Asher Mashiach
Biographic Data
| ID | 343513 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Asher Mashiach |
| GIVEN NAMES | Asher |
| FAMILY NAME | Mashiach |
| SIGNATURE | MASHIACH A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Ariel University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8803-2108 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 7 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Punishment, Purpose or Silence: Israeli Orthodox Rabbinical Responses to the October 7 Massacre
On the morning of Saturday, 7 October 2023, which was also the Jewish Festival of Simchat Torah, Israel was attacked by the Hamas terrorist organization based in the Gaza strip. The attack resulted in the murder of 1200 Israeli citizens and foreign workers, thousands were wounded, and some 250 women, men, elderly, and children were abducted, including babies of less than a year old. Hundreds were raped and all the bodies were mutilated, some beyo…
Between “A Gentile Regarding All Matters” and “A Captured Child”: Navigating Secularism and Lived Religion in Jewish Orthodoxy’s Approach to Secular Jews
This study examines the dialectic between “navigating secularism” and “lived religion” in the context of modern Jewish Orthodoxy, focusing on the rulings of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (1910–1995) regarding secular Jews. The research relies on two analytical models: Ravitzky’s theological model, based on the Chazon Ish’s distinction between a “full wagon” and an “empty wagon”; and the phenomenological model of Zohar and Sagi, which examines the …
Pilgrimage to Sites of Heroism—identity, Heritage, and Remembrance
This article examines three pivotal pilgrimage sites that reshape Jewish heroic identity: Masada, Nazi death camps in Poland, and Givat Hatachmoshet (Ammunition Hill), which all function as transformative spaces through experiential learning. The study employs the “dwelling perspective,” suggesting locations acquire social meaning as symbols of those who lived there, creating powerful connections between place and collective memory. Masada repres…
The Complete Matter and Not Half the Matter: Torah and Work in the Teachings of R. Moshe Avigdor Amiel
This article examines Rabbi Moshe Avigdor Amiel's concept of "Torah and Work" (Torah va'avoda) as a central tenet of Religious Zionism. Rabbi Amiel, a prominent ideologue of the Mizrahi movement who served as Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv (1936-1945), viewed the integration of spirituality and materiality as representing complete Judaism. Using Hegelian dialectics, Amiel explained his approach: the thesis (spirit) and antithesis (matter) unite to form …
Between Holocaust and National Tragedy – The Case of Israel
Thesis. The thesis of the article is to examine the discourse in Israel, which compares the events of the Holocaust in Europe in the twentieth century and the events of October 7, in which the terrorist organization Hamas attacked Israel, murdering, raping and kidnapping hundreds of people. Concept. Regardless of the testimonies, terminology, and discourse in the public, leadership, and academic sphere linking the events of the Holocaust to those…
Halakhic Crypticity
Medieval Jewish philosophers used cryptic writing 1) to protect innocent believers whose faith could be harmed by uncustomary ideas; 2) to protect the philosopher, whose societal standing might be risked through the expression of uncustomary views; and 3) as a normative characteristic of how philosophy was written. This article demonstrates that, in the halakhic literature, this same technique was utilized by halakhic decisors, and for reasons si…
The Corporeal, the Physical, and Work in Maimonides' Teachings
Rabbinical literature has an ambivalent attitude toward work. Some see work as a religious value: "Great is labor, as just as Israel were commanded to keep the Sabbath, thus they were commanded to perform labor, as it is said: 'Six days you shall labor and do all your work'". However, others see work as a mere existential need. The current article seeks to comprehend the attitude of R. Moses ben Maimon, also known as Maimonides (1138-1204, Spain-…
The Theological Sources of the Torah and Labor (Torah U'melakha) Yeshivas
In this article, I seek to reveal the theological sources of the Israeli high school yeshivas designated "Torah U'melakha" (Torah and labor). High school yeshivas are schools for 9th-12th grade boys that offer religious studies in the first half of the day and secular studies, i.e., science and languages, in the second half. These schools serve mainly religious Zionist and modern orthodox society. Torah U'melakha yeshivas are high school yeshivas…
Land, Work, and Redemption in the Religious-Zionist Philosophy of Isaiah Aviad (Oskar Wolfsberg)
