Anrudh K Jain
Biographic Data
| ID | 342365 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anrudh K Jain |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anrudh K |
| FAMILY NAME | Jain |
| SIGNATURE | JAIN A K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Population Council |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3342-4067 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 216 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Causality in Jain Narratives: Teaching Dharma Through Karma by Sītā's Abandonment
This paper investigates the complex causal relationships within Jain narrative literature (prathamānuyoga/dharmakathānuyoga), specifically focusing on the examination of the Sītā abandonment narrative across Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Apabhramsha textual traditions. By employing textual analysis and philosophical interpretation, the study explores the intricate causative mechanisms in narratives by Vimalasūri, Raviṣeṇa, and Svayambhūdeva. The paper a…
Substance Use Disorder in Punjab: Patterns, Challenges, and Implications
Various government agencies like the National Drug Dependence Treatment and Rehabilitation Programme (NDDTRO) in India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) have reported that Punjab has a significant problem with substance abuse. This means that many people in Punjab struggle with addiction to drugs and alcohol. To better understand this issue, the present study aims to find out which substances are most commonly used in Punja…
Share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India
Despite persistent efforts, unmet need for contraceptives in India has declined only slightly from 14% to 13% between 2005–06 and 2015–16. Many women using a family planning method discontinue it without switching to another method and continue to have unmet need. This study quantified the share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India. Data were drawn from two rounds of the Nationa…
Do Indian women receive adequate information about contraception?
This study analysed the recent changes and patterns of information received about contraceptive methods by contraceptive users in India – an important indicator of quality of care in family planning services. Data were taken from the third and fourth rounds of National Family and Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted in India during 2005–06 and 2015–16. The Method Information Index (MII) was used to capture the information received by respondents on th…
Is economic inequality in family planning in India associated with the private sector?
This study examined the pattern of economic disparity in the modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) among women receiving contraceptives from the public and private health sectors in India, using data from all four rounds of the National Family Health Survey conducted between 1992–93 and 2015–16. The mCPR was measured for currently married women aged 15–49 years. A concentration index was calculated and a pooled binary logistic regression an…
Reproductive efficiency in the developing world
This study proposes a measure of reproductive losses starting from conception to age 15 as an assessment of childbearing ‘efficiency’. It is suggested that losses are due to miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths and deaths to age 15. Data were drawn from various sources for seven regions embracing 129 developing countries. Mortality is an important loss in severely disadvantaged regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, but the abortion rates are…
Health workers’ outreach and intention to use contraceptives among married women in India
Increased scope of outreach of frontline health workers to provide FP communication and services will not only help in building knowledge of contraceptive methods but will also increase women's intention to use a method. For India, this may be the most promising way to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 3.7, which calls for universal access to reproductive health services
A New Composite Index to Measure National-Level Quality of Family Planning Programs
CONTEXT: Despite efforts to use facility surveys to measure the quality of family planning programs, routine, reliable measurement and monitoring of national-level quality has not been possible. METHODS: A new composite index to measure national-level quality, the National Quality Composite Index (NQCI), is proposed and used to compare program quality in 30 developing countries. Index scores represent the unweighted average of scores from indicat…
Revising the FP Quality of Care Framework in the Context of Rights‐based Family Planning
Nearly three decades ago, Bruce articulated a client‐centered quality of care (QoC) framework for family planning services. The term quality has since then been used in many rights‐based frameworks for health, reproductive health, and family planning. This commentary compares the concept of quality used in many of these frameworks to reconcile the elements of the FP QoC framework with the use of quality in various rights frameworks. We propose fi…
