thriving as continued growth through strength-based living that leads to contributing to one's communities and living out one's ethical ideals. Virtue development is proposed as a primary process by which R/S promotes thriving. Virtues are defined as hybrid personality units emerging whe…
High goal conflict and low goal meaning are associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent religious transformation in adolescents
Religious Service Attendance, Moral Foundations, God Concept, and In-Group Giving
Studies demonstrate that religious people are more likely to donate money to charity, but these donations are more often given to in-group members (e.g., religiously affiliated organizations). Few studies test mechanisms by which religious attendance affects the bias toward in-group giving. Moral foundations are proposed as mediators of the association between religious attendance and the in-group giving bias, and traditional God concept is propo…
Beyond the Liberal-Conservative Binary
This study conducted an experiment to examine the associations between moral foundations profiles, religion, and generosity ( N = 313). Previously identified profiles were replicated with latent profile analyses based on the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). Four MFQ profiles (Neutral, High Moralist, Moderate, and Individuator) were identified in this study of Christian church attenders. Significant differences across these four profiles are…
Not all transcendence is created equal
Psychologists have generated numerous measures designed to capture the “spiritual,” “religious,” and “transcendent” structures of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. Researchers often identify transcendence as the unifying element that brings together these constructs, but the concept itself lacks precision. Namely, they confound the distinctions between the different kinds of content that populate what is actually a diverse and dynamic set o…
Understanding the roles of religious comfort and strain on depressive symptoms in an inpatient psychiatric setting
Understanding the role of religion in mental illness has always been complicated as some people turn to religion to cope with their illness, whereas others turn away. The overarching purpose of this study was to draw on quantitative and qualitative information to illuminate ways in which religiousness might be associated with changes in depressive symptomatology in a spiritually integrated inpatient treatment program. This repeated measures mixed…
Dual pathways from religiousness to the virtue of patience versus anxiety among elite athletes
Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners
OBJECTIVE: To understand how health, prosocial, and spiritual motivations correspond to changes in the virtues of self-control, patience, and interpersonal generosity among adolescents and emerging adults. METHOD: Participants included adolescent and emerging adult athletes (N = 396; 12-22 years, M = 18.42, SD = 2.03) on marathon training teams fundraising for a faith-based charity. Participants completed self-report questionnaires four times ove…
Bidirectional Associations across Time between Entitativity, Positive Affect, Generosity, and Religiousness in Adolescents Training with a Religiously Affiliated Charity Marathon Team
Numerous studies have established that participation in regular physical activity provides physical, cognitive, and affective benefits to adolescents, but fewer studies have examined how athletic involvement might affect character, social, or religious developmental markers of psychosocial functioning. The purpose of this study is to examine the bidirectional associations between entitativity (group closeness), positive affect, generosity, and re…
The Virtue of Thrift
Growth in patience in Christian Moral Wisdom and contemporary positive psychology
Moral education requires interdisciplinary engagement across philosophy, psychology, and education. Positive psychologists regularly acknowledge the breadth and depth of wisdom regarding the cultivation of virtues present in philosophical and religious texts and consult such writings when creating constructs, but they are less prone to integrate scientific findings with historical texts as inquiry proceeds. Thus, we provide a comparative analysis…
Gratitude and patience moderate meaning struggles and suicidal risk in a cross‐sectional study of inpatients at a Christian psychiatric hospital
Objective Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of injury and death, so research identifying protective factors is essential. Research suggests gratitude and life hardships patience are character strengths that might protect against the deleterious association of struggles with ultimate meaning and suicide risk. However, no studies have evaluated their utility among people experiencing acute/severe mental health concerns. Method We tested the prot…
Many are the plans”
This article examines the content and appraisals of youth ministry leader goals. Responses to an open-ended survey question by 378 leaders primarily working in the United States who held significant responsibility for the discipleship of high school-aged young people in their ministries were coded, resulting in 29 categories of goals. Participants named goals associated with service, relationships in general, relationships with God, biblical/gosp…
Humanitarian Athletic Participation and Identity Work
Numerous studies examine youth purpose and volunteerism, but only few investigate how altruistic activities shape identity development within athletic contexts. Endurance-based humanitarian fundraising teams are becoming increasingly popular forms of volunteerism among adolescents and young adults in the United States, but little is known about their developmental role. Twenty-four participants (15-21 years of age; M = 17.42) were interviewed to …
Psychology (64 obras) · Social Psychology (58 obras) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (44 obras) · Philosophy (23 obras) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (19 obras) · Epistemology (15 obras) · Developmental psychology (14 obras) · Patience (14 obras) · Virtue (14 obras) · Clinical Psychology (13 obras)