Charlene L Muehlenhard
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3457216 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Charlene L Muehlenhard |
| NOMBRES | Charlene L |
| APELLIDO | Muehlenhard |
| FIRMA | MUEHLENHARD C L |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Kansas |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 831 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1985 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2017 |
| ÍNDICE H | 17 |
Evaluating the One-in-Five Statistic
In 2014, U.S. president Barack Obama announced a White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault, noting that "1 in 5 women on college campuses has been sexually assaulted during their time there." Since then, this one-in-five statistic has permeated public discourse. It is frequently reported, but some commentators have criticized it as exaggerated. Here, we address the question, "What percentage of women are sexually assaulted wh…
The Complexities of Sexual Consent Among College Students
Headlines publicize controversies about sexual assault among college students, and universities face pressure to revise their sexual consent policies. What can the social science literature contribute to this discussion? In this article, we briefly discuss reasons for the recent upsurge in attention to these issues, the prevalence of sexual assault among college students, and aspects of college life that increase the risk of sexual assault and co…
Wanting to Be Seen
People engage in sexual behavior for many reasons, some of which require an audience (e.g., arousing onlookers, making someone jealous). In this study, we investigated the prevalence, motivations, and outcomes of young people's experiences with performative making out-making out with someone and wanting others to see. Of the 155 female and 194 male college students who completed the online questionnaire, 32% of the women and 37% of the men report…
A Match-and-Motivation Model of How Women Label Their Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Many rape victims are unacknowledged rape victims—they report an experience meeting researchers’ operational definitions of rape but do not label their experience as rape. The purpose of this study was to investigate women’s decisions about whether to label their experiences as rape. Participants were 77 college women (predominantly White; mean age = 19.23) who had experienced rape according to the study’s operational definition. The researchers …
Examining Stereotypes About Token Resistance to Sex
Distinguishing Between Sex and Gender
Men's and Women's Reports of Pretending Orgasm
Research shows that many women pretend or "fake" orgasm, but little is known about whether men pretend orgasm. The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) whether, how, and why men pretend orgasm and (b) what men's and women's reports of pretending orgasm reveal about their sexual scripts and the functions of orgasms within these scripts. Participants were 180 male and 101 female college students; 85% of the men and 68% of the women had expe…
What Is Sex and Why Does It Matter? A Motivational Approach to Exploring Individuals' Definitions of Sex
What sexual experiences qualify as "having sex"? We investigated two assumptions apparently underlying research on how individuals make these judgments: that individuals have clear definitions regarding what qualifies as sex and that these judgments depend on how closely the activity being assessed matches their definitions of sex. Using open-ended questionnaires, 100 students, 51 women and 49 men, described their experiences that were "almost bu…
Conceptualizing the "Wantedness" of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Conceptualizing the “Wantedness” of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Sex is often conceptualized either as wanted and consensual or as unwanted and nonconsensual, reflecting an implicit model of wanting that is unidimensional and dichotomous and that conflates wanting and consenting. Participants were college women who described their experiences with rape (n = 77) or consensual sexual intercourse (n = 87). Results supported a multidimensional model of sexual wanting and a wanting-consenting distinction. Compared …
III. Wanting and Not Wanting Sex
documented that the official discourse in sex education in public schools seldom acknowledged girls ’ sexual desire. Instead, sex education presented discourses of sexuality as violence, victimization, and immorality. In contrast, she documented an unofficial discourse of desire in girls ’ discussions outside the classroom. Fine noted the ambivalence many girls felt: ‘The adolescent woman herself assumes a dual consciousness – at once taken with …
Was It Rape? The Function of Women's Rape Myth Acceptance and Definitions of Sex in Labeling Their Own Experiences
Gender and sexuality
Gender has been conceptualized by various authors as socially constructed roles associated with each as what culture makes out of the `raw material of biological sex” and as nonphysiological aspects of being female or male--the cultural expectations for femininity and masculinity. To clarify their use of the term gender many authors contrast it with the term sex. For example Rosenblum and Travis (2003) described sex as referring females and males…
Categories and sexuality
