William Case
Biographic Data
| ID | 346500 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William Case |
| GIVEN NAMES | William |
| FAMILY NAME | Case |
| SIGNATURE | CASE W |
| AFFILIATIONS | Griffith University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8628-124X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 66 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 231 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 63 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Populist Threats and Democracy’s Fate in Southeast Asia: Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia
Democracy in Southeast Asia has been explained using a number of factors including historical legacies, social structures, developmental levels, transitional processes, and institutional designs while other elements, such as elite-level relations and social coalitions, have been overlooked. This book offers a new explanation for democracy's collapse or persistence in Southeast Asia today. Focusing on Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia — the …
Stress testing leadership in Malaysia: The 1MDB scandal and Najib Tun Razak
Malaysia's strategic development fund, 1 Malaysia Development Corporation, has suffered enormous losses. Funds have been traced to the accounts of the prime minister, Najib Razak. Amid the scandal that has followed, Najib's leadership has been challenged. Analysis begins by identifying the institutions that have historically stabilized Malaysia's politics, including a single-dominant party, a fused party-state, an electoral authoritarian regime, …
Vietnam in 2015
Factional dynamics intensified within the Communist Party of Vietnam during 2015 as it approached its 12th Party Congress, scheduled for early 2016. Economic growth also increased during the year, projected to average 6.5%. Relations with the U.S. warmed steadily, but also thawed slightly with China
Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Democratization
Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Democratization
"Southeast Asia offers unique opportunities for the comparative analysis of democratization. The Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Democratization provides a comprehensive overview of the development of democracy in the region and shows that political and structural factors differ strikingly across countries. Combining theory and case studies, it is structured in three major sections: Social segments and change processes - Institutions - Coun…
Malaysia in 2013
The most important event to take place in Malaysia during 2013 was its general election. The incumbent National Front government was returned to power, though with less than a majority of the popular vote. The government then rewarded Malay supporters with new affirmative action programs. It also repulsed an armed incursion into Sabah launched from the southern Philippines
Done making do: 1 Party rule ends in Malaysia, by Ooi Kee Beng
Contemporary Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia: Structures, Institutions and Agency
Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less
This volume provides an introduction to the politics of the five key southeast Asian states - Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines - and is intended as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses on this subject. Using a comparative politics and political economy perspective, the author focuses in particular on the degree of democracy in the five countries, arguing that in all the countries considered…
Defending Borders: States and Nation-States in the Asean 5
Discontent simmers within social science over states and nation-states as units of analysis. Disputes over what even constitutes a state, whether simply an organizational apparatus, albeit with unique legitimacy, or a broader complex of social relations, have never been resolved. But it is not just its murky delineation with which the state is afflicted. It has lately come under attack from above and below, with causality seen to be draining away…
Economic crises and the breakdown of authoritarian regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in comparative perspective
Economic crises and the breakdown of authoritarian regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in comparative perspective, by Thomas B. Pepinsky, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, xi + 326 pp., £19
Post-GE13: Any Closer to Ethnic Harmony and Democratic Change
Malaysia’s general election in 2008 seemed seriously to challenge the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), converting its simple party dominance into a two-party system. UMNO elites were stunned by the results, encouraging some of them to call for political reforms and greater cross-ethnic cooperation. Gradually, most reformers were swept aside. Even so, expectations mounted among politicians and observers that the opposition would make st…
Malaysia in 2012
During 2012, Malaysia’s Prime Minister Najib Razak undertook a number of political and economic reforms. At the same time, his rival, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, was found not guilty of sexual misconduct charges. However, major corruption scandals continued to break. And a large scale protest over electoral cheating turned violent. Meanwhile, the economy remained on an even keel, while the government negotiated with the U.S. over …
Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less
Brunei in 2011
Brunei Darussalam remained untroubled throughout 2011. The government experimented with greater political openness and social reforms. It organized an election for at least part of its Legislative Council. It continued to make advances on women's and environmental issues. Meanwhile, the oil-based economy mostly remained steady. Foreign relations were benign