Information About Methods Received by Contraceptive Users in India
Very little is known, at national and state levels, about how much information women in India are receiving about the method of contraception they are using. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap in knowledge. A Method Information Index (MII) was calculated from the responses of women who started using a modern contraceptive method five years prior to interview, and who were still using it at the time of interview, in the third National …
Contribution of Contraceptive Discontinuation to Unintended Births in 36 Developing Countries
High contraceptive discontinuation results in millions of women having an unmet need for contraception. However, its contribution to unintended fertility is not known. Reproductive calendar data in Demographic and Health Surveys in 36 countries are used to estimate the percent of unintended recent births attributable to contraceptive discontinuation. Contraceptive discontinuation accounted for about one‐third of unintended recent births in all co…
Examining Progress and Equity in Information Received by Women Using a Modern Method in 25 Developing Countries
CONTEXT: The information exchanged during a contraceptive visit is important because providers need to understand clients' reproductive intentions and clients need to receive adequate information about methods and possible method-related side effects and problems. Little is known about how information exchange has changed over time and how it might vary across countries or subgroups within a country. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data fr…
Aligning Goals, Intents, and Performance Indicators in Family Planning Service Delivery
A flurry of policy initiatives in the fields of both population and development and reproductive health, many addressing the provision of family planning services, are currently underway: FP2020, the ICPD Beyond 2014, and the post‐2015 development agenda, among others. This is an opportune time, therefore, to reflect upon and take into consideration what five decades of family planning programs can teach us about ensuring that policies and progra…
The Constraints of Distance and Poverty on Institutional Deliveries in Pakistan: Evidence from Georeference‐Linked Data
While institutional deliveries in Pakistan have risen substantially over the last few years, the change has mainly occurred among the wealthy and those with access to services in urban areas. We assess the influence of economic and geographic access to health facilities on institutional deliveries by linking household survey data and georeferenced distance to facilities equipped to provide services for obstetric care in nine districts in Pakistan…
Reducing Unmet Need and Unwanted Childbearing: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Pakistan
Pakistan's high unmet need for contraception and low contraceptive prevalence remain a challenge, especially in light of the country's expected contribution to the FP2020 goal of expanding family planning services to an additional 120 million women with unmet need. Analysis of panel data from 14 Pakistani districts suggests that efforts to reduce unmet need should also focus on empowering women who are currently practicing contraception to achiev…
The Importance of Public Sector Health Facility-Level Data for Monitoring Changes in Maternal Mortality Risks Among Communities: The Case of Pakistan
This paper illustrates the importance of monitoring health facility-level information to monitor changes in maternal mortality risks. The annual facility-level maternal mortality ratios (MMRs), complications to live births ratios and case fatality ratios (CFRs) were computed from data recorded during 2007 and 2009 in 31 upgraded public sector health facilities across Pakistan. The facility-level MMR declined by about 18%; both the number of Caesa…
Reducing Unmet Need by Supporting Women with Met Need
CONTEXT: The 2012 London Summit on family planning set a goal of providing modern contraceptives to 120 million women with unmet need by 2020. Reducing the high rate of contraceptive discontinuation by facilitating switching among methods will play a critical role in meeting that goal. METHODS: Data collected from married women in Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 34 countries between 2005 and 2010 were used to estimate the potential co…
Evaluation of an Intervention to Improve Quality of Care in Family Planning Programme in the Philippines
This paper presents the results of a longitudinal intervention study carried out in the Davao del Norte province of the Philippines. The intervention, tested through a quasi-experimental design, consisted of training of family planning service providers in information exchange and training of their supervisors in facilitative supervision. The training intervention significantly improved providers' knowledge and quality of care received by clients…
Fertility Differences Among Developing Countries: Are They Still Related to Family Planning Program Efforts and Social Settings?
