Tor G Jakobsen
Biographic Data
| ID | 341492 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tor G Jakobsen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tor G |
| FAMILY NAME | Jakobsen |
| SIGNATURE | JAKOBSEN T G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6931-7143 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 133 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2009 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Sport plus the shooting: An examination of international sporting success and event hostship’s impact on the national willingness to fight
Research has long aimed to identify the effects of international sporting success or event hostship on nations. Overall findings suggest that tangible benefits are marginal at best. Still, some studies find that sport may have significant intangible effects, such as bolstering (short-term) feelings of national pride or happiness. Following this strand of research, the present paper asks whether international sporting success and/or hostship affec…
Sport and Human Rights Issues: Can Major Sporting Events Improve Civil Liberties? An Examination of the Olympic and Fifa World Cup Host Nations Following the World War II
In recent decades, the relationship between major sporting events (MSEs) and human rights has increasingly become a topic of debate and academic interest. Governments, politicians, and event stakeholders, including organizing bodies, frequently position MSEs as catalysts for various legacies. These include tangible outcomes such as economic growth and intangible effects like increased national pride. Proponents even argue that hosting MSEs may fo…
How do social meetings impact health in different welfare regimes? A comparative study of 35 European countries
Self-rated health (SRH) is widely used as an indicator of health in population studies, and there has been an increased interest in cross-national variations. Numerous studies have found an association between SRH and health, including whether there are interactional effects at both the micro and the macro levels. This article compares the effect of social meetings on SRH across different welfare regimes in Europe. We discuss whether differences …
Inappropriate behavior and dropout from sport: A quantitative study of elite athletes in Denmark
Economic growth versus the environment: Government spending, trust, and citizen support for environmental protection
Support for sustainability activities among citizens will also increase the probability of more sustainable choices being made by governments. In this study, we investigate the relationship between prioritization of environmental protection over economic growth and government spending on environmental protection in 27 OECD countries and more than 65 000 respondents. Drawing on the perspectives of the thermostatic model, complex belief systems and…
The US Way or Huawei? An Analysis of the Positioning of Secondary States in the US-China Rivalry
This article examines the determinants of the positioning of secondary states in the US-China conflict over market access for China’s Huawei. Our explanations draw on three branches of realism: balance-of-threat theory, patron-client theory, and Hirschman’s theory on trade relationships and foreign-policy convergence. For the dependent variable, we assemble a new dataset of the attitudes of 70 states toward Huawei’s investment aspirations. We pre…
Ethnic discrimination in Scandinavia: Evidence from a field experiment in women’s amateur soccer
In this paper, we examine ethnic discrimination using sport as a laboratory. Applying a field experiment in the three Scandinavian countries—Sweden, Norway, and Denmark—we test whether foreign female minority groups experience greater rejection rates when seeking inclusion in amateur soccer clubs. Soccer coaches were contacted by e-mail using native and foreign-sounding names from selected groups, requesting to participate in trial practice. Prev…
Ethnic Diversity, Racial Prejudice, and Attitudes towards Equity in the West and Beyond: A Multilevel Analysis, 1989–2014
Recent studies find that increasing ethnic diversity through immigration reduces support for welfare states. Using multilevel analysis of a wide sample of countries (≅100) and a large sampling of individuals (≅310,000), we find little evidence to suggest that the degree of diversity or antipathy towards ethnic others alone matter in explaining attitudes towards equity or public action aimed at reducing inequalities. Attitudes against reducing ine…
Ethnic Composition and Democratic Values: A Global Investigation of Citizens’ Desire for Democracy, 1995–2014
There is a rich literature on public support for democracy. However, few have investigated the link between ethnic composition and citizens' desire for democracy. In this study we investigate the relationship between ethnic fractionalization and democratic attitudes in 91 countries in the period 1995-2014. We test this on a measure of public desire for democracy. The main independent variables are a time-variant ethnic fractionalization index and…
The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: Citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation
Among a wide range of challenges, EU member states have been facing a growing threat from terrorism in the recent years. The primary responsibility for combating terrorism lies with each individual member state, although the threat is becoming increasingly cross-border and diverse. Regardless of whether terrorism poses a real or perceived threat to the states’ and citizens’ security, public opinion is one important force behind the extensive coun…
Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled…
Two Germanys? Investigating the Religious and Social Base of the 1930 Nazi Electorate
By applying data from the 1930 Reichstag election we test whether the German National Socialist Worker’s Party (NSDAP) was a workers, bourgeois, or a catch-all party. We argue that the degree to which the different groups in society voted NSDAP is dependent on the proportion of Protestants and Catholics in their respective Kreis. We build on two important works on the Nazi electorate, Jürgen Falter’s Hitlers Wähler (1991) and King et al. (2008). …
The impact of Formula 1 on regional economies in Europe
The tangible effects of hosting major sporting events have been thoroughly examined in recent years. The consensus among scholars is that the effects on tourism, inbound foreign investments and gross domestic product (GDP) from hosting, for example, the Olympic Games or the football World Cup are absent. Further, only a few studies have been conducted on one of the most commercially successful (major) sporting events: Formula 1 motor racing. This…
Tripwires and free-riders: Do forward-deployed U.S. troops reduce the willingness of host-country citizens to fight for their country
This article investigates the relationship between U.S. overseas troops and the willingness of the citizens of host states to fight for their country. The study joins the long-running debate about burden-sharing and free-riding among U.S. allies. Unlike most previous empirical studies, we focus on non-material or intangible measures of the underlying concepts. Our dependent variable estimates the proportion of citizens expressing a willingness to…
The Return of Prejudice in Europe's Regions: The Moderated Relationship between Group Threat and Economic Vulnerability
Using data from 16 countries and employing multilevel analysis that encompasses the national, regional, and individual levels, we find that both economic and social factors trigger anti-immigrant attitudes among Europeans. Regional per capita GDP is positively correlated with tolerant attitudes while the regional unemployment rate drives prejudice. We find a moderating relationship between immigrant population size and per capita GDP, which sugge…
Unpacking ethnicity: Exploring the underlying mechanisms linking ethnic fractionalization and civil conflict
In the study of civil conflict, many regard ethnic fractionalization as a measure of grievance. However, there is also a rational-actor explanation as to why ethnicity might cause rebellion. A third possibility is that ethnic fractionalization in itself causes civil war. Using a novel approach, we provide an empirically based answer to the question of which of these 3 mechanisms is most prominently at play. First, we present our updated index of …
Hosting major sports events: The challenge of taming white elephants
While the literature on the economic impacts of major sports events has grown considerably over the years, the question of utilisation of venues built for these events after the party is over has received little attention. This article fills some of the gaps in the literature. By means of a Stadium Utilisation Index, it measures the post-event utilisation of venues that were constructed of significantly refurbished to host major sports events in …
Democratic peace and the norms of the public: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between regime type and citizens’ bellicosity, 1981–2008
The democratic peace literature has convincingly shown that democracies do not fight other democracies. Theoretical explanations of this empirical phenomenon often claim that the citizenry in democracies prefers peaceful resolution of interstate conflicts. Still, there is a dearth of studies exploring the public’s preferences and values directly. We seek to rectify this by investigating, in a novel way, the relationship between regime type and ci…
Economic Performance and Political Trust: The impact of the financial crisis on European citizens
Trust links ordinary citizens to the institutions that are intended to represent them, and thereby enhances both the legitimacy and the effectiveness of democratic government. In this article we investigate whether economic performance affects political trust and if the 2007–2008 financial crisis has decreased confidence levels due to the severity of its consequences. We employ multilevel modeling to analyze data from 25 European countries taken …
The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens
This book re-evaluates Almond, Verba, and Pye's original ideas about the shape of a civic culture that supports democracy. Marshaling a massive amount of cross-national, longitudinal public opinion data from the World Values Survey Association, the authors demonstrate multiple manifestations of a deep shift in the mass attitudes and behaviors that undergird democracy. The chapters in this book show that in dozens of countries around the world, ci…
Demokratisk fred og (betinget) demokratisk pasifisme: Et teoretisk og empirisk blikk på normativ demokratisk fredsteori
Demokratisk fredsteori, og da spesielt dens normative variant, bygger på en forutsetning om demokratiske borgeres sentrale rolle for fred. Likevel blir individers holdninger og preferanser angående væpnet maktbruk sjelden undersøkt eksplisitt. Samtidig har forskningen heller ikke gitt en helt tilfredsstillende forklaring på hvorfor den demokratiske freden kun eksisterer på dyadisk nivå. Vår studie søker å gi noen forsøksvise svar på begge disse u…