What ails democracy in East Asia
Additional informationNotes on contributorsWilliam CaseWilliam Case is Professor in the Department of Asian and International Studies and Director of the Southeast Asia Resarch Centre (SEARC) at City University of Hong Kong. His research interests include comparative politics and the politics of Southeast Asia
Laos in 2010
Political contours changed little in Laos during 2010, leaving its single-party system in place. The economy continued to grow quickly, although not in ways that uplifted ordinary citizens. And deepening relations with China encouraged the government to open new channels to the United States
Electoral authoritarianism and backlash: Hardening Malaysia, oscillating Thailand
Where new democracies threaten the interests of capital owning and military elites, O’Donnell and Schmitter (1986) argued that they may readily be reversed. This paper, in carrying out a paired comparison of authoritarian reversals in contemporary Malaysia and Thailand, extends this thesis in several ways. It extends the logic of threats to elite-level interests and reversals to electoral authoritarian regimes, the posture in which much of the th…
Dan Slater, Ordering power: Contentious politics and authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia
In this feature we highlight a recently launched book. We invite specialists in the field to comment on the book, and we invite the author to respond to their comments. In this issue we focus on Dan Slater's Ordering power: Contentious politics and authoritarian. Those invited to comment on the book are William Case, Gerry van Klinken and John Roosa. Registered readers may participate in the debate
Contemporary authoritarianism in Southeast Asia: Structures, institutions and agency
1. Low-Quality Democracy and Varied Authoritarianism: Politics in Southeast Asia Today William Case Part 1: Military Governments and Leninist Systems 2. Setting the Rules for Survival: Why the Burmese Military Regime Survives in an Age of Democratization Kyaw Ying Hlaing 3. Vietnam and the Making of Market Leninism Jonathan London Part 2: Electoral Authoritarianism 4. Malaysia: Trajectory Shift William Case IPart 3: Democratic Reversal 5. Liberal…
Malaysia's 2008 General Election – Transition from Single-party Dominance
Leading theories of transitions from single-party dominant systems begin with economic crisis, the party's loss of patronage resources, and elite-level defections. The multiparty elections that are then held exert no independent effect, but instead register neutrally the party's decline and the democratization of politics. This paper, however, shifts attention from the dominant party to citizens and elections in non-crisis conditions. It argues t…
Transition from Single-Party Dominance? New Data from Malaysia
Leading theories of transitions from single-party dominant systems begin with economic crisis, the party's loss of patronage resources, and elite-level defections. The multiparty elections that are then held exert no independent effect, but instead register neutrally the party's decline and the democratization of politics. This article, however, shifts attention from the dominant party to citizens and elections in noncrisis conditions. It argues …
Political Legitimacy in Malaysia: Historical Roots and Contemporary Deficits
Major theories of single-party dominance underestimate the causality with which citizens, in their discontents, and electoral contests, in heightening these grievances, can advance democratic change. In their factor sequencing, these theories prioritize economic crisis, the party's loss of patronage resources, elite-level defections, and correspondingly invigorated opposition parties. But this fails to account for recent events in Malaysia wherei…
Security Politics in the Asia-Pacific: A Regional-Global Nexus?
Asia is experiencing major changes in its security relations. This book brings together respected experts to assess both the theoretical and empirical dimensions of the Asian security debate. Building on the latest research on Asia's regional security politics, it focuses on the 'regional-global nexus' as a way to understand the dynamics of Asian security politics and its intersection with global security. Contributors to the volume offer diverse…
Low-quality democracy and varied authoritarianism: Elites and regimes in Southeast Asia today
In keeping with much analysis of Southeast Asian politics today, the papers in this special issue argue that it is less fruitful to study democratic transitions than authoritarian durability. At the turn of the 21st century, Southeast Asia featured three new democracies. But only Indonesia is still rated by Freedom House as 'politically free'. Yet even here, the legislators and party leaders who have been thrust up by democratic change sooner eng…
Can the "Halfway House" Stand? Semidemocracy and Elite Theory in Three Southeast Asian Countries
Malaysia's Resilient Pseudodemocracy
While many of the world's pseudodemocracies have lately made the transition to "unadulterated" democracy, Malaysia and its leader, Mahathir Mohamad, have successfully bucked this trend
Semi-Democracy in Malaysia: Withstanding the Pressures for Regime Change
I NCREASINGLY, political analysts appear to agree about the procedural and normative worth of democracy as a way of organizing political relations. Many have also become confident that where it has recently been established, democracy will persist, and that democratic regime change may occur in more countries. Accordingly, investigations have focused upon facilitative conditions, transitional processes, and features of democratic consolidation. T…
