Jacques-Philippe Leyens
Biographic Data
| ID | 348900 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jacques-Philippe Leyens |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jacques-Philippe |
| FAMILY NAME | Leyens |
| SIGNATURE | LEYENS J |
| AFFILIATIONS | UCLouvain |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 367 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Sommes-nous tous des psychologues
Qui, à l’occasion d’un échange de vues, n’a jamais conclu que telle personne était timide, prétentieuse ou encore intelligente, extravertie ou épanouie ? Quel est l’enseignant qui, après quelques leçons, n’a jamais pensé que tel élève était travailleur et tel autre paresseux ? Comment nous forgeons-nous nos impressions sur autrui ? À quel point le physique, la classe sociale, la couleur de peau ou encore la réputation nous influencent-ils ? Quel …
Prejudice in Society: Psychological Perspectives
Porque discriminam mais os grupos que os indivíduos? Categorização ou pretexto
Humanness and Dehumanization
Humans have no experience being nonhuman animals or objects. It is perhaps not surprising then that humans have a propensity to conceive that nonhuman entities, such as objects, animals, and God(s), have human traits (Epley, Waytz, & Cacioppo, 2007; Gray, Gray, & Wegner, 2007). What is perhaps more surprising is that humans conceive of other humans, and themselves, in nonhuman terms (Harris & Fiske, 2006; Haslam, 2006; Leyens et al., 2000). But h…
Sommes-nous tous des psychologues
Qui, à l’occasion d’un unique échange de vues, n’a jamais conclu que telle personne était timide, ou prétentieuse, ou encore intelligente, extravertie, épanouie, etc. ? Quel est l’enseignant qui, après quelques leçons seulement, n’a jamais décidé que tel élève était travailleur et tel autre paresseux ? Comment nous forgeons- nous nos impressions sur autrui ? Quels mécanismes psychologiques entrent en jeu ? Pour nous aider... ou nous leurrer ? À q…
We are human, they are not: Driving forces behind outgroup dehumanisation and the humanisation of the ingroup
Mostly invigorated by infrahumanisation theory, our knowledge on processes of dehumanisation in intergroup relations has grown considerably in the last decade. Building on these earlier endeavours, the present chapter reviews some recent empirical extensions that highlight the importance of differentiating between ingroup humanisation and outgroup dehumanisation because they are often moderated by specific variables. The role of these separate pr…
Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization
Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not i…
Retrospective and Prospective Thoughts About Infrahumanization
The birth of infrahumanization is linked to essentialism. Ingroups were said to be the only ones with a full human essence. It was meant that ingroups were paragons of humanity. Almost like the Holy Spirit, essence has different definitions and can only be approached indirectly. The present paper insists on the fundamental (essential) differences between groups. It is proposed that if differences change, the groups (their essences) are seen as tr…
Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries
A widely researched panacea for reducing intergroup prejudice is the contact hypothesis. However, few longitudinal studies can shed light on the direction of causal processes: from contact to prejudice reduction (contact effects) or from prejudice to contact reduction (prejudice effects). The authors conducted a longitudinal field survey in Germany, Belgium, and England with school students. The sample comprised members of both ethnic minorities …
Lay Theories of Essentialism
This article investigates the essentialist perception of social categories and differentiates it from two closely related concepts, namely entitativity and natural kind-ness. We argue that lay perceptions of social categories vary along three dimensions: natural kind-ness, entitativity, and essentialism. Depending on whether membership in social categories is forced or chosen, people develop different theories and associate different types of cha…
Priming uniquely human emotions and the in-group (but not the out-group) activates humanity concepts
Documenting the behavioural consequences of infra-humanization, Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, and Giovanazzi (2003) found that, in comparison to in-group members, out-group members are discriminated against when they express uniquely human emotions. It was assumed that expressing a uniquely human emotion makes an in-group member, at least tacitly, more human than an out-group member. Two studies tested this assumption and found, as predicted,…
Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load
Research on stereotype threat has repeatedly demonstrated that the intellectual performance of social groups is particularly sensitive to the situational context in which tests are usually administered. In the present experiment, an adaptation of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test was introduced as a measure of cognitive ability. Results showed that individuals targeted by a reputation of intellectual inferiority scored lower on the tes…