Maktfaktor eller medløper? En revidering av Israel-lobbyen og amerikansk Midtøsten-politikk
Independent Power or Follower? The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East In 2007, Mearsheimer and Walt published The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, in which they argue that the U.S. Israel lobby has managed to front its own interests at the cost of U.S. interests. In this article we explore the validity of this argument. We look at examples of American Middle East policy where both the U.S. and Israeli authorities had int…
Why do poor countries suffer costly conflict? Unpacking per capita income and the onset of civil war
Empirical studies on the causes of civil war robustly show that poor countries are more likely to suffer civil war than rich ones. However, the interpretations of this finding differ. The literature proposes three different causal mechanisms: (1) poverty leads to grievances; (2) income proxies the opportunity-cost of rebelling; and (3) income proxies state capacity. Using factor analysis, logistic modeling and multiple imputation, we test which o…
Makrofaktorer og offentlig opinion: En gjennomgang av forskning på økonomiske venstre-høyre-holdninger
Political Nationalism and Attitudes towards Immigration: The Interaction of Knowledge and Policy
The issue of immigration is highly salient to citizens of industrialised democracies. Globalisation and the emergence of an international human rights regime, among other reasons, led to high levels of immigration to industrialised countries in recent decades. Immigrant-receiving states have shown only limited ability to control the size and composition of their immigrant population. Immigration has therefore emerged as a prominent political issu…
Welfare Attitudes and Social Expenditure: Do Regimes Shape Public Opinion
Economic Performance and Political Trust: The impact of the financial crisis on European citizens
Trust links ordinary citizens to the institutions that are intended to represent them, and thereby enhances both the legitimacy and the effectiveness of democratic government. In this article we investigate whether economic performance affects political trust and if the 2007–2008 financial crisis has decreased confidence levels due to the severity of its consequences. We employ multilevel modeling to analyze data from 25 European countries taken …
Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death! State Repression, Ethnic Grievance and Civil War, 1981–2004
Recent research on the causes of civil war seeks to identify whether group grievances, or opportunity for organisation, motivates rebellion. Similarly, scholars debate whether ethnicity matters in civil war due to group grievances or the opportunity to mobilise. We introduce the lack of empowerment rights, defined as social, political and economic empowerment directly and conditionally in models of civil war onset using novel methods and data. We…
Why do poor countries suffer costly conflict? Unpacking per capita income and the onset of civil war
Empirical studies on the causes of civil war robustly show that poor countries are more likely to suffer civil war than rich ones. However, the interpretations of this finding differ. The literature proposes three different causal mechanisms: (1) poverty leads to grievances; (2) income proxies the opportunity-cost of rebelling; and (3) income proxies state capacity. Using factor analysis, logistic modeling and multiple imputation, we test which o…
Public versus Private: The Conditional Effect of State Policy and Institutional Trust on Mass Opinion
Is there a link between the size of a country's public sector and attitudes towards privatization and individual responsibility? If so, is this connection conditioned by people's level of trust in institutions? This article uses multilevel analysis to investigate the relationship between state policy and public opinion, using three measures of economic left–right attitudes as dependent variables. My starting point is the adjustment hypothesis. A …
Hosting major sports events: The challenge of taming white elephants
While the literature on the economic impacts of major sports events has grown considerably over the years, the question of utilisation of venues built for these events after the party is over has received little attention. This article fills some of the gaps in the literature. By means of a Stadium Utilisation Index, it measures the post-event utilisation of venues that were constructed of significantly refurbished to host major sports events in …
The Return of Prejudice in Europe's Regions: The Moderated Relationship between Group Threat and Economic Vulnerability
Using data from 16 countries and employing multilevel analysis that encompasses the national, regional, and individual levels, we find that both economic and social factors trigger anti-immigrant attitudes among Europeans. Regional per capita GDP is positively correlated with tolerant attitudes while the regional unemployment rate drives prejudice. We find a moderating relationship between immigrant population size and per capita GDP, which sugge…
Issue ownership, unemployment and support for government intervention
In this article an examination is made of the association between unemployment and public demand for government intervention in the economy. The main hypothesis is drawn from the theory of issue ownership: public opinion is likely to shift to the left in times of high unemployment combined with a leftist government. Research on issue ownership has typically focused on case studies of particular countries. We extend the discussion to a much larger…