This article seeks to examine R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad's outlook with regard to the Land of Israel, worldly labor, and redemption, as reflected in his teachings. R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad (Oskar Wolfsberg) (1893-1957) was born in Germany. He was one of religious Zionism's main thinkers. He was a pediatrician, and since the establishment of Israel served as an Israeli diplomat in Scandinavia and Switzerland. R. Aviad thought that religious Zionism is the com…
The Holocaust in the teachings of R. Isaiah Aviad (Wolfsberg)
R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad (Wolfsberg) (1893–1957) was one of religious Zionism’s main thinkers. This article seeks to examine his outlook regarding the Holocaust of European Jewry. Jewish thought contains three main approaches to dealing with the issue of evil in the world: the classic-causal approach, the teleological approach and the indifferent approach. The classic-causal approach explains the evil that exists in the world as occurring in a process…
The Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Attitude to Work-A Comparative Perspective
The major aim of the religious person is to obey God's injunctions and follow His ways. If he or she shall do so, he or she will attain success in this world or in the world-to-come. Thus, the Abrahamic religions have come to center on precepts involving man's relationship with God and an occupation with spirituality. Accordingly, the central figures and those who head the religious hierarchy are rabbis (in Judaism), priests and monks (in Christi…
Redemption, settlement and agriculture in the religious teachings of Hovevei Zion
Hovevei Zion is a collective name for several societies established in Eastern Europe in the 19th century, advocating immigration to the land of Israel, settlement of the land and agricultural work. This article examines the religious approach of several prominent thinkers from among Hovevei Zion and the First Aliya, who shared the perception of farming and settling the land as having religious and even messianic meaning. It was clear to them tha…
The Heralds of Zionism as Theological Revolutionaries
In historiographical research, there is an approach that perceives the ideologues who preceded the Hovevei Zion movement (1881) and the Zionist movement (1896) as "heralds of Zionism". These ideologues operated, or at least proposed the idea of the Jews' return to the Land of Israel and establishment a political entity in the Land, beginning from the 1860s. The researchers are divided, however, on the identification of the heralds. Some locate th…
The concept of work in the theological teachings of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Kook
This article aims to understand the concept of work in the teachings of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Hacohen Kook (1865–1935). As the person who had the maximum impact on the religious Zionist sector, with its guiding principle of Torah va’avodah, meaning Torah and work, it is necessary to clarify his attitude towards work. Did he perceive work as a necessity, a part of one’s duty to support the members of the household, or perhaps also as an ideologic…
Ontological Theology in Religious Zionism—Rabbi Y.M. Harlap as a Case Study
The present study sets out to shed light on R. Yaakov Moshe Harlap (1882–1951), Kabbalist, head of the Merkaz Ha-Rav yeshivah, in his understanding of ontological theology—material labor, meaning the basic life pattern, in which one gets up daily in the morning and goes to “work.” Did R. Harlap see labor as no more than a need and an obligation incumbent upon man to provide for his family? Or did he, perhaps, see labor as a religious value, an ou…
Religious Zionism – theology and social integration
This article explores the theology behind the integration of religious Zionists in all spheres of activity in Israel, from commerce and industry to agriculture, academia, and the defence establishment. It argues that religious Zionism is not a combination of religiosity and Zionism but a movement motivated by a distinct theology of integration that espouses a combination of Torah and work, not as part of one’s natural duties to support one’s fami…
Work in the Teachings of R. Ẓvi Yehudah Kook
R. Ẓvi Yehudah ha-Kohen Kook (RẒiYah, 1891–1982), the head of the yeshivah at “Merkaz ha-Rav” in Jerusalem, was one of the most prominent religious Zionist leaders of the twentieth century. He was also the son of R. Abraham Isaac ha-Kohen Kook, a relationship that had a decisive impact on his thought and work throughout his life. The purpose of the present study is to shed light on RẒiYah’s attitude toward work. Did he see work as a basic human o…
Work and Material Creation in the Teaching of R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Rabbi Joseph Ber Halevi Soloveitchik (1903–1993), one of the most prominent religious Zionist rabbis as well as the leader of Modern Jewish Orthodoxy in the U.S., presented a theologically consistent approach to the issue of work and material production, to which he ascribed a religious value. His leading principle in his consideration of work and material production emerged from the Halakhic dictum, “You shall walk in His ways,” a commandment th…
