Brian Macwhinney
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 344058 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Brian Macwhinney |
| PRENOMES | Brian |
| SOBRENOME | Macwhinney |
| ASSINATURA | MACWHINNEY B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Carnegie Mellon University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4988-1342 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 233 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1973 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Competition Model
The competition model (CM) made its debut in Bates and MacWhinney (1982) as a mechanistic explanation of language acquisition. Since its inception, there have been a large number of studies using this framework to account for not only language acquisition but also language comprehension, language production, and impaired language processes. Because the CM distinguishes itself from many other psycholinguistic theories in its emphasis on language v…
Chunking words into multi-word expressions
Our study examines chunking ability in the processing of auditory multi-word expressions (MWEs) in first (L1) and second languages (L2) using a single- and dual-task paradigm. The findings reveal that divided attention caused by dual tasks does not impair L1 speakers’ ability to bind individual words into a complete MWE (i.e., a unitary chunk). In contrast, L2 learners struggle to form complete MWEs under dual tasks, representing them as smaller,…
Mental simulation in bilingual and second language processing
Mental models are a central feature in gaining full automaticity in a second language. • Understanding cue competition is crucial to examining how learners develop mental models to process their second language. • L2 processing heavily relies on embodied representations, and L1 typically exhibits stronger perceptual grounding than L2. • Learners go through a dynamic process of functional restructuring to achieve decoupling from entrenched L1 ment…
Six advances in research on bilingualism
In the 30 years since the publication of Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals (Harris, 1992), the study of cognitive processing in bilingual speakers has branched out in several new directions. Each of these new directions has involved advances in theories, conceptualizations, methods, and findings. The six new directions we will highlight are these
Expanding the emergentist Account
Indicators for Building a Norm-Referenced Dataset Based on Conversational Language Samples in Typical Mandarin-speaking Children
For proper assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of language disorders in Mandarin children, it is important to have measures that closely track the course of normal development. The current study uses a large collection of spontaneous conversational language samples to track the developmental course of five language measures: mean length of utterance (MLU), the MLU of the five longest utterances (MLU5), vocD, number of repetitions, and number of …
Comparing apples to manzanas and oranges to naranjas
The valid assessment of vocabulary development in dual‐language‐learning infants is critical to developmental science. We developed the Dual Language Learners English‐Spanish (DLL‐ES) Inventories to measure vocabularies of U.S. English‐Spanish DLLs. The inventories provide translation equivalents for all Spanish and English items on Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) short forms; extended inventories based on CDI long forms; and Spanish la…
Age effects in second language acquisition
Language Sample Analysis With TalkBank
This chapter examines state-of-the-art methods for coding, analyzing, and interpreting discourse-level language data from children and adults with language disorders using the data, tools, and methods provided by the TalkBank system ( https://www.talkbank.org ). These open and free methods have been used for language sample analysis (LSA) with several clinical populations (e.g., child language disorders, stuttering, aphasia, dementia, traumatic b…
The future of DLL
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Acquisition of Chinese Verb Separation by Adult L2 Learners
Chinese verb separation is a grammatical construction in which a bimorphemic verb compound separates and expands into a verb phrase. For example, to say "sang one song", one must insert the aspect marker le and classifier phrase yī shǒu between the verb chàng gē 'sing-song' as in chàng le yī shǒu gē (sing-LE-one-classifier-song). Adult second language (L2) learners face at least three problems related to acquiring verb separation: separation patt…
The role of competition and timeframes
Ambridge argues persuasively for the importance in language learning of a rich database of input exemplars. However, a fuller account must also consider the importance of on-line and developmental competition between rote exemplar-based storage and emergent patterns that can optimize retrieval
A Cognitive Linguistics Application for Second Language Pedagogy