The categories we create and how we think about these categories are fundamentally important—and are often open to misinterpretation. The following points are illustrated using examples related to gender, sexual orientation, and other aspects of sexuality: (a) Categories are created by people; thus, there are no objective or universal definitions. Definitions change over time and place, and they have political implications, advantaging some peopl…
The Social Construction of Violence
What counts as “violence” is socially constructed, has varied over time, and reflects power relationships. Informed by social constructionism, we illustrate these points using as examples sexual violence and domestic violence. We review changes in how society and social scientists have defined and understood these topics during the last 30 years. We then discuss 3 areas of continuing controversy: who should decide if sexual or domestic violence h…
By the semi‐mystical appearance of a condom”
Little is known about how women and men communicate sexual consent. In this study, 378 undergraduate women and men completed a questionnaire designed to examine how they would interpret their date's and their own consent signals in hypothetical scenarios and how they actually communicate consent in heterosexual situations. Although there were no gender differences in ratings of the hypothetical date's behavior, men rated their own behaviors in hy…
The Sexual Revictimization of Women and Men Sexually Abused as Children
Token Resistance to Sex
According to the traditional sexual script, women—but not men—engage in token resistance to sex, refusing when they actually intend to engage in sex. Several studies have found that over a third of the college women sampled reported refusing sexual intercourse when they intended to engage in it. We asked 65 women and 64 men to write narratives describing their experiences conforming to the definition of token resistance used in previous studies. …
College Women's Fears and Precautionary Behaviors Relating to Acquaintance Rape and Stranger Rape
Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors be…
Shaken Confidence
Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual harassment may cause women to doubt their abilities, attributing their success to their professor's or supervisor's attraction to them rather than to their qualifications. Two experiments assessed whether a decrease in confidence could result from something as seemingly harmless as flirting. In Experiment 1, a male confederate posing as an advertising executive asked 56 female students to draw an advertisem…
Genital perceptions and sexual activity in a college population
Anecdotal evidence suggests that perceptions of the genitals—one's own and one's partner's—may be related to enjoyment of sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among genital perceptions and performing and receiving oral sex, penile‐vaginal intercourse, and masturbation. Participants were 160 male and 160 female students at a large Midwestern university. Participants completed a questionnaire in which they ind…
Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research
(1994). Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 144-146
From “Victim-Precipitated Rape” to “Date Rape”
Definitions of Rape
Definitions set the parameters of research and influence the results and conclusions. It is thus crucial that researchers critically examine definitions and terms, particularly in fields that use popular terms likely to be influenced by the unacknowledged biases and political concerns of the dominant group. The study of sexual assault is such a field, and therefore this article examines researchers' definitions of sexual assault, rape, and relate…
Double Standard/Double Bind
We tested the hypothesis that the sexual double standard, which gives more sexual freedom to men than women, might in some situations make women reluctant to acknowledge their desire for sexual intercourse. If they had been in either or both of these situations, they were asked to complete a scale measuring acceptance of the sexual double standard, first the way they believed their partner would have completed it, and next the way they would have…
By the semi‐mystical appearance of a condom”
Little is known about how women and men communicate sexual consent. In this study, 378 undergraduate women and men completed a questionnaire designed to examine how they would interpret their date's and their own consent signals in hypothetical scenarios and how they actually communicate consent in heterosexual situations. Although there were no gender differences in ratings of the hypothetical date's behavior, men rated their own behaviors in hy…
Men's self‐reports of unwanted sexual activity
We investigated men's experience with unwanted sexual activity-including unwanted kissing, petting, or intercourse-engaged in because of physical or psychological pressure or from societal expectations about male sexuality. We developed a questionnaire asking if respondents had ever engaged in unwanted sexual activity for any of 51 reasons. This questionnaire was administered to 507 men and 486 women. More women (97.5%) than men (93.5%) had exper…
Conceptualizing the “Wantedness” of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Sex is often conceptualized either as wanted and consensual or as unwanted and nonconsensual, reflecting an implicit model of wanting that is unidimensional and dichotomous and that conflates wanting and consenting. Participants were college women who described their experiences with rape (n = 77) or consensual sexual intercourse (n = 87). Results supported a multidimensional model of sexual wanting and a wanting-consenting distinction. Compared …