Fertility Differences Among Developing Countries: Are They Still Related to Family Planning Program Efforts and Social Settings
CONTEXT: In many developing countries, fertility has declined steadily in recent decades, while the average strength of family planning programs has increased and social conditions have improved. However, it is unclear whether the synergistic effect of family planning programs and social settings on fertility, first identified in the 1970s, still holds. METHODS: Data from 40 developing countries in which Demographic and Health Surveys were conduc…
Fertility Differences Among Developing Countries: Are They Still Related to Family Planning Program Efforts and Social Settings
Motivations for Entry Into Sex Work and Hiv Risk Among Mobile Female Sex Workers in India
This paper assesses the reasons for entry into sex work and its association with HIV risk behaviours among mobile female sex workers (FSWs) in India. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 22 districts across four high HIV prevalence states in India during 2007–2008. Analyses were limited to 5498 eligible mobile FSWs. The reasons given by FSWs for entering sex work and associations with socio-demographic characteristics we…
Male migration and risky sexual behavior in rural India: Is the place of origin critical for HIV prevention programs
Findings of this study document that returned migrants and active migrants have higher sexual risk behaviors than the non-migrants. Most migrants initiate non-marital sex in the place of origin and many continue these behaviors in places of destination. Migrants' destination area behaviors are linked to sex with sex workers and they continue to practice such behaviors in the place of origin as well. Unprotected sex in places of destination with h…
Relationship between reported prior condom use and current self-perceived risk of acquiring HIV among mobile female sex workers in southern India
The association between high risk perception of acquiring HIV and inconsistent condom use, especially with regular clients and non-paying partners, has not been completely internalized by this high risk group of mobile FSWs in India. Motivational efforts to prevent HIV should emphasize the importance of accurately assessing an individual's risk of acquiring HIV based on condom use behavior with all types of partners: occasional and regular client…
Experience of violence and adverse reproductive health outcomes, HIV risks among mobile female sex workers in India
The pervasiveness of violence and its association with reproductive health and HIV risk highlights that the abuse in general is an important determinant for reproductive health risks; and sexual violence is significantly associated with HIV risks among those who experienced violence. Existing community mobilization programs that have primarily focused on empowering FSWs should broaden their efforts to promote reproductive health in addition to th…
Fertility Reduction and the Quality of Family Planning Services
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a focus on quality of family planning services is consistent with meeting demographic objectives. An analytical framework that links the six elements of quality with fertility is described. A review of existing literature and analysis suggest that improvements in quality of family planning services by enhancing the choice of contraceptive methods available in a country would increase the overall p…
Demographic aspects of lactation and postpartum amenorrhea
Interrelations between lactation and post-partum amenorrhea are studied from the reports of about 5,000 married women included in a 1966 Follow-up Survey of Acceptors of an Intrauterine Device (IUD) in Taiwan. The length of post-partum amenorrhea and of breastfeeding are positively associated. On an average, breastfeeding delayed the resumption of menstruation by about 7 months. The association between lactation and amenorrhea is not accounted fo…
Breastfeeding: Patterns, Correlates, and Fertility Effects
Paper based on data generated by the World Fertility Survey in 8 countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Jordan, Peru, Guyana, Colombia, and Panama. The authors address the following issues, among others: the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding; variations in the duration of breastfeeding among different subgroups, classified by age, parity, woman's education, etc,; the key determinants of breastfeeding; and the effect of breastfeeding …
The Impact of the Quality of Family Planning Services on Contraceptive Use in Peru
Barbara Mensch, Mary Arends-Kuenning, Anrudh Jain, The Impact of the Quality of Family Planning Services on Contraceptive Use in Peru, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1996), pp. 59-75
The Effect of Female Education on Fertility: A Simple Explanation
This paper investigates the structure of the relationship between female education and fertility. It is based on data published in First Country Reports of the World Fertility Surveys for eleven countries—Costa Rica, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Panama, Fiji, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia. The cumulative marital fertility of educated women is shown to be similar in different settings. A lack of uniformity in the e…
Fecundability and its relation to age in a sample of Taiwanese women