This study investigated the effects of teaching English prepositions using schematic diagrams inspired by cognitive linguistics in a computer-based tutorial system called the English Preposition Tutor. Training was designed based on the theoretical framework of the Competition Model and a cognitive linguistic analysis of prepositions. Sixty-four Cantonese-speaking intermediate learners of English were trained using a sentence-picture matching tas…
The impact of co-occurrence and context on the prediction of long-distance separable prefixes
Are these approaches incompatible
The dialog between emergentist and nativist approaches to mental function has continued unabated across centuries. It has stimulated thinking and research in areas as diverse as infant locomotion, auditory processing, and moral judgment
A Shared Platform for Studying Second Language Acquisition
The study of second language acquisition (SLA) can benefit from the same process of datasharing that has proven effective in areas such as first language acquisition and aphasiology. Researchers can work together to construct a shared platform that combines data from spoken and written corpora, online tutors, and Web-based experimentation. Many of the methods and tools for building this platform are already available as a result of earlier work o…
Language Acquisition
Psycholinguistics
What we have learned
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Commentary on O’Grady
Developmental Sentence Scoring for Japanese
This article reports on the development and use of the Developmental Sentence Scoring for Japanese (DSSJ), a new morpho-syntactical measure for Japanese constructed after the model of Lee’s English Developmental Sentence Scoring model. Using this measure, the authors calculated DSSJ scores for 84 children divided into six age groups between 2;8 and 5;2 on the basis of 100-sentence samples collected from free-play child–adult conversations. The an…
Learning a Tonal Language by Attending to the Tone
Learning the Chinese tone system is a major challenge to students of Chinese as a second or foreign language. Part of the problem is that the spoken Chinese syllable presents a complex perceptual input that overlaps tone with segments. This complexity can be addressed through directing attention to the critical features of a component (tone in this case) within a complex perceptual input stimulus. We tested hypotheses based on this feature-focusi…
A bilingual advantage in task switching
This study investigated the possibility that lifelong bilingualism may lead to enhanced efficiency in the ability to shift between mental sets. We compared the performance of monolingual and fluent bilingual college students in a task-switching paradigm. Bilinguals incurred reduced switching costs in the task-switching paradigm when compared with monolinguals, suggesting that lifelong experience in switching between languages may contribute to in…
Computational models of child language learning
This special issue showcases recent work on the computational modeling of child language acquisition. Together, these nine papers provide testimony to the scientific value of corpusdriven computational modeling. Each of the papers presents a clear, mechanistic model that can be tested, refined or rejected on the basis of publicly available data and/or replicable experiments. However, for many readers, the multiple formalisms and technicalities in…
Morphosyntactic annotation of CHILDES transcripts
Corpora of child language are essential for research in child language acquisition and psycholinguistics. Linguistic annotation of the corpora provides researchers with better means for exploring the development of grammatical constructions and their usage. We describe a project whose goal is to annotate the English section of the CHILDES database with grammatical relations in the form of labeled dependency structures. We have produced a corpus o…
Elements of Discourse Understanding
The Acquisition of Morphophonology
2.3.2Usage-based theory 2.3.3Acquisition in usage-based theory 2
Starting Points
This paper indicates how sentence processing depends upon the active construction of a perspective, which is the way a speaker or a listener becomes actively involved in a sentence. For this reason, the perspective is usually the starting point of the sentence. A number of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies are reviewed in the light of this approach to sentence processing
The CHILDES Project
The Repeated Morph Constraint
Many languages use haplology, suppletion, and the blocking of derivations to achieve avoidance of ‘accidental’ repetition of surface morphs. At the same time, many languages permit accidental repetition and even encourage ‘deliberate’ repetition through reduplication. Strong universal constraints against morph repetition therefore fail. This furthermore implies the inadequacy of accounts of morphological processes in terms of matching templates o…
A Shared Platform for Studying Second Language Acquisition