Was It Rape? The Function of Women's Rape Myth Acceptance and Definitions of Sex in Labeling Their Own Experiences
Men's and Women's Reports of Pretending Orgasm
Research shows that many women pretend or "fake" orgasm, but little is known about whether men pretend orgasm. The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) whether, how, and why men pretend orgasm and (b) what men's and women's reports of pretending orgasm reveal about their sexual scripts and the functions of orgasms within these scripts. Participants were 180 male and 101 female college students; 85% of the men and 68% of the women had expe…
Double Standard/Double Bind
We tested the hypothesis that the sexual double standard, which gives more sexual freedom to men than women, might in some situations make women reluctant to acknowledge their desire for sexual intercourse. If they had been in either or both of these situations, they were asked to complete a scale measuring acceptance of the sexual double standard, first the way they believed their partner would have completed it, and next the way they would have…
Is Date Rape Justifiable
In two related studies, 268 male undergraduates rated the justifiability of date rape under various circumstances. As predicted, rape was rated as significantly more justifiable (a) if the couple went to the man's apartment rather than to a religious function, (b) if the woman asked the man out rather than vice versa (significant in Study 1 only), and (c) if the man paid all the dating expenses rather than splitting them with the woman. It was al…
What Is Sex and Why Does It Matter? A Motivational Approach to Exploring Individuals' Definitions of Sex
What sexual experiences qualify as "having sex"? We investigated two assumptions apparently underlying research on how individuals make these judgments: that individuals have clear definitions regarding what qualifies as sex and that these judgments depend on how closely the activity being assessed matches their definitions of sex. Using open-ended questionnaires, 100 students, 51 women and 49 men, described their experiences that were "almost bu…
III. Wanting and Not Wanting Sex
documented that the official discourse in sex education in public schools seldom acknowledged girls ’ sexual desire. Instead, sex education presented discourses of sexuality as violence, victimization, and immorality. In contrast, she documented an unofficial discourse of desire in girls ’ discussions outside the classroom. Fine noted the ambivalence many girls felt: ‘The adolescent woman herself assumes a dual consciousness – at once taken with …
Distinguishing Between Sex and Gender
Evaluating the One-in-Five Statistic
In 2014, U.S. president Barack Obama announced a White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault, noting that "1 in 5 women on college campuses has been sexually assaulted during their time there." Since then, this one-in-five statistic has permeated public discourse. It is frequently reported, but some commentators have criticized it as exaggerated. Here, we address the question, "What percentage of women are sexually assaulted wh…
Token Resistance to Sex
According to the traditional sexual script, women—but not men—engage in token resistance to sex, refusing when they actually intend to engage in sex. Several studies have found that over a third of the college women sampled reported refusing sexual intercourse when they intended to engage in it. We asked 65 women and 64 men to write narratives describing their experiences conforming to the definition of token resistance used in previous studies. …
Nice Women" Don't Say Yes and "Real Men" Don't Say No
No abstract available for this article
Do women sometimes say no when they mean yes? The prevalence and correlates of women's token resistance to sex
College Women's Fears and Precautionary Behaviors Relating to Acquaintance Rape and Stranger Rape
Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors be…
Genital perceptions and sexual activity in a college population
Anecdotal evidence suggests that perceptions of the genitals—one's own and one's partner's—may be related to enjoyment of sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among genital perceptions and performing and receiving oral sex, penile‐vaginal intercourse, and masturbation. Participants were 160 male and 160 female students at a large Midwestern university. Participants completed a questionnaire in which they ind…
A Match-and-Motivation Model of How Women Label Their Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Many rape victims are unacknowledged rape victims—they report an experience meeting researchers’ operational definitions of rape but do not label their experience as rape. The purpose of this study was to investigate women’s decisions about whether to label their experiences as rape. Participants were 77 college women (predominantly White; mean age = 19.23) who had experienced rape according to the study’s operational definition. The researchers …
Men's heterosocial skill and attitudes toward women as predictors of verbal sexual coercion and forceful rape
Conceptualizing the "Wantedness" of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Definitions of Rape