In this paper reliable estimates of mean fecundability at marriage for a sample of heterogeneous Taiwanese women are obtained by using a set of data collected retrospectively. The effects of 'truncation bias' and 'memory bias' are estimated by studying the relationships between mean fecundability and the duration of marriage. Then the variations in fecundabilities by age at marriage are studied. The data are taken from an intensive fertility surv…
Determinants of Regional Variations in Infant Mortality in Rural India
An analytical framework is specified for understanding the determinants of infant mortality. It distinguishes between factors at three levels – village, household and individual – and arranges them in ascending order with respect to their proximity to infant mortality. Village and household-level factors are assumed to influence infant mortality indirectly by influencing at least one of the six individual-level factors. The present analysis of th…
Reducing Unmet Need and Unwanted Childbearing: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Pakistan
Pakistan's high unmet need for contraception and low contraceptive prevalence remain a challenge, especially in light of the country's expected contribution to the FP2020 goal of expanding family planning services to an additional 120 million women with unmet need. Analysis of panel data from 14 Pakistani districts suggests that efforts to reduce unmet need should also focus on empowering women who are currently practicing contraception to achiev…
Revising the FP Quality of Care Framework in the Context of Rights‐based Family Planning
Nearly three decades ago, Bruce articulated a client‐centered quality of care (QoC) framework for family planning services. The term quality has since then been used in many rights‐based frameworks for health, reproductive health, and family planning. This commentary compares the concept of quality used in many of these frameworks to reconcile the elements of the FP QoC framework with the use of quality in various rights frameworks. We propose fi…
Setting Standards of Quality in Family Planning Programs
The Population Council continues to resist setting quality of care standards for family planning programs. It contends that professionals responsible for each family planning program must define intended and achievable levels of care. The Population Council does claim, however, that a high quality program is client-oriented and assists clients in reaching their reproductive goals. Even though a high quality program would reduce fertility by incre…
Preliminary Estimates of Fertility Decline in India During the 1970s
There are major discrepancies among the available estimates of the extent to which fertility in India declined during the 1970s. The fertility decline implied by 2 national sample surveys conducted in 1972 and 1978 by the Office of the Registrar General is twice that implied by the series of crude birth rates from the Sample Registration System. In view of a wider interest in a better understanding of the demographic changes in India the authors …
Contribution of Contraceptive Discontinuation to Unintended Births in 36 Developing Countries
High contraceptive discontinuation results in millions of women having an unmet need for contraception. However, its contribution to unintended fertility is not known. Reproductive calendar data in Demographic and Health Surveys in 36 countries are used to estimate the percent of unintended recent births attributable to contraceptive discontinuation. Contraceptive discontinuation accounted for about one‐third of unintended recent births in all co…
A Client‐centered Approach to Family Planning: The Davao Project
The reproductive health approach to family planning shifts the focus of service provision from macro‐level demographic objectives to meeting clients' needs. Little field experience exists to date, however, to indicate how to implement this approach. This study describes afield project in Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley provinces in the Philippines that implemented the reproductive health approach on a quasi‐experimental basis. The intervent…
Socio-economic correlates of fecundability in a sample of taiwanese women
Estimates of fecundability (monthly probability of conception) in the absence of contraception are derived from the frequency distribution of conceptive delays immediately following marriage, reported by 2,443 married women aged 20 to 39 included in the Taichung (Taiwan) Intensive Fertility Survey of 1962. Average fecundability of women is positively associated with their socio-economic status. These differentials are not accounted for by differe…
Aligning Goals, Intents, and Performance Indicators in Family Planning Service Delivery
A flurry of policy initiatives in the fields of both population and development and reproductive health, many addressing the provision of family planning services, are currently underway: FP2020, the ICPD Beyond 2014, and the post‐2015 development agenda, among others. This is an opportune time, therefore, to reflect upon and take into consideration what five decades of family planning programs can teach us about ensuring that policies and progra…
Implementing the ICPD's Message
The International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in September 1994 recognized the need for reducing unwanted fertility and promoting smaller families within reproductive health services along with improving women's equality in education, health, and economic opportunity. The implementation of the main message would require an ideological transformation both for the population and for the development establishments. The imp…