The study of second language acquisition (SLA) can benefit from the same process of datasharing that has proven effective in areas such as first language acquisition and aphasiology. Researchers can work together to construct a shared platform that combines data from spoken and written corpora, online tutors, and Web-based experimentation. Many of the methods and tools for building this platform are already available as a result of earlier work o…
No negative evidence revisited
Gordon (1990), in his commentary on Bohannon and Stanowicz (1988), argued that (a) the originalGold (1967) learnability proof bears little relevance for innateness of language, (b) the Bohannonand Stanowicz results do not justify abandoning innate restraints on language learning, and (c) theremay be cases in which such feedback is unavailable. In this reply, the relevant and irrelevant aspectsof both the original Gold proof and more modern attemp…
Quick, automatic, and general activation of orthographic and phonological representations in young readers
Second through 6th graders were presented with nonword primes (orthographic, pseudohomophone, and control) and target words displayed for durations (30 and 60 ms) that were brief enough to prevent complete processing. Word reading skills were assessed by 3 word and nonword naming tasks. Good readers exhibited more orthographic priming than poor readers at both durations and more pseudohomophone priming at the short duration only. This suggests th…
Acquisition of Chinese Verb Separation by Adult L2 Learners
Chinese verb separation is a grammatical construction in which a bimorphemic verb compound separates and expands into a verb phrase. For example, to say "sang one song", one must insert the aspect marker le and classifier phrase yī shǒu between the verb chàng gē 'sing-song' as in chàng le yī shǒu gē (sing-LE-one-classifier-song). Adult second language (L2) learners face at least three problems related to acquiring verb separation: separation patt…
A Cognitive Linguistics Application for Second Language Pedagogy
This study investigated the effects of teaching English prepositions using schematic diagrams inspired by cognitive linguistics in a computer-based tutorial system called the English Preposition Tutor. Training was designed based on the theoretical framework of the Competition Model and a cognitive linguistic analysis of prepositions. Sixty-four Cantonese-speaking intermediate learners of English were trained using a sentence-picture matching tas…
Learning a Tonal Language by Attending to the Tone
Learning the Chinese tone system is a major challenge to students of Chinese as a second or foreign language. Part of the problem is that the spoken Chinese syllable presents a complex perceptual input that overlaps tone with segments. This complexity can be addressed through directing attention to the critical features of a component (tone in this case) within a complex perceptual input stimulus. We tested hypotheses based on this feature-focusi…
Miniature linguistic systems as tests of the use of universal operating principles in second-language learning by children and adults
Mental simulation in bilingual and second language processing
Mental models are a central feature in gaining full automaticity in a second language. • Understanding cue competition is crucial to examining how learners develop mental models to process their second language. • L2 processing heavily relies on embodied representations, and L1 typically exhibits stronger perceptual grounding than L2. • Learners go through a dynamic process of functional restructuring to achieve decoupling from entrenched L1 ment…
Glossolalic speech from a psycholinguistic perspective
Rules, rote, and analogy in morphological formations by Hungarian children
This study examines the relative contributions of rote-memorization, analogic formation and rule-operation in the production of plurals by Hungarian children. In order to maximize analogic formations, each of fifteen actual roots was matched to a rhyming nonsense root. The elicited plural responses were characterized in terms of five stages of morphological learning. The importance of rule-operation as an explanation of word formation was evidenc…
Hungarian research on the acquisition of morphology and syntax
This review analyses research on the acquisition of Hungarian morphology and syntax. The specific topics covered are morphological analysis, neologisms, acquisition of the first inflections, morpheme order, word order and agreement. Several lines of evidence suggest that the first unit acquired by the child is the word. Because of the structure of Hungarian, both errors in segmentation of the utterance and errors in the segmentation of the word a…
Starting Points
This paper indicates how sentence processing depends upon the active construction of a perspective, which is the way a speaker or a listener becomes actively involved in a sentence. For this reason, the perspective is usually the starting point of the sentence. A number of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies are reviewed in the light of this approach to sentence processing
Sentential devices for conveying givenness and newness
Conversations with a One Year Old
The Acquisition of Morphophonology
2.3.2Usage-based theory 2.3.3Acquisition in usage-based theory 2
Child Discourse
New Directions in Discourse Processing
