C Graham
Biographic Data
| ID | 3393 |
|---|---|
| NAME | C Graham |
| GIVEN NAMES | C |
| FAMILY NAME | Graham |
| SIGNATURE | GRAHAM C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Brookings Institution |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6088-1960 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 51 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 284 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1988 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
A systematic map of factors contributing to Black forestland loss and retention in the United States
Black landowners in the U.S. face disproportionately high rates of land loss, particularly in forestland ownership—a critical asset for wealth creation, cultural identity, and family legacy. While much research focuses on Black agricultural landowners, less is known about the unique challenges faced by Black forestland owners. This systematic map analyzes literature from 2000-2021 to examine factors contributing to Black land loss and the strateg…
The impact of minimum wages on overall health and well-being
We examine the impact of minimum wage increases on the overall self-reported health and subjective well-being of low-skilled workers using the Gallup World Poll from 2009 to 2020. We identify effects using within-country changes over time and cross-country variations in the timing and intensity of minimum wage increases across 87 countries. Our findings suggest that minimum wage increases benefit health and certain dimensions of subjective well-b…
Broken Ties
Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory suggests systematically smaller effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on the health of non-white populations compared to white in the United States (US). We test whether MDR theory holds with regard to subjective well-being (SWB) by investigating racial differences in the association between SES and SWB in the US using data from the Gallup Healthways survey. Our analysis included 126,669 non-H…
Improved traceability in seafood supply chains is achievable by minimising vulnerable nodes in processing and distribution networks
Seafood is a globally traded commodity, often involving complex supply chains which have varying degrees of traceability. A robust traceability system for seafood supply chains enables the collection and communication of key information about catch and fisheries origins vital for assurance of the legality and sustainability of seafood products. End-to-end traceability is increasingly demanded by retailers, consumers, NGOs and regulatory bodies to…
The Power of Hope
Human Capabilities in Economics
Do high aspirations lead to better outcomes? Evidence from a longitudinal survey of adolescents in Peru
Using a novel panel survey of relatively poor urban Peruvian adolescents, we explore the link between educational aspirations and propensity to invest in the future. Aspirations comprise hope and agency. We find remarkably high educational aspirations, even among relatively poor individuals and adolescents who were exposed to negative shocks, suggesting high levels of resilience. We also find high occupational aspirations and aspirations to migra…
The Mid-Life Dip in Well-Being
The U Shape of Happiness
We write in response to an article published in this journal, “The U Shape of Happiness Across the Life Course: Expanding the Discussion,” by Galambos, Krahn, Johnson and Lachman. The authors claim that “support for the purported U shape is not as robust and generalizable as is often assumed” and “we believe the conclusion that happiness declines from late adolescence to midlife (the first half of the U shape) is premature, and possibly wrong.” W…
Presidential Elections, Divided Politics, and Happiness in the USA
We examine the effects of the 2016 and 2012 US presidential election outcomes on subjective wellbeing across party identification. We use Gallup data and a regression discontinuity approach, and focus primarily on evaluative (life satisfaction) and hedonic (positive and negative affect) indicators. We find that both elections had strong negative wellbeing effects on those who identified with the losing party, with little or no increase in wellbei…
Introduction
COVID; inequality; public health; racial differences; vulnerability
When Public Health Crises Become Entwined
COVID-19 landed in a United States that is deeply divided in opportunity, health, and hope; a reality that is manifest in the million lives lost to deaths of despair in the past decade. We explore the places and populations most vulnerable to COVID and where they coincide with vulnerability to despair deaths. We use well-being metrics to explore spillover effects from the confluence of COVID and despair. Our earlier research finds that metrics li…
The geography of desperation in America
Do social protection programs improve life satisfaction? Evidence from Iraq
Income inequality and well-being in the U.S
The Internet in Asia through Singapore
The Internet or, as these authors argue, Internets (plural) in Asia are composed of cables and exchanges, protocols and firewalls, regulations and other legal devices, making them subject to investment and governance strategies, as well as treaties and court cases. But they are also composed of figures, layers, stories, and rumors. These latter descriptors provide a heuristic framework of social features that, together with metaphors from folklor…