Measuring the Effect of Fertility Decline on the Maternal Mortality Ratio
This article proposes a simple method to decompose the overall decline in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) observed between 1990 and 2008 into two components: decline attributable to fertility decline and decline attributable to safe motherhood programs. This method—illustrated here for three South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh)—is aimed at helping to properly assess the impact of safe motherhood initiatives on the MMR. The m…
Introducing Client‐centered Reproductive Health Services in a Pakistani Setting
Pakistan is a high‐fertility country with elevated levels of maternal mortality and unmet need for family planning. Limited access to and poor quality of reproductive health services and gender‐related problems comprise the major explanations for these poor indicators. The authors designed an intervention to address some of these issues and implemented it on a quasi‐experimental basis in Bhalwal Tehsil of the Sargodha district of Punjab. The inte…
The Impact of Development and Population Policies on Fertility in India
This article examines the impact of development and population policies on fertility decline and regional variations in India during the 1970s. Indicators of development at the household level include female literacy and education, infant mortality, and poverty; at the village level they include availability of such social services as schools, medical facilities, and transportation and communication facilities. Multiple regression analysis of dat…
Relative fecundability of users and nonusers of contraception
Data from a fertility survey taken at the end of 1962 in Taichung Taiwan on 2443 married women (aged 20-39) were used to calculate the relative fecundability between birth control users and nonusers. The same women were interviewed at the end of 1963 and further follow-up was possible through a survey in 1965. 17% of the total accepted contraception; 78% of these selected the IUD and the rest used traditional methods. Using a Type I geometric mod…
Implications for Evaluating the Impact of Family Planning Programs with a Reproductive Health Orientation
In 1994, Jain and Bruce proposed an index—HARI, an acronym for Helping Individuals Achieve their Reproductive Intentions—to measure success or failure of family planning programs with a reproductive health orientation. HARI applies the principle of individual rights and well‐being to the assessment of these programs. The index measures two components: the achievement of an individual's reproductive intentions and the avoidance of severe reproduct…
Pregnancy outcome and the time required for next conception
Variations in the time required for next conception by outcome ofthe preceding pregnancy, and the age of woman, are studied for Taiwanese women. Pregnancy interval, defined as the period between the end of one pregnancy and the beginning of the next, is taken as a measure of the time required for the next conception. The averages and variances of pregnancy intervals are estimated from reports of pregnancies occurring in a probability sample of 2,…
Estimates of Contraceptive Prevalence Based on Service Statistics and Surveys in Gujarat State, India
This report demonstrates that the estimates of contraceptive prevalence based on surveys are substantially lower than those based on the service statistics generated by the Indian family planning program. The reasons for this discrepancy were examined by contacting a subsample of acceptors recorded by female health workers as users in their registers. This inquiry indicated that the health workers themselves knew that 15-39 percent of the women w…
The Constraints of Distance and Poverty on Institutional Deliveries in Pakistan: Evidence from Georeference‐Linked Data
While institutional deliveries in Pakistan have risen substantially over the last few years, the change has mainly occurred among the wealthy and those with access to services in urban areas. We assess the influence of economic and geographic access to health facilities on institutional deliveries by linking household survey data and georeferenced distance to facilities equipped to provide services for obstetric care in nine districts in Pakistan…
Do Population Policies Matter? Fertility and Politics in Egypt, India, Kenya, and Mexico
Correlates of IUD Termination in a Mass Family Planning Program: The First Taiwan IUD Follow-up Survey
Lien-Pin Chow, Ronald Freedman, Robert G. Potter Jr., Anrudh K. Jain, Correlates of IUD Termination in a Mass Family Planning Program: The First Taiwan IUD Follow-up Survey, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 1, No. 24 (Dec., 1967), pp. 13-16
Socio-economic correlates of fecundability in a sample of taiwanese women
Estimates of fecundability (monthly probability of conception) in the absence of contraception are derived from the frequency distribution of conceptive delays immediately following marriage, reported by 2,443 married women aged 20 to 39 included in the Taichung (Taiwan) Intensive Fertility Survey of 1962. Average fecundability of women is positively associated with their socio-economic status. These differentials are not accounted for by differe…
Relative fecundability of users and nonusers of contraception
