Andrew S Crines
Biographic Data
| ID | 3470366 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andrew S Crines |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andrew S |
| FAMILY NAME | Crines |
| SIGNATURE | CRINES A S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Liverpool |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6878-5030 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 151 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Political rhetoric and democratic discourse
The academic study of rhetoric has grown as a field of scholarly concern as politicians face increasingly diverse and inquisitive audiences. The political and intellectual significance of language is linked to a wide range of fields of scholarly interest, covering leadership studies, ideological analyses and theories of rhetorical realities, as well as its capacity to deconstruct the forms of political language covering rhetoric as entertainment,…
Backing Badenoch: The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2024
This article identifies and interprets the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in the 2024 leadership election which resulted in the election of Kemi Badenoch as leader of the Conservative Party. Our article utilizes an original dataset of the voting preferences of Conservative MPs alongside a range of personal, political, and ideological variables to identify the drivers for their voting preferences across the four eliminative parl…
Divisions within the British Parliamentary Labour Party under Keir Starmer: Results of a Cluster Analysis
This paper offers a methodologically innovative two-stage approach for studying divisions amongst parliamentary representatives. Using the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) as our case study, we construct a dataset of all Labour MPs elected in the 2019 general election, along with their nominations in the 2020 Labour Party leadership and deputy leadership elections and their membership of, or affiliation with, various party-aligned organisations. …
Selecting Sunak: Conservative MPs’ Nomination Preferences in the (Second) British Conservative Party Leadership Election
This article utilises an original dataset covering all members of the Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to analyse the basis of support for Rishi Sunak, Boris Johnson and Penny Mordaunt in the October 2022 British Conservative Party leadership election. The significance of our findings is that they form the basis for a new understanding of how conservatism in the UK is changing post-Brexit. Our political variables include constituency majori…
The Wind of Change’: A rhetorical political analysis of Harold Macmillan’s 1960 ‘decolonization’ speech
This article contributes to the literature on Conservative Party politics through an exploration of the political rhetoric of former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader, Harold Macmillan in relation to decolonization and the end of empire. Macmillan’s Wind of Change speech has been analysed in the existing literature as purely a historical moment in relation to imperial decline. This article contends that Macmillan’s arguments for and de…
The End of the Rhetorical Line? The ‘Partygate’ Investigation into former UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson
In dramatic and unprecedented circumstances, a former British Prime Minister has been investigated by the House of Commons Privileges Committee for breaking laws set by his own government by socialising and partying whilst the rest of the country toiled during the Covid lockdowns. The lockdown laws were clear, saying we ‘must stay at home, protect the NHS, and save lives’. Socialising of any kind was outlawed, with high fines imposed. Yet, for Bo…
Trusting Truss: Conservative MPs’ Voting Preferences in the (First) British Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2022
This paper identifies the candidate preferences of Conservative parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot and the membership ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2022. We code each parliamentarians’ candidate preference within a wider dataset on the parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) and test a range of hypotheses covering the following: a). personal factors relating to gender, sexuality, ethnicity and education b)…
The Degenerative Tendencies of Long‐Serving Governments…1963…1996…2009…the Conservatives in 2022
Is Boris Johnson's government suffering from the degenerative tendencies of long‐serving government as identified by Timothy Heppell? For his 2008 study, Heppell identified five symptoms of governing degeneration, namely: governing competence; leadership credibility; ideological division; abuses of power; and a renewed opposition/sense that it is time for a change. This approach was tested by Heppell on the longstanding Conservative administratio…
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2019: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides an empirical analysis of the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2019. We construct a dataset for the parliamentary Conservative Party and then put forward hypotheses that will consider the possible Eurosceptic, party political, economic and/or ideological motivations for the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in t…
Prime Ministerial powers of patronage: Ideology and Cabinet selection under Margaret Thatcher 1979–1990
Selecting Starmer: The Nomination Preferences of Labour Parliamentarians in the 2020 Labour Party Leadership Election
This article tests the nomination preferences of Labour parliamentarians in their 2020 leadership election against a range of individual, constituency and party-political based variables. From this our article produces the following three central findings. First, that the appeal of both Long-Bailey and Thornberry was narrow, and that they were competing for the support of Labour parliamentarians aligned to the Corbynista vote. Second, that the ap…
Theresa May and the Conservative Party leadership confidence motion of 2018: Analysing the voting behaviour of Conservative Parliamentarians