Democratic peace and the norms of the public: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between regime type and citizens’ bellicosity, 1981–2008
The democratic peace literature has convincingly shown that democracies do not fight other democracies. Theoretical explanations of this empirical phenomenon often claim that the citizenry in democracies prefers peaceful resolution of interstate conflicts. Still, there is a dearth of studies exploring the public’s preferences and values directly. We seek to rectify this by investigating, in a novel way, the relationship between regime type and ci…
The US Way or Huawei? An Analysis of the Positioning of Secondary States in the US-China Rivalry
This article examines the determinants of the positioning of secondary states in the US-China conflict over market access for China’s Huawei. Our explanations draw on three branches of realism: balance-of-threat theory, patron-client theory, and Hirschman’s theory on trade relationships and foreign-policy convergence. For the dependent variable, we assemble a new dataset of the attitudes of 70 states toward Huawei’s investment aspirations. We pre…
Tripwires and free-riders: Do forward-deployed U.S. troops reduce the willingness of host-country citizens to fight for their country
This article investigates the relationship between U.S. overseas troops and the willingness of the citizens of host states to fight for their country. The study joins the long-running debate about burden-sharing and free-riding among U.S. allies. Unlike most previous empirical studies, we focus on non-material or intangible measures of the underlying concepts. Our dependent variable estimates the proportion of citizens expressing a willingness to…
The impact of Formula 1 on regional economies in Europe
The tangible effects of hosting major sporting events have been thoroughly examined in recent years. The consensus among scholars is that the effects on tourism, inbound foreign investments and gross domestic product (GDP) from hosting, for example, the Olympic Games or the football World Cup are absent. Further, only a few studies have been conducted on one of the most commercially successful (major) sporting events: Formula 1 motor racing. This…
Ethnic Composition and Democratic Values: A Global Investigation of Citizens’ Desire for Democracy, 1995–2014
There is a rich literature on public support for democracy. However, few have investigated the link between ethnic composition and citizens' desire for democracy. In this study we investigate the relationship between ethnic fractionalization and democratic attitudes in 91 countries in the period 1995-2014. We test this on a measure of public desire for democracy. The main independent variables are a time-variant ethnic fractionalization index and…
The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: Citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation
Among a wide range of challenges, EU member states have been facing a growing threat from terrorism in the recent years. The primary responsibility for combating terrorism lies with each individual member state, although the threat is becoming increasingly cross-border and diverse. Regardless of whether terrorism poses a real or perceived threat to the states’ and citizens’ security, public opinion is one important force behind the extensive coun…
Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled…
Political Nationalism and Attitudes towards Immigration: The Interaction of Knowledge and Policy
The issue of immigration is highly salient to citizens of industrialised democracies. Globalisation and the emergence of an international human rights regime, among other reasons, led to high levels of immigration to industrialised countries in recent decades. Immigrant-receiving states have shown only limited ability to control the size and composition of their immigrant population. Immigration has therefore emerged as a prominent political issu…
Two Germanys? Investigating the Religious and Social Base of the 1930 Nazi Electorate
By applying data from the 1930 Reichstag election we test whether the German National Socialist Worker’s Party (NSDAP) was a workers, bourgeois, or a catch-all party. We argue that the degree to which the different groups in society voted NSDAP is dependent on the proportion of Protestants and Catholics in their respective Kreis. We build on two important works on the Nazi electorate, Jürgen Falter’s Hitlers Wähler (1991) and King et al. (2008). …
Patterns of Ethnic Intolerance in Europe
Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death! State Repression, Ethnic Grievance and Civil War, 1981–2004
Recent research on the causes of civil war seeks to identify whether group grievances, or opportunity for organisation, motivates rebellion. Similarly, scholars debate whether ethnicity matters in civil war due to group grievances or the opportunity to mobilise. We introduce the lack of empowerment rights, defined as social, political and economic empowerment directly and conditionally in models of civil war onset using novel methods and data. We…
Public versus Private: The Conditional Effect of State Policy and Institutional Trust on Mass Opinion
Is there a link between the size of a country's public sector and attitudes towards privatization and individual responsibility? If so, is this connection conditioned by people's level of trust in institutions? This article uses multilevel analysis to investigate the relationship between state policy and public opinion, using three measures of economic left–right attitudes as dependent variables. My starting point is the adjustment hypothesis. A …