New Uncertainties for an Old Pseudo-Democracy: The Case of Malaysia
Stress testing leadership in Malaysia: The 1MDB scandal and Najib Tun Razak
Malaysia's strategic development fund, 1 Malaysia Development Corporation, has suffered enormous losses. Funds have been traced to the accounts of the prime minister, Najib Razak. Amid the scandal that has followed, Najib's leadership has been challenged. Analysis begins by identifying the institutions that have historically stabilized Malaysia's politics, including a single-dominant party, a fused party-state, an electoral authoritarian regime, …
Democracy's Quality and Breakdown: New Lessons from Thailand
In what may amount to a new phase in the study of democratization, assessments of democracy's quality have become quite common. This article attempts to assess democracy's quality in Thailand under the recent Thai Rak Thai government. It begins by enumerating some of the conceptual difficulties that bedevil these measuring exercises. The account makes use of a ‘sequenced’ framework involving electoral mandates, policy responsiveness, and accounta…
Electoral authoritarianism in Malaysia: Trajectory shift
This paper proposes an analytical framework by which to understand the origins, functioning, and dynamics of electoral authoritarianism in Malaysia. It thus explores notions of historical legacies, structural pressures, critical junctures, and institutional formation. But in guarding against teleology, it also considers elite agency and 'stunning elections'. This framework is applied in the case of Malaysia because, in anticipating contemporary t…
Southeast Asia's Hybrid Regimes: When Do Voters Change Them
Today many governments that seek to perpetuate their power operate hybrid regimes, manipulating institutions yet holding regular elections. In this way, governments gain some legitimacy for their extended incumbency through the residual competitiveness that this regime type allows. However, recent studies show that voters may sometimes grow so activated that they make new use of this competitiveness, however limited, and turn elections into the m…
Electoral authoritarianism and backlash: Hardening Malaysia, oscillating Thailand
Where new democracies threaten the interests of capital owning and military elites, O’Donnell and Schmitter (1986) argued that they may readily be reversed. This paper, in carrying out a paired comparison of authoritarian reversals in contemporary Malaysia and Thailand, extends this thesis in several ways. It extends the logic of threats to elite-level interests and reversals to electoral authoritarian regimes, the posture in which much of the th…
Hybrid Politics and New Competitiveness: Hong Kong’s 2007 Chief Executive Election
Umno Paramountcy: A Report on Single-Party Dominance in Malaysia
The governing party in Malaysia, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), has operated a single-party-dominant regime since the country's independence in 1957. This type of regime lies between closed authoritarian systems on one side, and fully competitive, multi-party systems on the other. Using some insights offered by T. J. Pempel, this report documents the ways in which the UMNO has se national agendas, bargained with coalition partner…
Low-quality democracy and varied authoritarianism: Elites and regimes in Southeast Asia today
In keeping with much analysis of Southeast Asian politics today, the papers in this special issue argue that it is less fruitful to study democratic transitions than authoritarian durability. At the turn of the 21st century, Southeast Asia featured three new democracies. But only Indonesia is still rated by Freedom House as 'politically free'. Yet even here, the legislators and party leaders who have been thrust up by democratic change sooner eng…
Politics beyond Anwar: What's new
During the 1990s, many observers suggested that among the countries of Southeast Asia, Malaysia was one whose authoritarian politics worked. Its regime was stable, ethnic relations were peaceful, its economy was growing rapidly, Islamic forces were pragmatically managed, and corrupt practices were kept within bounds. In addition, much uncertainty over succession - the Achilles' heel of most authoritarian regimes - appeared to have been resolved. …
How's my driving? Abdullah's first year as Malaysian PM
A new literature attributes the resilience of hybrid regimes to the ways in which institutions and procedures can be manipulated. This article contends, however, that more crucial for resilience than manipulable institutions are the distinct and prior sets of relations between elites, mass publics and foreign investors. To test this thesis, analysis focuses on Malaysia, a country whose regime is regarded as hybrid, yet whose resilience has recent…
THAI Democracy, 2001. Out of Equilibrium
Research Article| June 18 2001 THAI DEMOCRACY, 2001. Out of Equilibrium William F. Case William F. Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2001) 41 (3): 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.3.525 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Sea…
Transition from Single-Party Dominance? New Data from Malaysia
Leading theories of transitions from single-party dominant systems begin with economic crisis, the party's loss of patronage resources, and elite-level defections. The multiparty elections that are then held exert no independent effect, but instead register neutrally the party's decline and the democratization of politics. This article, however, shifts attention from the dominant party to citizens and elections in noncrisis conditions. It argues …
Malaysia: Still the semi‐democratic paradigm
Malaysia: The semi‐democratic paradigm
Political Legitimacy in Malaysia: Historical Roots and Contemporary Deficits