Unequal hopes and lives in the USA
Emigration, remittances, and the subjective well-being of those staying behind
We offer the first global perspective on the well-being consequences of emigration for those staying behind using several subjective well-being measures (evaluations of best possible life, positive affect, stress, and depression). Using the Gallup World Poll data for 114 countries during 2009-2011, we find that having family members abroad is associated with greater evaluative well-being and positive affect, and receiving remittances is linked wi…
Happiness and Health in China
The High Costs of Being Poor in the Land of the Dream
Adaptation amidst Prosperity and Adversity
Some individuals who are destitute report to be happy, while others who are very wealthy report to be miserable. There are many possible explanations for this paradox; this chapter focuses on the role of adaptation. Adaptation is the subject of much work in economics, but its definition is a psychological one. Adaptations are defense mechanisms; there are bad ones like paranoia, and healthy ones like humor, anticipation, and sublimation. Research…
Unequal Life Chances and Choices
Individuals who are compromised in their ability to either believe in or plan for their future will make very different valuations of future benefits than will those who have more means and capabilities. These valuations could apply across a wide spectrum, from health care and insurance to investments in education to retirement savings. Data based on time trade-offs and other hypothetical questions will lead to large gaps in contingency valuation…
Happiness, stress, and age
Amitai Etzioni's Critique of Happiness
Bentham or Aristotle in the Development Process? An Empirical Investigation of Capabilities and Subjective Well-Being
Inequality and happiness
Bentham or Aristotle in the Development Process? An Empirical Investigation of Capabilities and Subjective Well-Being
Happiness, stress, and age
The politics of protecting the poor during adjustment
Unequal hopes and lives in the USA
Emigration, remittances, and the subjective well-being of those staying behind
We offer the first global perspective on the well-being consequences of emigration for those staying behind using several subjective well-being measures (evaluations of best possible life, positive affect, stress, and depression). Using the Gallup World Poll data for 114 countries during 2009-2011, we find that having family members abroad is associated with greater evaluative well-being and positive affect, and receiving remittances is linked wi…
The Pursuit of Happiness
In The Pursuit of Happiness , renowned economist Carol Graham explores what we know about the determinants of and clearly presents both the promise and the potential pitfalls of injecting the economics of happiness into public policymaking. While the book spotlights the innovative contributions of research to the dismal science, it also raises a cautionary note about the issues that still need to be addressed before policymakers can make best use…
Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America? Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and Well Being
The severe economic crisis facing several countries in the region over the last couple of years has led many observers to predict a backlash against market policies and even against democracy in the region. An economic crisis of such proportions should also, in theory, have negative effects on subjective well being. Our analysis, based on the Latinobarómetro surveys from 2000-2002, finds some unexpected positive trends, as well as notable differe…
Happiness and Health in China
Can Social Sector Reform Make Adjustment Sustainable and Equitable? Lessons from Chile and Venezuela-p
Adjustment in Latin America has largely been analysed in terms of macroeconomic policy. However, for reforms to be sustainable in the long term, there needs to be accompanying change in the social sectors. Such reform is difficult and costly. It is necessary, however, not simply to sustain the economic reforms, but also for an effective long-term strategy of poverty alleviation and for the consolidation of democracy. There are lessons to be learn…
Peru's Apra Party in Power
Nowhere on the crisis-ridden latin continent were hopes raised as high as they were in Peru with the 1985 election of Alan Garcia. Nowhere were hopes dashed as dramatically by the onset of an economic, social, and political crisis of unprecedented severity. There is no single explanation for the dismal performance of the APRA government. Indeed, the APRA's performance in power was in keeping with Peru's age-old paradox: an extremely poor record o…
Presidential Elections, Divided Politics, and Happiness in the USA
We examine the effects of the 2016 and 2012 US presidential election outcomes on subjective wellbeing across party identification. We use Gallup data and a regression discontinuity approach, and focus primarily on evaluative (life satisfaction) and hedonic (positive and negative affect) indicators. We find that both elections had strong negative wellbeing effects on those who identified with the losing party, with little or no increase in wellbei…
Adapting to Adversity