Legitimising Euroscepticism? The construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech
This paper reassesses the construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher in 1988. Widely seen as a critical moment in the shift towards the legitimising of Euroscepticism, this paper exploits newly released archival material to analyse the internal dialogue between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and her advisors as they constructed the speech. The paper then analyses how the speech was delivered and argues …
Improving Democratic Discourse in UK General Election and Referendum Campaigns
This article is a short overview of the recently released report entitled Doing Democracy Better published by the Constitution Unit based at University College London. The report makes a series of interesting and useful observations about the health of democratic discourse within the UK and advances a selection of recommendations for its improvement. Whilst noting the value of the report as a piece of substantive research, there are a number of f…
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2016: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides the first systematic examination of the voting motivations of Conservative MPs in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2016. We identify the voting behaviour of each Conservative parliamentarian as part of a unique data set that we use to test, through the use of multivariate analysis, a series of hypotheses based around social background variables (i.e. gender and education); polit…
The rhetoric of Alex Salmond and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum
The UK government and the 0.7% international aid target: Opinion among Conservative parliamentarians
This is the first article to use a detailed dataset of the 2010 - 2015 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to identify the drivers of MPs’ positions on legally enshrining a commitment to spend 0.7% of gross national income on foreign aid. We position every Conservative parliamentarian into three different categories on international aid - (1) aid critics, who openly opposed and/or voted the 0.7% target; (2) aid sceptics, who abstained in parli…
The United Kingdom Referendum on European Union Membership: The Voting of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article considers the attitudes of members of the parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) during the European Union (EU) membership referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) on 23 June 2016. First, the article identifies the voting positions – remain or leave – of each Conservative parliamentarian in order to assess the strength of opinion within the PCP and place it within its historical context. Second, the article uses multivariate analys…
Rhetorical style and issue emphasis within the conference speeches of Ukip’s Nigel Farage 2010–2014
Conservative ministers in the Coalition government of 2010–15: Evidence of bias in the ministerial selections of David Cameron
The article uses a data set of the 2010–15 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to test a series of hypotheses in order to determine whether those selected for ministerial office during the coalition era were representative of the PCP as a whole. The findings show no significant associations or bias by Cameron in terms of age, schooling, regional base, morality, voting for Cameron in the Conservative Party leadership election and, most signific…
The epideictic oratory of Barack Obama
This is a reply to:Hatzisavvidou, Sophia. 2015. “Defending the indefensible: Obama’s rhetoric in the aftermath of the torture report.” Global Discourse 5 (4): 602–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2015.1053198
Enoch Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech: A rhetorical political analysis
Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron
Defending Politics: Why Democracy Matters in the 21st Century
Written in a bygone age of greater political deference, Bernard Crick's classic volume In Defence of Politics sought to show that cynicism about politics and politicians can be harmful to the democratic process. Cynicism, so the thesis went, reduces public engagement and interest which can and does lead to reduced voter turnouts. The growth of television programmes like The Brain's Trust subjected politicians to a new form of direct and confronta…
Doing God” in Number 10: British Prime Ministers, Religion, and Political Rhetoric
This article analyses British prime ministers' use of religious language and their own religious beliefs in their political rhetoric. This is used to justify policy, support their ideological positions, present a public persona, and cultivate their personal ethical appeal and credibility as values-driven political leaders. The focus is on the use and the nature of the religious arguments of Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and David Ca…
The United Kingdom Referendum on European Union Membership: The Voting of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article considers the attitudes of members of the parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) during the European Union (EU) membership referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) on 23 June 2016. First, the article identifies the voting positions – remain or leave – of each Conservative parliamentarian in order to assess the strength of opinion within the PCP and place it within its historical context. Second, the article uses multivariate analys…
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2016: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides the first systematic examination of the voting motivations of Conservative MPs in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2016. We identify the voting behaviour of each Conservative parliamentarian as part of a unique data set that we use to test, through the use of multivariate analysis, a series of hypotheses based around social background variables (i.e. gender and education); polit…
The Rhetoric of the Coalition: Governing in the National Interest