Major theories of single-party dominance underestimate the causality with which citizens, in their discontents, and electoral contests, in heightening these grievances, can advance democratic change. In their factor sequencing, these theories prioritize economic crisis, the party's loss of patronage resources, elite-level defections, and correspondingly invigorated opposition parties. But this fails to account for recent events in Malaysia wherei…
After the Crisis: Capital and Regime Resilience in the Asean Three
A decade after the Asian financial and economic crisis, assessments can be made about the varying capacities of different political regimes to withstand economic shocks. This paper shows that Malaysia's hybrid approach to authoritarianism has been most resilient, Indonesia's harder authoritarian rule was most brittle, and Thailand's democratic politics displayed an intermediate level of sturdiness, hence delaying – but not preventing – their brea…
Malaysia in 2007: High Corruption and Low Opposition
2007 appeared to be a year of political and economic continuity in Malaysia. The government won three by-elections. The economy grew at 5.6%. Tensions over ethnic relations and Islamization simmered, though with probably no greater intensity than in past years. And foreign relations were smoothly conducted. But in an extraordinary scandal, a prominent political advisor went on trial for abetting the murder of his former mistress
Malaysia's general elections in 1999: A consolidated and high‐quality semi‐democracy
Defending Borders: States and Nation-States in the Asean 5
Discontent simmers within social science over states and nation-states as units of analysis. Disputes over what even constitutes a state, whether simply an organizational apparatus, albeit with unique legitimacy, or a broader complex of social relations, have never been resolved. But it is not just its murky delineation with which the state is afflicted. It has lately come under attack from above and below, with causality seen to be draining away…
Brunei in 2006: Not a Bad Year
Political life in Brunei is frequently cast as stultifying, with activity diverted from political parties and civil society to the sultan and his coterie. Indeed, in 2006, with the government's petroleum earnings rising, the only detectable pressures for more openness seemed to emanate from the sultan himself. Staff at the Borneo Bulletin, then the main local daily, this year lamented finding little on the political scene to report
Revisiting elites, transitions and founding elections: An unexpected caller from Indonesia
This article assesses the usefulness of the literature on democratic transitions for analysing recent regime change in Indonesia. A first stage in this literature emphasized the autonomy of elite relations (whether unified or disunified) and the roles adopted by elites (for example, soft‐liners, minimalists and swingmen). A second stage contextualized elite behaviours, addressing such variables as economic crisis and the intrinsic properties of d…
Comparative Malaysian Leadership: Tunku Abdul Rahman and Mahathir Mohamad
Research Article| May 01 1991 Comparative Malaysian Leadership: Tunku Abdul Rahman and Mahathir Mohamad William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1991) 31 (5): 456–473. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645018 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions …
Malaysia: The semi‐democratic paradigm
Malaysia in 1992: Sharp Politics, Fast Growth, and a New Regional Role
Research Article| February 01 1993 Malaysia in 1992: Sharp Politics, Fast Growth, and a New Regional Role William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1993) 33 (2): 184–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645328 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite…
Semi-Democracy in Malaysia: Withstanding the Pressures for Regime Change
I NCREASINGLY, political analysts appear to agree about the procedural and normative worth of democracy as a way of organizing political relations. Many have also become confident that where it has recently been established, democracy will persist, and that democratic regime change may occur in more countries. Accordingly, investigations have focused upon facilitative conditions, transitional processes, and features of democratic consolidation. T…
Malaysia in 1993: Accelerating Trends and Mild Resistance
Research Article| February 01 1994 Malaysia in 1993: Accelerating Trends and Mild Resistance William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1994) 34 (2): 119–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645111 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site …
The Umno Party Election in Malaysia: One for the Money
Elites and Regimes in Comparative Perspective: Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia
Because of the diversity that characterizes politics in Southeast Asia, area specialists hasve lacked a framework for comparative analysis. Drawing on some of the recent transitions literature, this article argues the worth of investigating political regime forms, the extent to which a country's politics are stable or unstable and democratic or authoritarian. It then focuses on three important Southeast Asian countries — Indonesia, Malaysia, and …
Brunei Darussalam in 1995: New Party Politics and Diplomatic Presence
Research Article| February 01 1996 Brunei Darussalam in 1995: New Party Politics and Diplomatic Presence William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1996) 36 (2): 130–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645809 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite …
Umno Paramountcy: A Report on Single-Party Dominance in Malaysia