War and the Military in Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach’s Halakhic Decisions
Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (1910–1995) was one of the most influential Halakhic authorities of the twentieth century. Although he was an ultra-Orthodox rabbi, Rabbi Auerbach dealt with the complexity of army and military life. This article shows that he possessed of a clear “operational way of thinking,” reflecting deeply on the unique needs of the military of the Jewish State. Additionally, the article examines various approaches of filling th…
Changes in the Understanding of Work in Religious Zionist Thought: Rabbi T.I. Thau as a Case Study
In Jewish religious texts, Torah study is placed at the top of the hierarchy of values. This suggests that work as such is of no religious significance; work is rather a prerequisite for the real essentials of life. The Mizrachi religious Zionist movement, founded in 1902 by R. Yitzhak Yaakov Reines (1839–1915), introduced a markedly different view. The movement upheld a concept of work as a religious value, not only an existential need. Later re…
Work as a Value in the Writings of Rabbi Y.Y. Reines
Religious texts in the Jewish tradition uphold a notion of work as an existential need. It follows that work is of no religious significance in itself. Torah study has traditionally put it at the top of the hierarchy of Jewish values. The approach most clearly discernible throughout Jewish history has seen work as a prerequisite to be satisfied in order for the real essentials of life to be addressed; this approach became dominant almost to the e…
Going on the offensive: The religious Zionist rabbinic ethos in Judea and Samaria as a response to post-heroism
This article examines some of the conceptual changes taking place in religious Zionist thinking in the course of the last three decades, as expressed in the writings of Judea and Samaria rabbis. The Halachic literature produced by these rabbis reinforces the offensive Jewish‒Israeli ethos, a sea change from Halachic texts composed by Diaspora Jews. From the theological point of view, this change is part of the return to the days of biblical-Jewis…
Work in the Teaching of Rabbi Yitzhak Nissenbaum
Rabbi Yitzhak Nissenbaum (1868-1943), who stood at the head of the Mizrahi movement in Warsaw, was one of the leading thinkers associated with early religious Zionism, but there is virtually no literature about him in English. As a contribution to scholarship on the varieties of religious Zionism, this study examines an important aspect of Nissenbaum's thought: his understanding of productive manual labor as an essential element of ancient, origi…
The Individual vs. Society in Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach’s Halakhic Rulings
Rosh Yeshivat Kol Torah in Jerusalem for more than forty years, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach was one of the most influential Halakhic decisors of the twentieth century. Rabbi Auerbach was a major figure in Haredi society which makes his Halakhic involvement in military issues more interesting. An examination of his Halakhic rulings in this matter shows that Rabbi Auerbach comprehended not only the complexity of being a religious soldier in the Ar…
The Ethos of Masada in Halakhic Literature
Josephus Flavius is the only source on the rebellion of Masada and the heroic mass suicide at its end. This tragic event was not mentioned in the Halakhic literature. Chazal , rabbinic sages, who lived at that time, didn’t mention it and one should wonder why. The common explanation is that Chazal were against committing suicide and did not want to raise the issue in a heroic context. However, thorough review of the rabbinic literature shows that…
The Heralds of Zionism as Theological Revolutionaries
In historiographical research, there is an approach that perceives the ideologues who preceded the Hovevei Zion movement (1881) and the Zionist movement (1896) as "heralds of Zionism". These ideologues operated, or at least proposed the idea of the Jews' return to the Land of Israel and establishment a political entity in the Land, beginning from the 1860s. The researchers are divided, however, on the identification of the heralds. Some locate th…
Religious Zionism – theology and social integration
This article explores the theology behind the integration of religious Zionists in all spheres of activity in Israel, from commerce and industry to agriculture, academia, and the defence establishment. It argues that religious Zionism is not a combination of religiosity and Zionism but a movement motivated by a distinct theology of integration that espouses a combination of Torah and work, not as part of one’s natural duties to support one’s fami…