This article examines coalition rhetoric across two political dimensions. These are the economic and social spheres. To conduct this analysis, the article examines how elites frame their rhetoric towards drawing out specific reactions from their audiences by using their individual political credibility. For the Liberal Democrats, this implies 'progressive' forms of rhetoric, whilst for the Conservatives a more 'market orientated' form of rhetoric…
An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact
This article analyses George Galloway's methods of communicating with the electorate through the anti-political establishment party ‘Respect’. The article evaluates Galloway's use of emotive rhetoric and performance-based oratory, arguing that these are likely to appeal to a particular segment of the electorate, specifically those disaffected with the mainstream parties. To do this, the article evaluates a selection of indicative speeches that hi…
Rhetorical style and issue emphasis within the conference speeches of Ukip’s Nigel Farage 2010–2014
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2019: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides an empirical analysis of the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2019. We construct a dataset for the parliamentary Conservative Party and then put forward hypotheses that will consider the possible Eurosceptic, party political, economic and/or ideological motivations for the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in t…
How Michael Foot Won the Labour Party Leadership
This paper examines the voting motivations of Labour parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Labour party leadership election of 1980. By constructing a data set of the voting behaviour of Labour parliamentarians and by determining the ideological disposition of the 1980 parliamentary Labour party (PLP) this paper examines the ideological disposition of the candidates' vis‐à‐vis their electorate, and offers a challenge to tradit…
Trusting Truss: Conservative MPs’ Voting Preferences in the (First) British Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2022
This paper identifies the candidate preferences of Conservative parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot and the membership ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2022. We code each parliamentarians’ candidate preference within a wider dataset on the parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) and test a range of hypotheses covering the following: a). personal factors relating to gender, sexuality, ethnicity and education b)…
Theresa May and the Conservative Party leadership confidence motion of 2018: Analysing the voting behaviour of Conservative Parliamentarians
Enoch Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech: A rhetorical political analysis
The UK government and the 0.7% international aid target: Opinion among Conservative parliamentarians
This is the first article to use a detailed dataset of the 2010 - 2015 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to identify the drivers of MPs’ positions on legally enshrining a commitment to spend 0.7% of gross national income on foreign aid. We position every Conservative parliamentarian into three different categories on international aid - (1) aid critics, who openly opposed and/or voted the 0.7% target; (2) aid sceptics, who abstained in parli…
The rhetoric of neoliberalism in the politics of crisis
This is the first article to compare directly Margaret Thatcher's and David Cameron's rhetoric of neoliberalism in the context of global economic crises. By doing so, it highlights similar rhetorical arguments used to justify the liberalisation of the British economy, each striving to emphasise the 'common sense' nature of neoliberalism by comparing it to household economies and a broader sense of economic simplicity, and each is presented as the…
Selecting Sunak: Conservative MPs’ Nomination Preferences in the (Second) British Conservative Party Leadership Election
This article utilises an original dataset covering all members of the Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to analyse the basis of support for Rishi Sunak, Boris Johnson and Penny Mordaunt in the October 2022 British Conservative Party leadership election. The significance of our findings is that they form the basis for a new understanding of how conservatism in the UK is changing post-Brexit. Our political variables include constituency majori…
Legitimising Euroscepticism? The construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech
This paper reassesses the construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher in 1988. Widely seen as a critical moment in the shift towards the legitimising of Euroscepticism, this paper exploits newly released archival material to analyse the internal dialogue between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and her advisors as they constructed the speech. The paper then analyses how the speech was delivered and argues …
Conservative ministers in the Coalition government of 2010–15: Evidence of bias in the ministerial selections of David Cameron
The article uses a data set of the 2010–15 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to test a series of hypotheses in order to determine whether those selected for ministerial office during the coalition era were representative of the PCP as a whole. The findings show no significant associations or bias by Cameron in terms of age, schooling, regional base, morality, voting for Cameron in the Conservative Party leadership election and, most signific…
Selecting Starmer: The Nomination Preferences of Labour Parliamentarians in the 2020 Labour Party Leadership Election
This article tests the nomination preferences of Labour parliamentarians in their 2020 leadership election against a range of individual, constituency and party-political based variables. From this our article produces the following three central findings. First, that the appeal of both Long-Bailey and Thornberry was narrow, and that they were competing for the support of Labour parliamentarians aligned to the Corbynista vote. Second, that the ap…