The governing party in Malaysia, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), has operated a single-party-dominant regime since the country's independence in 1957. This type of regime lies between closed authoritarian systems on one side, and fully competitive, multi-party systems on the other. Using some insights offered by T. J. Pempel, this report documents the ways in which the UMNO has se national agendas, bargained with coalition partner…
Can the "Halfway House" Stand? Semidemocracy and Elite Theory in Three Southeast Asian Countries
Malaysia: Still the semi‐democratic paradigm
Brunei Darussalam in 1996: "Business as Usual in the "Abode of Peace
Research Article| February 01 1997 Brunei Darussalam in 1996: Business as Usual in the "Abode of Peace" William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1997) 37 (2): 194–198. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645488 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite S…
Government and Society in Malaysia
PrefaceGlossary/AbbreviationsPART ONE. INTRODUCTION1. Ambiguous Regimes2. Politics and Society before 1970PART TWO. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM3. The Government4. Opposition Parties and Elections5. Political Controls6. Contradictory Trends: Incremental Authoritarianism7. Contradictory Trends: The UMNO Split and the 1990 Election8. The Institutional Pillars of the StatePART THREE. SOCIETY AND POLITICS9. Communal Identity and Consociationalism10. The Evol…
The 1996 Umno Party Election: Two for the Show
The United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the dominant political party in Malaysia, has long been distinguished by its democratic procedures. By providing this outlet, the UMNO has made possible a closure of politics at the national level, amounting to a stable semi-democracy. This paper begins by recording the UMNO's democratic procedures. It also charts, however, the ways in which these procedures were limited by the party's leadership as…
The Philippine Election in 1998: A Question of Quality
Research Article| May 01 1999 The Philippine Election in 1998: A Question of Quality William Case William Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1999) 39 (3): 468–485. https://doi.org/10.2307/3021209 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Searc…
Politics beyond Anwar: What's new
During the 1990s, many observers suggested that among the countries of Southeast Asia, Malaysia was one whose authoritarian politics worked. Its regime was stable, ethnic relations were peaceful, its economy was growing rapidly, Islamic forces were pragmatically managed, and corrupt practices were kept within bounds. In addition, much uncertainty over succession - the Achilles' heel of most authoritarian regimes - appeared to have been resolved. …
Revisiting elites, transitions and founding elections: An unexpected caller from Indonesia
This article assesses the usefulness of the literature on democratic transitions for analysing recent regime change in Indonesia. A first stage in this literature emphasized the autonomy of elite relations (whether unified or disunified) and the roles adopted by elites (for example, soft‐liners, minimalists and swingmen). A second stage contextualized elite behaviours, addressing such variables as economic crisis and the intrinsic properties of d…
The New Malaysian Nationalism: Infirm Beginnings, Crashing Finale
Malaysia waged no heroic war of liberation against its colonial overlord. On the contrary, its indigenous Malay aristocrats, having been favoured as intermediaries under indirect rule, mobilised mass followings against independence, until finally their statuses were renewed. Nor did Malaysia afterward break boldly with the formal democracy and liberal economy in which it had been 'tutored', espousing new socialist defiance and autarkic developmen…
Malaysia's general elections in 1999: A consolidated and high‐quality semi‐democracy
Malaysia's general elections in 1999: A consolidated and high-quality semi-democracy
THAI Democracy, 2001. Out of Equilibrium
Research Article| June 18 2001 THAI DEMOCRACY, 2001. Out of Equilibrium William F. Case William F. Case Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (2001) 41 (3): 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.3.525 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Sea…
Malaysia's Resilient Pseudodemocracy
While many of the world's pseudodemocracies have lately made the transition to "unadulterated" democracy, Malaysia and its leader, Mahathir Mohamad, have successfully bucked this trend
Interlocking Elites in Southeast Asia
Analysts make much of the diversity of Southeast Asia's political regimes. However, the region also displays a mounting preponderance of pseudoand fuller democracies, as well as a common mode of transition where fuller democratization has taken place. This analysis argues that these "intermediate" regime categories can be partly ascribed to common, though countervailing factors of colonial legacies, structural forces, some faint cultural residues…
New routes to understanding Burma's democratic prospects
Singapore in 2002: Economic Lassitude and Threats to Security
During 2002, Singapore's government attempted to stimulate political life by encouraging debate among its backbenchers in parliament. It took steps also to revive economic competitiveness, adjusting tax incentives and targeting new industries. And it tried to perpetuate security, setting up a range of new agencies through which to deal with terrorist threats
Political science (65 works) · Law (59 works) · Politics (55 works) · Asian Studies and History (52 works) · Law (47 works) · Political economy (43 works) · Economics (38 works) · Democracy (36 works) · Sociology (30 works) · Development economics (24 works)