Definitions set the parameters of research and influence the results and conclusions. It is thus crucial that researchers critically examine definitions and terms, particularly in fields that use popular terms likely to be influenced by the unacknowledged biases and political concerns of the dominant group. The study of sexual assault is such a field, and therefore this article examines researchers' definitions of sexual assault, rape, and relate…
Examining Stereotypes About Token Resistance to Sex
Wanting to Be Seen
People engage in sexual behavior for many reasons, some of which require an audience (e.g., arousing onlookers, making someone jealous). In this study, we investigated the prevalence, motivations, and outcomes of young people's experiences with performative making out-making out with someone and wanting others to see. Of the 155 female and 194 male college students who completed the online questionnaire, 32% of the women and 37% of the men report…
Gender and sexuality
Gender has been conceptualized by various authors as socially constructed roles associated with each as what culture makes out of the `raw material of biological sex” and as nonphysiological aspects of being female or male--the cultural expectations for femininity and masculinity. To clarify their use of the term gender many authors contrast it with the term sex. For example Rosenblum and Travis (2003) described sex as referring females and males…
Shaken Confidence
Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual harassment may cause women to doubt their abilities, attributing their success to their professor's or supervisor's attraction to them rather than to their qualifications. Two experiments assessed whether a decrease in confidence could result from something as seemingly harmless as flirting. In Experiment 1, a male confederate posing as an advertising executive asked 56 female students to draw an advertisem…
Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research
(1994). Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 144-146
Is Date Rape Justifiable
In two related studies, 268 male undergraduates rated the justifiability of date rape under various circumstances. As predicted, rape was rated as significantly more justifiable (a) if the couple went to the man's apartment rather than to a religious function, (b) if the woman asked the man out rather than vice versa (significant in Study 1 only), and (c) if the man paid all the dating expenses rather than splitting them with the woman. It was al…
Date rape and sexual aggression in dating situations
Misinterpreted Dating Behaviors and the Risk of Date Rape
This study investigated how traditional and nontraditional women and men, as measured by the Attitudes toward Women Scale, interpreted various dating behaviors and how their attitudes toward date rape related to such dating behaviors. For each of 11 scenarios describing dates in which who initiated, who paid, and the dating activity were varied, 272 female and 268 male undergraduates indicated how much they thought the woman wanted sex (sex-willi…
Nice Women" Don't Say Yes and "Real Men" Don't Say No
No abstract available for this article
Men's self‐reports of unwanted sexual activity
We investigated men's experience with unwanted sexual activity-including unwanted kissing, petting, or intercourse-engaged in because of physical or psychological pressure or from societal expectations about male sexuality. We developed a questionnaire asking if respondents had ever engaged in unwanted sexual activity for any of 51 reasons. This questionnaire was administered to 507 men and 486 women. More women (97.5%) than men (93.5%) had exper…
Do women sometimes say no when they mean yes? The prevalence and correlates of women's token resistance to sex
Men's heterosocial skill and attitudes toward women as predictors of verbal sexual coercion and forceful rape
Double Standard/Double Bind
We tested the hypothesis that the sexual double standard, which gives more sexual freedom to men than women, might in some situations make women reluctant to acknowledge their desire for sexual intercourse. If they had been in either or both of these situations, they were asked to complete a scale measuring acceptance of the sexual double standard, first the way they believed their partner would have completed it, and next the way they would have…
From “Victim-Precipitated Rape” to “Date Rape”
Definitions of Rape
Definitions set the parameters of research and influence the results and conclusions. It is thus crucial that researchers critically examine definitions and terms, particularly in fields that use popular terms likely to be influenced by the unacknowledged biases and political concerns of the dominant group. The study of sexual assault is such a field, and therefore this article examines researchers' definitions of sexual assault, rape, and relate…
Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research
(1994). Are rape statistics exaggerated? A response to criticism of contemporary rape research. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 144-146
Genital perceptions and sexual activity in a college population
Anecdotal evidence suggests that perceptions of the genitals—one's own and one's partner's—may be related to enjoyment of sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among genital perceptions and performing and receiving oral sex, penile‐vaginal intercourse, and masturbation. Participants were 160 male and 160 female students at a large Midwestern university. Participants completed a questionnaire in which they ind…
College Women's Fears and Precautionary Behaviors Relating to Acquaintance Rape and Stranger Rape