Defending Politics: Why Democracy Matters in the 21st Century
Written in a bygone age of greater political deference, Bernard Crick's classic volume In Defence of Politics sought to show that cynicism about politics and politicians can be harmful to the democratic process. Cynicism, so the thesis went, reduces public engagement and interest which can and does lead to reduced voter turnouts. The growth of television programmes like The Brain's Trust subjected politicians to a new form of direct and confronta…
The Wind of Change’: A rhetorical political analysis of Harold Macmillan’s 1960 ‘decolonization’ speech
This article contributes to the literature on Conservative Party politics through an exploration of the political rhetoric of former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader, Harold Macmillan in relation to decolonization and the end of empire. Macmillan’s Wind of Change speech has been analysed in the existing literature as purely a historical moment in relation to imperial decline. This article contends that Macmillan’s arguments for and de…
The End of the Rhetorical Line? The ‘Partygate’ Investigation into former UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson
In dramatic and unprecedented circumstances, a former British Prime Minister has been investigated by the House of Commons Privileges Committee for breaking laws set by his own government by socialising and partying whilst the rest of the country toiled during the Covid lockdowns. The lockdown laws were clear, saying we ‘must stay at home, protect the NHS, and save lives’. Socialising of any kind was outlawed, with high fines imposed. Yet, for Bo…
The rhetoric of Alex Salmond and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum
Political rhetoric and democratic discourse
The academic study of rhetoric has grown as a field of scholarly concern as politicians face increasingly diverse and inquisitive audiences. The political and intellectual significance of language is linked to a wide range of fields of scholarly interest, covering leadership studies, ideological analyses and theories of rhetorical realities, as well as its capacity to deconstruct the forms of political language covering rhetoric as entertainment,…
Prime Ministerial powers of patronage: Ideology and Cabinet selection under Margaret Thatcher 1979–1990
Ideological alignments within the parliamentary Labour Party and the leadership election of 1976
Ideological alignments within the parliamentary Labour Party and the leadership election of 1976
How Michael Foot Won the Labour Party Leadership
This paper examines the voting motivations of Labour parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Labour party leadership election of 1980. By constructing a data set of the voting behaviour of Labour parliamentarians and by determining the ideological disposition of the 1980 parliamentary Labour party (PLP) this paper examines the ideological disposition of the candidates' vis‐à‐vis their electorate, and offers a challenge to tradit…
An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact
This article analyses George Galloway's methods of communicating with the electorate through the anti-political establishment party ‘Respect’. The article evaluates Galloway's use of emotive rhetoric and performance-based oratory, arguing that these are likely to appeal to a particular segment of the electorate, specifically those disaffected with the mainstream parties. To do this, the article evaluates a selection of indicative speeches that hi…
The Rhetoric of the Coalition: Governing in the National Interest
This article examines coalition rhetoric across two political dimensions. These are the economic and social spheres. To conduct this analysis, the article examines how elites frame their rhetoric towards drawing out specific reactions from their audiences by using their individual political credibility. For the Liberal Democrats, this implies 'progressive' forms of rhetoric, whilst for the Conservatives a more 'market orientated' form of rhetoric…
The rhetoric of neoliberalism in the politics of crisis
The rhetoric of neoliberalism in the politics of crisis
This is the first article to compare directly Margaret Thatcher's and David Cameron's rhetoric of neoliberalism in the context of global economic crises. By doing so, it highlights similar rhetorical arguments used to justify the liberalisation of the British economy, each striving to emphasise the 'common sense' nature of neoliberalism by comparing it to household economies and a broader sense of economic simplicity, and each is presented as the…
The epideictic oratory of Barack Obama
This is a reply to:Hatzisavvidou, Sophia. 2015. “Defending the indefensible: Obama’s rhetoric in the aftermath of the torture report.” Global Discourse 5 (4): 602–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2015.1053198
Enoch Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech: A rhetorical political analysis
Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron
Defending Politics: Why Democracy Matters in the 21st Century
Written in a bygone age of greater political deference, Bernard Crick's classic volume In Defence of Politics sought to show that cynicism about politics and politicians can be harmful to the democratic process. Cynicism, so the thesis went, reduces public engagement and interest which can and does lead to reduced voter turnouts. The growth of television programmes like The Brain's Trust subjected politicians to a new form of direct and confronta…
Doing God” in Number 10: British Prime Ministers, Religion, and Political Rhetoric
This article analyses British prime ministers' use of religious language and their own religious beliefs in their political rhetoric. This is used to justify policy, support their ideological positions, present a public persona, and cultivate their personal ethical appeal and credibility as values-driven political leaders. The focus is on the use and the nature of the religious arguments of Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and David Ca…
Rhetorical style and issue emphasis within the conference speeches of Ukip’s Nigel Farage 2010–2014