Questions about the good life and individual happiness have a long tradition in philosophy. For centuries, people developed ideas about the nature of human flourishing and well-being, its sources and its relevance for individual behavoir. Over the last decades, empirical research on subjective well-being in the social sciences has provided a major new stimulus of the discourse on individual happiness
The Apra Government and the Urban Poor
It is now a well-known sad story that Alan Garcia's APRA government initially raised high hopes within and outside Peru and then collapsed into incoherent policy-making and political chaos, with hyper-inflation and a drastic increase in insurgent violence as a result. The social costs of that collapse have been grave indeed, and the worst victims have been the nation's poor, who were already subsisting at deplorable levels prior to the crisis. Pa…
The Mid-Life Dip in Well-Being
Income inequality and well-being in the U.S
Do high aspirations lead to better outcomes? Evidence from a longitudinal survey of adolescents in Peru
Using a novel panel survey of relatively poor urban Peruvian adolescents, we explore the link between educational aspirations and propensity to invest in the future. Aspirations comprise hope and agency. We find remarkably high educational aspirations, even among relatively poor individuals and adolescents who were exposed to negative shocks, suggesting high levels of resilience. We also find high occupational aspirations and aspirations to migra…
The geography of desperation in America
Unequal Life Chances and Choices
Individuals who are compromised in their ability to either believe in or plan for their future will make very different valuations of future benefits than will those who have more means and capabilities. These valuations could apply across a wide spectrum, from health care and insurance to investments in education to retirement savings. Data based on time trade-offs and other hypothetical questions will lead to large gaps in contingency valuation…
Freustrated Achievers
The literature on subjective well-being has focused primarily on the developed economies. The authors provide empirical evidence from a developing country, Peru. Their results—and in particular a strong negative skew in the assessments of the respondents with the greatest income gains—support the importance of relative rather than absolute income differences. Among other factors, they attribute their results to shifts in reference norms and to ma…
The Other War
Making Foreign Aid Work
Foreign aid is facing difficult times. Even some aid practitioners have called its effectiveness into question. While aid has had success in humanitarian relief, family planning, and reducing infant mortality, its record in promoting economic growth has been mixed. Economic growth is not the sole objective of U.S. foreign aid, and it may be the least important goal for policymakers concerned with security, short term solvency, human rights, or de…
Economic Reform and Democracy
Commentary
President Clinton recently announced his reform plan for health care in the United States. The United Kingdom, along with other countries, has already enacted reforms in an effort to overcome the basic problem of having insufficient funds to provide a health service to meet modern demands. This paper briefly describes the recent health reforms in the United Kingdom and highlights some lessons for the United States, which include the need to choos…
When Public Health Crises Become Entwined
COVID-19 landed in a United States that is deeply divided in opportunity, health, and hope; a reality that is manifest in the million lives lost to deaths of despair in the past decade. We explore the places and populations most vulnerable to COVID and where they coincide with vulnerability to despair deaths. We use well-being metrics to explore spillover effects from the confluence of COVID and despair. Our earlier research finds that metrics li…
Activities and Appointments
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Peru's Apra Party in Power
Nowhere on the crisis-ridden latin continent were hopes raised as high as they were in Peru with the 1985 election of Alan Garcia. Nowhere were hopes dashed as dramatically by the onset of an economic, social, and political crisis of unprecedented severity. There is no single explanation for the dismal performance of the APRA government. Indeed, the APRA's performance in power was in keeping with Peru's age-old paradox: an extremely poor record o…
The Apra Government and the Urban Poor
It is now a well-known sad story that Alan Garcia's APRA government initially raised high hopes within and outside Peru and then collapsed into incoherent policy-making and political chaos, with hyper-inflation and a drastic increase in insurgent violence as a result. The social costs of that collapse have been grave indeed, and the worst victims have been the nation's poor, who were already subsisting at deplorable levels prior to the crisis. Pa…
The Ideology of State Terror
The politics of protecting the poor during adjustment
Peru's Apra
Commentary
President Clinton recently announced his reform plan for health care in the United States. The United Kingdom, along with other countries, has already enacted reforms in an effort to overcome the basic problem of having insufficient funds to provide a health service to meet modern demands. This paper briefly describes the recent health reforms in the United Kingdom and highlights some lessons for the United States, which include the need to choos…