Data from a fertility survey taken at the end of 1962 in Taichung Taiwan on 2443 married women (aged 20-39) were used to calculate the relative fecundability between birth control users and nonusers. The same women were interviewed at the end of 1963 and further follow-up was possible through a survey in 1965. 17% of the total accepted contraception; 78% of these selected the IUD and the rest used traditional methods. Using a Type I geometric mod…
Pregnancy outcome and the time required for next conception
Variations in the time required for next conception by outcome ofthe preceding pregnancy, and the age of woman, are studied for Taiwanese women. Pregnancy interval, defined as the period between the end of one pregnancy and the beginning of the next, is taken as a measure of the time required for the next conception. The averages and variances of pregnancy intervals are estimated from reports of pregnancies occurring in a probability sample of 2,…
Fecundability and its relation to age in a sample of Taiwanese women
In this paper reliable estimates of mean fecundability at marriage for a sample of heterogeneous Taiwanese women are obtained by using a set of data collected retrospectively. The effects of 'truncation bias' and 'memory bias' are estimated by studying the relationships between mean fecundability and the duration of marriage. Then the variations in fecundabilities by age at marriage are studied. The data are taken from an intensive fertility surv…
Demographic aspects of lactation and postpartum amenorrhea
Interrelations between lactation and post-partum amenorrhea are studied from the reports of about 5,000 married women included in a 1966 Follow-up Survey of Acceptors of an Intrauterine Device (IUD) in Taiwan. The length of post-partum amenorrhea and of breastfeeding are positively associated. On an average, breastfeeding delayed the resumption of menstruation by about 7 months. The association between lactation and amenorrhea is not accounted fo…
Fertility after insertion of an Iucd in Taiwan's family‐planning program
In a sample of 4648 women who had an IUCD insertion by July 1, 1966 in Taiwan's family planning program, the postinsertion fertility was low in relation to fecundity potential. For those who used IUCDs for limiting family size, only 8% had borne a child 30 months after insertion. Of those who had wanted anotherchild, 40% had borne at least 1 child within 30 months. The postinsertion fertility decline was 65-80% compared with the expected values w…
Marketing Research in the Nirodh Program
In September 1968 the Indian government began subsidizing the sale of Nirodh condoms through the countrys 6 largest and most experienced consumer goods marketing companies making the condoms available under 3 distribution schemes (the other 2 include the Free Distribution Scheme through public health channels and the Depot Holder Scheme involving mostly remote rural post offices as outlets) at price levels ranging from 0 to 15 paise (US$.02) for …
India
Fecundability following the discontinuation of IUD use among Taiwanese women
This paper examines the antifertility effects of an IUD (Lippes Loop) subsequent to the discontinuation of its use. The experiences of 4449 urban Taiwanese women who discontinued the use of the Lippes Loop initially inserted during the period July 1962 to May 1965 are analysed. These women were followed annually for 6 to 9 years through clinic visits and home interviews. The effect of duration of IUD use on average fecundability and sterility is …
Mortality Risk Associated with the Use of Oral Contraceptives
Recent studies in Great Britain and the United States have raised serious concern about the safety of oral contraceptives for women aged 40 and over. This article reanalyzes the data published in these studies and shows that a clear understanding of the synergistic effects of smoking and pill use is essential for proper assessment of the safety of oral contraceptives. The present analysis indicates that (1) the use of oral contraceptives, in the …
Cigarette Smoking, Use of Oral Contraceptives, and Myocardial Infarction
The excess risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction among users of oral contraceptives observed in England and Wales can be explained in terms of the high proportion of smokers in the study population. Among nonsmokers, the relative risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives is estimated to be 2 to 1, which is not statistically significant ( p = 0.28, Fisher's exact probability test). The present analysis suggests that smoking be considere…
Life-Table Analysis of Iuds: Problems and Recommendations
Biological tissues and biomaterials are often defined by unique spatial gradients in physical properties that impart specialized function over hierarchical scales. The structure of these materials forms continuous transitional gradients and discrete local microenvironments between adjacent (or within) tissues, and across matrix-cell boundaries, which is difficult to replicate with common scaffold systems. Here, the matrix densification of collage…
The Effect of Female Education on Fertility: A Simple Explanation
This paper investigates the structure of the relationship between female education and fertility. It is based on data published in First Country Reports of the World Fertility Surveys for eleven countries—Costa Rica, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Panama, Fiji, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia. The cumulative marital fertility of educated women is shown to be similar in different settings. A lack of uniformity in the e…