Patterns of Ethnic Intolerance in Europe
Education and the Zeitgeist: Government Positions and Public Opinion on Income Distribution
Despite a sizable literature on the elite mass linkage, few of these studies are cross-national. In this paper, I apply multilevel ordered logit models to investigate public opinion toward redistribution in 23 European countries. I test whether these views depend on: (1) the policies of the government (i.e. the bandwagon effect) and (2) personal interest, as indicated by income and education. Briefly, the bandwagon effect appears when people’s pe…
Welfare Attitudes and Social Expenditure: Do Regimes Shape Public Opinion
Makrofaktorer og offentlig opinion: En gjennomgang av forskning på økonomiske venstre-høyre-holdninger
Political Nationalism and Attitudes towards Immigration: The Interaction of Knowledge and Policy
The issue of immigration is highly salient to citizens of industrialised democracies. Globalisation and the emergence of an international human rights regime, among other reasons, led to high levels of immigration to industrialised countries in recent decades. Immigrant-receiving states have shown only limited ability to control the size and composition of their immigrant population. Immigration has therefore emerged as a prominent political issu…
Issue ownership, unemployment and support for government intervention
In this article an examination is made of the association between unemployment and public demand for government intervention in the economy. The main hypothesis is drawn from the theory of issue ownership: public opinion is likely to shift to the left in times of high unemployment combined with a leftist government. Research on issue ownership has typically focused on case studies of particular countries. We extend the discussion to a much larger…
Maktfaktor eller medløper? En revidering av Israel-lobbyen og amerikansk Midtøsten-politikk
Independent Power or Follower? The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East In 2007, Mearsheimer and Walt published The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, in which they argue that the U.S. Israel lobby has managed to front its own interests at the cost of U.S. interests. In this article we explore the validity of this argument. We look at examples of American Middle East policy where both the U.S. and Israeli authorities had int…
Why do poor countries suffer costly conflict? Unpacking per capita income and the onset of civil war
Empirical studies on the causes of civil war robustly show that poor countries are more likely to suffer civil war than rich ones. However, the interpretations of this finding differ. The literature proposes three different causal mechanisms: (1) poverty leads to grievances; (2) income proxies the opportunity-cost of rebelling; and (3) income proxies state capacity. Using factor analysis, logistic modeling and multiple imputation, we test which o…
The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens
This book re-evaluates Almond, Verba, and Pye's original ideas about the shape of a civic culture that supports democracy. Marshaling a massive amount of cross-national, longitudinal public opinion data from the World Values Survey Association, the authors demonstrate multiple manifestations of a deep shift in the mass attitudes and behaviors that undergird democracy. The chapters in this book show that in dozens of countries around the world, ci…
Demokratisk fred og (betinget) demokratisk pasifisme: Et teoretisk og empirisk blikk på normativ demokratisk fredsteori
Demokratisk fredsteori, og da spesielt dens normative variant, bygger på en forutsetning om demokratiske borgeres sentrale rolle for fred. Likevel blir individers holdninger og preferanser angående væpnet maktbruk sjelden undersøkt eksplisitt. Samtidig har forskningen heller ikke gitt en helt tilfredsstillende forklaring på hvorfor den demokratiske freden kun eksisterer på dyadisk nivå. Vår studie søker å gi noen forsøksvise svar på begge disse u…
Economic Performance and Political Trust: The impact of the financial crisis on European citizens
Trust links ordinary citizens to the institutions that are intended to represent them, and thereby enhances both the legitimacy and the effectiveness of democratic government. In this article we investigate whether economic performance affects political trust and if the 2007–2008 financial crisis has decreased confidence levels due to the severity of its consequences. We employ multilevel modeling to analyze data from 25 European countries taken …
The Return of Prejudice in Europe's Regions: The Moderated Relationship between Group Threat and Economic Vulnerability
Using data from 16 countries and employing multilevel analysis that encompasses the national, regional, and individual levels, we find that both economic and social factors trigger anti-immigrant attitudes among Europeans. Regional per capita GDP is positively correlated with tolerant attitudes while the regional unemployment rate drives prejudice. We find a moderating relationship between immigrant population size and per capita GDP, which sugge…
Unpacking ethnicity: Exploring the underlying mechanisms linking ethnic fractionalization and civil conflict