Economic Reform and Democracy
Can Social Sector Reform Make Adjustment Sustainable and Equitable? Lessons from Chile and Venezuela-p
Adjustment in Latin America has largely been analysed in terms of macroeconomic policy. However, for reforms to be sustainable in the long term, there needs to be accompanying change in the social sectors. Such reform is difficult and costly. It is necessary, however, not simply to sustain the economic reforms, but also for an effective long-term strategy of poverty alleviation and for the consolidation of democracy. There are lessons to be learn…
Making Foreign Aid Work
Foreign aid is facing difficult times. Even some aid practitioners have called its effectiveness into question. While aid has had success in humanitarian relief, family planning, and reducing infant mortality, its record in promoting economic growth has been mixed. Economic growth is not the sole objective of U.S. foreign aid, and it may be the least important goal for policymakers concerned with security, short term solvency, human rights, or de…
A Half Penny on the Federal Dollar
Spending on U.S. foreign affairs, which constitutes only about one percent of the federal budget, is being sharply reduced. Under the President's 1996 budget plan, it will decline by just as great a percentage as defense between 1990 and 2002and by substantially more than defense over the 1980-2002 period. No other major category of federal spending will undergo a real cut over either time period. The shrinking budget, totaling about $19 billion …
Happiness, Markets, and Democracy
Mobility, Opportunity and Vulnerability
(2002). Mobility, Opportunity and Vulnerability: The Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality in a Global Economy. Journal of Human Development: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 57-94.
Frustrated Achievers
To date the literature on subjective well-being has focused on the developed economies. We provide empirical evidence from two emerging market countries, Peru and Russia. Our results - and in particular a strong negative skew in the assessments of the respondents with the greatest income gains - support the importance of relative rather than absolute income differences. Among other factors, we attribute our results to shifts in reference norms an…
Irish Studies
This chapter deals with Irish Studies work published this year.
Between Politics and Economics
The Argentina crisis will not provide an opportunity to make a break with the past and take the imf in the new directions that director Horst Köhler has enunciated. Instead, the fund needs to accept that the humanitarian crisis in Argentina demands quick disbursement with relaxed conditionality
The Other War
The Other War
Irish Studies
This chapter covers work done in the area of Irish Studies published in 2002.
Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America? Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and Well Being
The severe economic crisis facing several countries in the region over the last couple of years has led many observers to predict a backlash against market policies and even against democracy in the region. An economic crisis of such proportions should also, in theory, have negative effects on subjective well being. Our analysis, based on the Latinobarómetro surveys from 2000-2002, finds some unexpected positive trends, as well as notable differe…
Inequality and happiness
Freustrated Achievers
The literature on subjective well-being has focused primarily on the developed economies. The authors provide empirical evidence from a developing country, Peru. Their results—and in particular a strong negative skew in the assessments of the respondents with the greatest income gains—support the importance of relative rather than absolute income differences. Among other factors, they attribute their results to shifts in reference norms and to ma…
Happiness And Health
This paper reviews the happiness-health relationship from an economics perspective, highlighting the role of adaptation. People's expectations for health standards influence their reported health and associated happiness, a finding that roughly mirrors the Easterlin paradox in income and happiness. Research on unhappiness and obesity shows that norms and stigma vary a great deal across countries and cohorts, mediating the related well-being costs…
Happiness Around the World
This text reviews the theory and concepts of happiness, explaining how these concepts underpin a line of research which is both an attempt to understand the determinants of happiness and a tool for understanding the effects of a host of phenomena on human well being.
Adapting to Adversity
Questions about the good life and individual happiness have a long tradition in philosophy. For centuries, people developed ideas about the nature of human flourishing and well-being, its sources and its relevance for individual behavoir. Over the last decades, empirical research on subjective well-being in the social sciences has provided a major new stimulus of the discourse on individual happiness
Economics (34 works) · Political science (31 works) · Psychology (23 works) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (21 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Development economics (15 works) · Law (14 works) · Demographic economics (13 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (13 works)