Error assimilation as a mechanism in language learning
The present study tests the hypothesis that many of the grammatical errors that occur during the course of language development can serve as ‘auto-input’ leading directly to the acquisition of new expressive forms. A free-speech corpus of grammatically incorrect sentences was gathered from each of 4 four-year-old subjects. Three additional sets of sentences were constructed: sentences containing errors similar to those actually produced, sentence…
Handbook of Applied Psycholinguistics
Miniature linguistic systems as tests of the use of universal operating principles in second-language learning by children and adults
Elements of Discourse Understanding
Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian
The Repeated Morph Constraint
Many languages use haplology, suppletion, and the blocking of derivations to achieve avoidance of ‘accidental’ repetition of surface morphs. At the same time, many languages permit accidental repetition and even encourage ‘deliberate’ repetition through reduplication. Strong universal constraints against morph repetition therefore fail. This furthermore implies the inadequacy of accounts of morphological processes in terms of matching templates o…
The child language data exchange system
The study of language acquisition underwent a major revolution in the late 1950s as a result of the dissemination of technology permitting high-quality tape-recording of children in the family setting. This new technology led to major breakthroughs in the quality of both data and theory. The field is now at the threshold of a possible second major breakthrough stimulated by the dissemination of personal computing. Researchers are now able to tran…
Categories and Processes in Language Acquisition
The Mutual Exclusivity Bias in Children's Word Learning
Nearly every recent account of children's word learning has addressed the claim that children are biased to construct mutually exclusive extensions, that is, that they are disposed to keep the set of referents of one word from overlapping with those of others. Three basic positions have been taken--that children have the bias when they first start to learn words, that they never have it, and that they acquire it during early childhood. A review o…
Pragmatics in Aphasia
Previous research suggests that English Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics retain sensitivity to pragmatic factors governing forms of reference, in particular the ability to choose lexical expressions that convey givenness and newness of information. The present study investigates the generality of this phenomenon across patients and language types. Normal and aphasic speakers of English, German, and Italian described nine picture triplets in which …
The Child Language Data Exchange System
In a previous issue of this Journal , MacWhinney & Snow (1985) laid out the basic sketch for an international system for exchanging and analysing child language transcript data. This system – the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) – has developed three major tools for child language research: (1) the CHILDES database of transcripts, (2) the CHAT system for transcribing and coding data, and (3) the CLAN programs for analysing CHAT files…
No negative evidence revisited
Gordon (1990), in his commentary on Bohannon and Stanowicz (1988), argued that (a) the originalGold (1967) learnability proof bears little relevance for innateness of language, (b) the Bohannonand Stanowicz results do not justify abandoning innate restraints on language learning, and (c) theremay be cases in which such feedback is unavailable. In this reply, the relevant and irrelevant aspectsof both the original Gold proof and more modern attemp…
A reply to Woodward and Markman
The wheat and the chaff
Edwards (1992) presents a set of examples from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) as prototypes of bad transcription practice. Her discussion is based upon four basic confusions. First, Edwards confuses old and discarded versions of CHAT with current CHAT. Second, she confuses the relation between CHAT standards with the implementation of these standards during the process of reformatting older corpora. Third, she confuses transcri…
On the Adequacy of the Competition Model
Childes/Bib
Featuring approximately 2,700 references, this supplement extends the previous volumes, CHILDES/BIB - 1991 (LEA) and the CHILDES/BIB - 1994 Supplement (LEA), to a total of more than 13,000 references. All of the entries have keyword annotations, and many of them include lengthier abstracts. This new volume includes a categorical listing of the complete set of keywords used in the CHILDES/BIB system. The keywords appear at the end of each citation…
Psychology (50 obras) · Linguistics (45 obras) · Computer Science (39 obras) · Language Development and Disorders (31 obras) · Reading and Literacy Development (22 obras) · Cognitive psychology (21 obras) · Philosophy (20 obras) · Cognition (17 obras) · Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism (17 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (16 obras)