Going on the offensive: The religious Zionist rabbinic ethos in Judea and Samaria as a response to post-heroism
This article examines some of the conceptual changes taking place in religious Zionist thinking in the course of the last three decades, as expressed in the writings of Judea and Samaria rabbis. The Halachic literature produced by these rabbis reinforces the offensive Jewish‒Israeli ethos, a sea change from Halachic texts composed by Diaspora Jews. From the theological point of view, this change is part of the return to the days of biblical-Jewis…
The Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Attitude to Work-A Comparative Perspective
The major aim of the religious person is to obey God's injunctions and follow His ways. If he or she shall do so, he or she will attain success in this world or in the world-to-come. Thus, the Abrahamic religions have come to center on precepts involving man's relationship with God and an occupation with spirituality. Accordingly, the central figures and those who head the religious hierarchy are rabbis (in Judaism), priests and monks (in Christi…
A Collective Profile of the American Spectator i n tHe Summer Olympic Games in Montreal 1976
The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any specific and different profiles of the American men and women who participated as spectators in the Summer Olympic Games in Montreal, 1976. The subjects were 764 American spectators which were selected by a random sample method from the file of Olympic ticket buyers. The subjects answered questionnaires dur ing a period of two months before the Olympics through to the last day of the Ga…
The Ethos of Masada in Halakhic Literature
Josephus Flavius is the only source on the rebellion of Masada and the heroic mass suicide at its end. This tragic event was not mentioned in the Halakhic literature. Chazal , rabbinic sages, who lived at that time, didn’t mention it and one should wonder why. The common explanation is that Chazal were against committing suicide and did not want to raise the issue in a heroic context. However, thorough review of the rabbinic literature shows that…
Work in the Teaching of Rabbi Yitzhak Nissenbaum
Rabbi Yitzhak Nissenbaum (1868-1943), who stood at the head of the Mizrahi movement in Warsaw, was one of the leading thinkers associated with early religious Zionism, but there is virtually no literature about him in English. As a contribution to scholarship on the varieties of religious Zionism, this study examines an important aspect of Nissenbaum's thought: his understanding of productive manual labor as an essential element of ancient, origi…
The Individual vs. Society in Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach’s Halakhic Rulings
Rosh Yeshivat Kol Torah in Jerusalem for more than forty years, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach was one of the most influential Halakhic decisors of the twentieth century. Rabbi Auerbach was a major figure in Haredi society which makes his Halakhic involvement in military issues more interesting. An examination of his Halakhic rulings in this matter shows that Rabbi Auerbach comprehended not only the complexity of being a religious soldier in the Ar…
War and the Military in Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach’s Halakhic Decisions
Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (1910–1995) was one of the most influential Halakhic authorities of the twentieth century. Although he was an ultra-Orthodox rabbi, Rabbi Auerbach dealt with the complexity of army and military life. This article shows that he possessed of a clear “operational way of thinking,” reflecting deeply on the unique needs of the military of the Jewish State. Additionally, the article examines various approaches of filling th…
Changes in the Understanding of Work in Religious Zionist Thought: Rabbi T.I. Thau as a Case Study
In Jewish religious texts, Torah study is placed at the top of the hierarchy of values. This suggests that work as such is of no religious significance; work is rather a prerequisite for the real essentials of life. The Mizrachi religious Zionist movement, founded in 1902 by R. Yitzhak Yaakov Reines (1839–1915), introduced a markedly different view. The movement upheld a concept of work as a religious value, not only an existential need. Later re…
Work as a Value in the Writings of Rabbi Y.Y. Reines
Religious texts in the Jewish tradition uphold a notion of work as an existential need. It follows that work is of no religious significance in itself. Torah study has traditionally put it at the top of the hierarchy of Jewish values. The approach most clearly discernible throughout Jewish history has seen work as a prerequisite to be satisfied in order for the real essentials of life to be addressed; this approach became dominant almost to the e…