Past research on women's fear of rape has focused on women's fears relating to stranger rape, even though most rapes are acquaintance rapes. In this study, 139 undergraduate women completed a questionnaire concerning their fears, precautionary behaviors, and beliefs relating to acquaintance and stranger rape. Women reported being more fearful of rape by strangers than by acquaintances, and they reported engaging in more precautionary behaviors be…
Shaken Confidence
Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual harassment may cause women to doubt their abilities, attributing their success to their professor's or supervisor's attraction to them rather than to their qualifications. Two experiments assessed whether a decrease in confidence could result from something as seemingly harmless as flirting. In Experiment 1, a male confederate posing as an advertising executive asked 56 female students to draw an advertisem…
The Sexual Revictimization of Women and Men Sexually Abused as Children
Token Resistance to Sex
According to the traditional sexual script, women—but not men—engage in token resistance to sex, refusing when they actually intend to engage in sex. Several studies have found that over a third of the college women sampled reported refusing sexual intercourse when they intended to engage in it. We asked 65 women and 64 men to write narratives describing their experiences conforming to the definition of token resistance used in previous studies. …
The Social Construction of Violence
What counts as “violence” is socially constructed, has varied over time, and reflects power relationships. Informed by social constructionism, we illustrate these points using as examples sexual violence and domestic violence. We review changes in how society and social scientists have defined and understood these topics during the last 30 years. We then discuss 3 areas of continuing controversy: who should decide if sexual or domestic violence h…
By the semi‐mystical appearance of a condom”
Little is known about how women and men communicate sexual consent. In this study, 378 undergraduate women and men completed a questionnaire designed to examine how they would interpret their date's and their own consent signals in hypothetical scenarios and how they actually communicate consent in heterosexual situations. Although there were no gender differences in ratings of the hypothetical date's behavior, men rated their own behaviors in hy…
Categories and sexuality
The categories we create and how we think about these categories are fundamentally important—and are often open to misinterpretation. The following points are illustrated using examples related to gender, sexual orientation, and other aspects of sexuality: (a) Categories are created by people; thus, there are no objective or universal definitions. Definitions change over time and place, and they have political implications, advantaging some peopl…
Gender and sexuality
Gender has been conceptualized by various authors as socially constructed roles associated with each as what culture makes out of the `raw material of biological sex” and as nonphysiological aspects of being female or male--the cultural expectations for femininity and masculinity. To clarify their use of the term gender many authors contrast it with the term sex. For example Rosenblum and Travis (2003) described sex as referring females and males…
Was It Rape? The Function of Women's Rape Myth Acceptance and Definitions of Sex in Labeling Their Own Experiences
III. Wanting and Not Wanting Sex
documented that the official discourse in sex education in public schools seldom acknowledged girls ’ sexual desire. Instead, sex education presented discourses of sexuality as violence, victimization, and immorality. In contrast, she documented an unofficial discourse of desire in girls ’ discussions outside the classroom. Fine noted the ambivalence many girls felt: ‘The adolescent woman herself assumes a dual consciousness – at once taken with …
What Is Sex and Why Does It Matter? A Motivational Approach to Exploring Individuals' Definitions of Sex
What sexual experiences qualify as "having sex"? We investigated two assumptions apparently underlying research on how individuals make these judgments: that individuals have clear definitions regarding what qualifies as sex and that these judgments depend on how closely the activity being assessed matches their definitions of sex. Using open-ended questionnaires, 100 students, 51 women and 49 men, described their experiences that were "almost bu…
Conceptualizing the "Wantedness" of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Conceptualizing the “Wantedness” of Women's Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences
Sex is often conceptualized either as wanted and consensual or as unwanted and nonconsensual, reflecting an implicit model of wanting that is unidimensional and dichotomous and that conflates wanting and consenting. Participants were college women who described their experiences with rape (n = 77) or consensual sexual intercourse (n = 87). Results supported a multidimensional model of sexual wanting and a wanting-consenting distinction. Compared …
Psychology (32 obras) · Social Psychology (28 obras) · Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies (23 obras) · Developmental psychology (22 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Medicine (14 obras) · Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology (10 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Clinical Psychology (9 obras) · Demography (9 obras)