In the study of civil conflict, many regard ethnic fractionalization as a measure of grievance. However, there is also a rational-actor explanation as to why ethnicity might cause rebellion. A third possibility is that ethnic fractionalization in itself causes civil war. Using a novel approach, we provide an empirically based answer to the question of which of these 3 mechanisms is most prominently at play. First, we present our updated index of …
Hosting major sports events: The challenge of taming white elephants
While the literature on the economic impacts of major sports events has grown considerably over the years, the question of utilisation of venues built for these events after the party is over has received little attention. This article fills some of the gaps in the literature. By means of a Stadium Utilisation Index, it measures the post-event utilisation of venues that were constructed of significantly refurbished to host major sports events in …
Democratic peace and the norms of the public: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between regime type and citizens’ bellicosity, 1981–2008
The democratic peace literature has convincingly shown that democracies do not fight other democracies. Theoretical explanations of this empirical phenomenon often claim that the citizenry in democracies prefers peaceful resolution of interstate conflicts. Still, there is a dearth of studies exploring the public’s preferences and values directly. We seek to rectify this by investigating, in a novel way, the relationship between regime type and ci…
Tripwires and free-riders: Do forward-deployed U.S. troops reduce the willingness of host-country citizens to fight for their country
This article investigates the relationship between U.S. overseas troops and the willingness of the citizens of host states to fight for their country. The study joins the long-running debate about burden-sharing and free-riding among U.S. allies. Unlike most previous empirical studies, we focus on non-material or intangible measures of the underlying concepts. Our dependent variable estimates the proportion of citizens expressing a willingness to…
Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled…
Two Germanys? Investigating the Religious and Social Base of the 1930 Nazi Electorate
By applying data from the 1930 Reichstag election we test whether the German National Socialist Worker’s Party (NSDAP) was a workers, bourgeois, or a catch-all party. We argue that the degree to which the different groups in society voted NSDAP is dependent on the proportion of Protestants and Catholics in their respective Kreis. We build on two important works on the Nazi electorate, Jürgen Falter’s Hitlers Wähler (1991) and King et al. (2008). …
The impact of Formula 1 on regional economies in Europe
The tangible effects of hosting major sporting events have been thoroughly examined in recent years. The consensus among scholars is that the effects on tourism, inbound foreign investments and gross domestic product (GDP) from hosting, for example, the Olympic Games or the football World Cup are absent. Further, only a few studies have been conducted on one of the most commercially successful (major) sporting events: Formula 1 motor racing. This…
The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: Citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation
Among a wide range of challenges, EU member states have been facing a growing threat from terrorism in the recent years. The primary responsibility for combating terrorism lies with each individual member state, although the threat is becoming increasingly cross-border and diverse. Regardless of whether terrorism poses a real or perceived threat to the states’ and citizens’ security, public opinion is one important force behind the extensive coun…
Ethnic Diversity, Racial Prejudice, and Attitudes towards Equity in the West and Beyond: A Multilevel Analysis, 1989–2014
Recent studies find that increasing ethnic diversity through immigration reduces support for welfare states. Using multilevel analysis of a wide sample of countries (≅100) and a large sampling of individuals (≅310,000), we find little evidence to suggest that the degree of diversity or antipathy towards ethnic others alone matter in explaining attitudes towards equity or public action aimed at reducing inequalities. Attitudes against reducing ine…
Ethnic Composition and Democratic Values: A Global Investigation of Citizens’ Desire for Democracy, 1995–2014
There is a rich literature on public support for democracy. However, few have investigated the link between ethnic composition and citizens' desire for democracy. In this study we investigate the relationship between ethnic fractionalization and democratic attitudes in 91 countries in the period 1995-2014. We test this on a measure of public desire for democracy. The main independent variables are a time-variant ethnic fractionalization index and…
Ethnic discrimination in Scandinavia: Evidence from a field experiment in women’s amateur soccer
In this paper, we examine ethnic discrimination using sport as a laboratory. Applying a field experiment in the three Scandinavian countries—Sweden, Norway, and Denmark—we test whether foreign female minority groups experience greater rejection rates when seeking inclusion in amateur soccer clubs. Soccer coaches were contacted by e-mail using native and foreign-sounding names from selected groups, requesting to participate in trial practice. Prev…
Political science (25 works) · Economics (17 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Law (15 works) · Politics (15 works) · Law (11 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (8 works) · Political economy (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works)