Going on the offensive: The religious Zionist rabbinic ethos in Judea and Samaria as a response to post-heroism
This article examines some of the conceptual changes taking place in religious Zionist thinking in the course of the last three decades, as expressed in the writings of Judea and Samaria rabbis. The Halachic literature produced by these rabbis reinforces the offensive Jewish‒Israeli ethos, a sea change from Halachic texts composed by Diaspora Jews. From the theological point of view, this change is part of the return to the days of biblical-Jewis…
Work in the Teachings of R. Ẓvi Yehudah Kook
R. Ẓvi Yehudah ha-Kohen Kook (RẒiYah, 1891–1982), the head of the yeshivah at “Merkaz ha-Rav” in Jerusalem, was one of the most prominent religious Zionist leaders of the twentieth century. He was also the son of R. Abraham Isaac ha-Kohen Kook, a relationship that had a decisive impact on his thought and work throughout his life. The purpose of the present study is to shed light on RẒiYah’s attitude toward work. Did he see work as a basic human o…
Work and Material Creation in the Teaching of R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Rabbi Joseph Ber Halevi Soloveitchik (1903–1993), one of the most prominent religious Zionist rabbis as well as the leader of Modern Jewish Orthodoxy in the U.S., presented a theologically consistent approach to the issue of work and material production, to which he ascribed a religious value. His leading principle in his consideration of work and material production emerged from the Halakhic dictum, “You shall walk in His ways,” a commandment th…
The concept of work in the theological teachings of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Kook
This article aims to understand the concept of work in the teachings of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Hacohen Kook (1865–1935). As the person who had the maximum impact on the religious Zionist sector, with its guiding principle of Torah va’avodah, meaning Torah and work, it is necessary to clarify his attitude towards work. Did he perceive work as a necessity, a part of one’s duty to support the members of the household, or perhaps also as an ideologic…
Ontological Theology in Religious Zionism—Rabbi Y.M. Harlap as a Case Study
The present study sets out to shed light on R. Yaakov Moshe Harlap (1882–1951), Kabbalist, head of the Merkaz Ha-Rav yeshivah, in his understanding of ontological theology—material labor, meaning the basic life pattern, in which one gets up daily in the morning and goes to “work.” Did R. Harlap see labor as no more than a need and an obligation incumbent upon man to provide for his family? Or did he, perhaps, see labor as a religious value, an ou…
Religious Zionism – theology and social integration
This article explores the theology behind the integration of religious Zionists in all spheres of activity in Israel, from commerce and industry to agriculture, academia, and the defence establishment. It argues that religious Zionism is not a combination of religiosity and Zionism but a movement motivated by a distinct theology of integration that espouses a combination of Torah and work, not as part of one’s natural duties to support one’s fami…
Redemption, settlement and agriculture in the religious teachings of Hovevei Zion
Hovevei Zion is a collective name for several societies established in Eastern Europe in the 19th century, advocating immigration to the land of Israel, settlement of the land and agricultural work. This article examines the religious approach of several prominent thinkers from among Hovevei Zion and the First Aliya, who shared the perception of farming and settling the land as having religious and even messianic meaning. It was clear to them tha…
The Heralds of Zionism as Theological Revolutionaries
In historiographical research, there is an approach that perceives the ideologues who preceded the Hovevei Zion movement (1881) and the Zionist movement (1896) as "heralds of Zionism". These ideologues operated, or at least proposed the idea of the Jews' return to the Land of Israel and establishment a political entity in the Land, beginning from the 1860s. The researchers are divided, however, on the identification of the heralds. Some locate th…
The Holocaust in the teachings of R. Isaiah Aviad (Wolfsberg)
R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad (Wolfsberg) (1893–1957) was one of religious Zionism’s main thinkers. This article seeks to examine his outlook regarding the Holocaust of European Jewry. Jewish thought contains three main approaches to dealing with the issue of evil in the world: the classic-causal approach, the teleological approach and the indifferent approach. The classic-causal approach explains the evil that exists in the world as occurring in a process…
The Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Attitude to Work-A Comparative Perspective