Breastfeeding: Patterns, Correlates, and Fertility Effects
Paper based on data generated by the World Fertility Survey in 8 countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Jordan, Peru, Guyana, Colombia, and Panama. The authors address the following issues, among others: the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding; variations in the duration of breastfeeding among different subgroups, classified by age, parity, woman's education, etc,; the key determinants of breastfeeding; and the effect of breastfeeding …
Preliminary Estimates of Fertility Decline in India During the 1970s
There are major discrepancies among the available estimates of the extent to which fertility in India declined during the 1970s. The fertility decline implied by 2 national sample surveys conducted in 1972 and 1978 by the Office of the Registrar General is twice that implied by the series of crude birth rates from the Sample Registration System. In view of a wider interest in a better understanding of the demographic changes in India the authors …
The Impact of Development and Population Policies on Fertility in India
This article examines the impact of development and population policies on fertility decline and regional variations in India during the 1970s. Indicators of development at the household level include female literacy and education, infant mortality, and poverty; at the village level they include availability of such social services as schools, medical facilities, and transportation and communication facilities. Multiple regression analysis of dat…
Determinants of Regional Variations in Infant Mortality in Rural India
An analytical framework is specified for understanding the determinants of infant mortality. It distinguishes between factors at three levels – village, household and individual – and arranges them in ascending order with respect to their proximity to infant mortality. Village and household-level factors are assumed to influence infant mortality indirectly by influencing at least one of the six individual-level factors. The present analysis of th…
Infant Mortality in India: Differentials and Determinants
This collection of essays by various authors on aspects of infant mortality in India is the product of a seminar held at the Indian Institute for Management in Ahmedabad in October 1984. Following a general overview papers are presented on the determinants of infant mortality at national and regional levels. Three papers consider lessons from community health projects; the next six papers look at evidence from selected states; the final two paper…
Fertility in Asia: Assessing the Impact of Development Projects
This book is a product of a program initiated by the Population Council in 1978 entitled the Fertility Impacts of Development. The focus of the book is on the quantification of the impact of development on fertility. Five of the studies funded under the program are presented here. Three of these studies two in Thailand and one in Sri Lanka focused upon the fertility effects of interventions to improve economic conditions. These interventions incl…
Infant Mortality in India: Differentials and Determinants
Fertility Reduction and the Quality of Family Planning Services
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a focus on quality of family planning services is consistent with meeting demographic objectives. An analytical framework that links the six elements of quality with fertility is described. A review of existing literature and analysis suggest that improvements in quality of family planning services by enhancing the choice of contraceptive methods available in a country would increase the overall p…
Setting Standards of Quality in Family Planning Programs
The Population Council continues to resist setting quality of care standards for family planning programs. It contends that professionals responsible for each family planning program must define intended and achievable levels of care. The Population Council does claim, however, that a high quality program is client-oriented and assists clients in reaching their reproductive goals. Even though a high quality program would reduce fertility by incre…
Managing Quality of Care in Population Programs
From program design to program evaluation, this volume will prove to be a valuable tool to managers, researchers, and trainers. Internationally recognized professionals in the field address the issue of the all-too-often neglected dimension of family planning: quality of services. They point out that quality flows from the top down, and that quality demands an effort on the part of management to understand the needs of their clients seeking contr…
Estimates of Contraceptive Prevalence Based on Service Statistics and Surveys in Gujarat State, India
This report demonstrates that the estimates of contraceptive prevalence based on surveys are substantially lower than those based on the service statistics generated by the Indian family planning program. The reasons for this discrepancy were examined by contacting a subsample of acceptors recorded by female health workers as users in their registers. This inquiry indicated that the health workers themselves knew that 15-39 percent of the women w…
Population (48 works) · Medicine (44 works) · Demography (38 works) · Global Maternal and Child Health (37 works) · Environmental health (34 works) · Family planning (32 works) · Research methodology (26 works) · Sociology (25 works) · Economic growth (22 works) · Fertility (22 works)