Conservative ministers in the Coalition government of 2010–15: Evidence of bias in the ministerial selections of David Cameron
The article uses a data set of the 2010–15 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to test a series of hypotheses in order to determine whether those selected for ministerial office during the coalition era were representative of the PCP as a whole. The findings show no significant associations or bias by Cameron in terms of age, schooling, regional base, morality, voting for Cameron in the Conservative Party leadership election and, most signific…
The rhetoric of Alex Salmond and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum
The UK government and the 0.7% international aid target: Opinion among Conservative parliamentarians
This is the first article to use a detailed dataset of the 2010 - 2015 Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) to identify the drivers of MPs’ positions on legally enshrining a commitment to spend 0.7% of gross national income on foreign aid. We position every Conservative parliamentarian into three different categories on international aid - (1) aid critics, who openly opposed and/or voted the 0.7% target; (2) aid sceptics, who abstained in parli…
The United Kingdom Referendum on European Union Membership: The Voting of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article considers the attitudes of members of the parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP) during the European Union (EU) membership referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) on 23 June 2016. First, the article identifies the voting positions – remain or leave – of each Conservative parliamentarian in order to assess the strength of opinion within the PCP and place it within its historical context. Second, the article uses multivariate analys…
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2016: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides the first systematic examination of the voting motivations of Conservative MPs in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2016. We identify the voting behaviour of each Conservative parliamentarian as part of a unique data set that we use to test, through the use of multivariate analysis, a series of hypotheses based around social background variables (i.e. gender and education); polit…
Legitimising Euroscepticism? The construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech
This paper reassesses the construction, delivery and significance of the Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher in 1988. Widely seen as a critical moment in the shift towards the legitimising of Euroscepticism, this paper exploits newly released archival material to analyse the internal dialogue between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and her advisors as they constructed the speech. The paper then analyses how the speech was delivered and argues …
Improving Democratic Discourse in UK General Election and Referendum Campaigns
This article is a short overview of the recently released report entitled Doing Democracy Better published by the Constitution Unit based at University College London. The report makes a series of interesting and useful observations about the health of democratic discourse within the UK and advances a selection of recommendations for its improvement. Whilst noting the value of the report as a piece of substantive research, there are a number of f…
Theresa May and the Conservative Party leadership confidence motion of 2018: Analysing the voting behaviour of Conservative Parliamentarians
Prime Ministerial powers of patronage: Ideology and Cabinet selection under Margaret Thatcher 1979–1990
Selecting Starmer: The Nomination Preferences of Labour Parliamentarians in the 2020 Labour Party Leadership Election
This article tests the nomination preferences of Labour parliamentarians in their 2020 leadership election against a range of individual, constituency and party-political based variables. From this our article produces the following three central findings. First, that the appeal of both Long-Bailey and Thornberry was narrow, and that they were competing for the support of Labour parliamentarians aligned to the Corbynista vote. Second, that the ap…
The Degenerative Tendencies of Long‐Serving Governments…1963…1996…2009…the Conservatives in 2022
Is Boris Johnson's government suffering from the degenerative tendencies of long‐serving government as identified by Timothy Heppell? For his 2008 study, Heppell identified five symptoms of governing degeneration, namely: governing competence; leadership credibility; ideological division; abuses of power; and a renewed opposition/sense that it is time for a change. This approach was tested by Heppell on the longstanding Conservative administratio…
The Conservative Party Leadership Election of 2019: An Analysis of the Voting Motivations of Conservative Parliamentarians
This article provides an empirical analysis of the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Conservative Party leadership election of 2019. We construct a dataset for the parliamentary Conservative Party and then put forward hypotheses that will consider the possible Eurosceptic, party political, economic and/or ideological motivations for the voting behaviour of Conservative parliamentarians in t…
The Wind of Change’: A rhetorical political analysis of Harold Macmillan’s 1960 ‘decolonization’ speech
This article contributes to the literature on Conservative Party politics through an exploration of the political rhetoric of former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader, Harold Macmillan in relation to decolonization and the end of empire. Macmillan’s Wind of Change speech has been analysed in the existing literature as purely a historical moment in relation to imperial decline. This article contends that Macmillan’s arguments for and de…
Law (28 works) · Political science (28 works) · Law (27 works) · Politics (27 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Political and Economic history of UK and US (24 works) · Political economy (19 works) · Ideology (13 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (12 works) · Philosophy (12 works)