The major aim of the religious person is to obey God's injunctions and follow His ways. If he or she shall do so, he or she will attain success in this world or in the world-to-come. Thus, the Abrahamic religions have come to center on precepts involving man's relationship with God and an occupation with spirituality. Accordingly, the central figures and those who head the religious hierarchy are rabbis (in Judaism), priests and monks (in Christi…
The Theological Sources of the Torah and Labor (Torah U'melakha) Yeshivas
In this article, I seek to reveal the theological sources of the Israeli high school yeshivas designated "Torah U'melakha" (Torah and labor). High school yeshivas are schools for 9th-12th grade boys that offer religious studies in the first half of the day and secular studies, i.e., science and languages, in the second half. These schools serve mainly religious Zionist and modern orthodox society. Torah U'melakha yeshivas are high school yeshivas…
Land, Work, and Redemption in the Religious-Zionist Philosophy of Isaiah Aviad (Oskar Wolfsberg)
This article seeks to examine R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad's outlook with regard to the Land of Israel, worldly labor, and redemption, as reflected in his teachings. R. Dr. Isaiah Aviad (Oskar Wolfsberg) (1893-1957) was born in Germany. He was one of religious Zionism's main thinkers. He was a pediatrician, and since the establishment of Israel served as an Israeli diplomat in Scandinavia and Switzerland. R. Aviad thought that religious Zionism is the com…
Between Holocaust and National Tragedy – The Case of Israel
Thesis. The thesis of the article is to examine the discourse in Israel, which compares the events of the Holocaust in Europe in the twentieth century and the events of October 7, in which the terrorist organization Hamas attacked Israel, murdering, raping and kidnapping hundreds of people. Concept. Regardless of the testimonies, terminology, and discourse in the public, leadership, and academic sphere linking the events of the Holocaust to those…
Halakhic Crypticity
Medieval Jewish philosophers used cryptic writing 1) to protect innocent believers whose faith could be harmed by uncustomary ideas; 2) to protect the philosopher, whose societal standing might be risked through the expression of uncustomary views; and 3) as a normative characteristic of how philosophy was written. This article demonstrates that, in the halakhic literature, this same technique was utilized by halakhic decisors, and for reasons si…
The Corporeal, the Physical, and Work in Maimonides' Teachings
Rabbinical literature has an ambivalent attitude toward work. Some see work as a religious value: "Great is labor, as just as Israel were commanded to keep the Sabbath, thus they were commanded to perform labor, as it is said: 'Six days you shall labor and do all your work'". However, others see work as a mere existential need. The current article seeks to comprehend the attitude of R. Moses ben Maimon, also known as Maimonides (1138-1204, Spain-…
Pilgrimage to Sites of Heroism—identity, Heritage, and Remembrance
This article examines three pivotal pilgrimage sites that reshape Jewish heroic identity: Masada, Nazi death camps in Poland, and Givat Hatachmoshet (Ammunition Hill), which all function as transformative spaces through experiential learning. The study employs the “dwelling perspective,” suggesting locations acquire social meaning as symbols of those who lived there, creating powerful connections between place and collective memory. Masada repres…
The Complete Matter and Not Half the Matter: Torah and Work in the Teachings of R. Moshe Avigdor Amiel
This article examines Rabbi Moshe Avigdor Amiel's concept of "Torah and Work" (Torah va'avoda) as a central tenet of Religious Zionism. Rabbi Amiel, a prominent ideologue of the Mizrahi movement who served as Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv (1936-1945), viewed the integration of spirituality and materiality as representing complete Judaism. Using Hegelian dialectics, Amiel explained his approach: the thesis (spirit) and antithesis (matter) unite to form …
Punishment, Purpose or Silence: Israeli Orthodox Rabbinical Responses to the October 7 Massacre
On the morning of Saturday, 7 October 2023, which was also the Jewish Festival of Simchat Torah, Israel was attacked by the Hamas terrorist organization based in the Gaza strip. The attack resulted in the murder of 1200 Israeli citizens and foreign workers, thousands were wounded, and some 250 women, men, elderly, and children were abducted, including babies of less than a year old. Hundreds were raped and all the bodies were mutilated, some beyo…
Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies (22 works) · Judaism (21 works) · Philosophy (21 works) · Theology (19 works) · Religious studies (15 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Political science (13 works) · Torah (10 works) · History (9 works)