Emotional prejudice can lead to infra-humanisation
Groups are social constructions with differences. People spontaneously attempt to explain differences between groups. Stereotypes often play this explanatory role. Specifically, group members tend to attribute different essences to social categories. Given widespread ethnocentrism, it is not surprising that individuals reserve “the human essence” for their ingroup, while other groups are attributed a lesser humanity. This phenomenon is called inf…
On the Behavioral Consequences of Infrahumanization: The Implicit Role of Uniquely Human Emotions in Intergroup Relations
Four experiments confirmed the hypothesis that people discriminate the out-group on the basis of the expression of uniquely human emotions. In Study 1, using a lost e-mail paradigm, the expression of a uniquely human emotion resulted in "nicer" replies when the sender was an in-group compared with an out-group member. The same pattern of results was obtained in Studies 2 and 3 using a conformity paradigm. In addition, perceived similarity was mea…
Differential Association of Uniquely and Non Uniquely Human Emotions with the Ingroup and the Outgroup
According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) w…
Intergroup relations and the attribution of emotions: Control over memory for secondary emotions associated with the ingroup and outgroup
Stereotype Threat, Social Class, Gender, and Academic Under-Achievement: When Our Reputation Catches Up to Us and Takes Over
Stereotype Threat: Are Lower Status and History of Stigmatization Preconditions of Stereotype Threat?
This research extended stereotype-threat effects outside of the academic domain and to a nonstigmatized group. Female and male students performed three decision tasks: lexical, valence, and affective processing. Half of the participants were told that, in general, men are poorer performers than are women in affective processing tasks. No differences between conditions were observed for the lexical and valence tasks. By contrast, for the affective…
The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups
If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and…
The Primacy of the Ingroup: The Interplay of Entitativity and Identification
In the present chapter, we move away from the traditional focus on the outgroup encountered in the literature on intergroup relations and argue that the ingroup is psychologically primary. We build upon the notion of entitativity first proposed by Campbell (1958) and suggest that entitative ingroups meet basic needs related to group membership better than less coherent ingroups. We provide initial support for the privileged status of entitative i…
Confirmation and Disconfirmation: Their Social Advantages
In this chapter, we review theory and research on strategies of hypothesis testing. We propose that confirmation is the default option in information processing; however, and contrary to common belief, it is not necessarily a lazy strategy and can even have social advantages. Disconfirmation, on the other hand, may be spontaneous and effortless. We also propose that both strategies, confirmation and disconfirmation, can fulfill inclusionary or ex…
Judgeability concerns: The interplay of information, applicability, and accountability in the overattribution bias
In 3 studies, the authors examined the impact of judgeability concerns in the overattribution bias (OAB; G. A. Quattrone, 1982) by manipulating the presence-absence of a constrained essay, the participants' accountability, and the applicability of the available information. A constrained essay was neither necessary nor sufficient to anchor a judgment. When no essay was circulated, no OAB occurred in the cases of accountability or of inapplicabili…
Personality traits that distinguish you and me are better memorized
Female participants described themselves via desirable and undesirable traits that they possessed or lacked. For each trait, they then received feedback informing them whether they were similar to, or different from a female target. After a distracting task, participants received a recognition test and completed a recall test of the traits. The traits that allowed the participant to be differentiated from the target (because they were applicable …
Stereotypes and Social Cognition
Preface - Susan T Fiske The Concept and Measure of Stereotypes Classical Theories about Stereotypes Social Identity Theory The Social Cognition Approach Intergroup Phenomena A View from the Bridge Confirmation of Categorical Information Dilution of Stereotypes Overattribution Bias as Na[um]ive Theory Conclusion
The role of applicability in the emergence of the overattribution bias
Study 1 assessed participants' theories regarding various issues previously used in overattribution bias studies. Results suggest that personality plays an important role in explaining positions on these issues. Studies 2, 3, and 4 indicated that the overattribution bias is contingent on the explanatory applicability of accessible concepts for a particular issue. Study 2 used an issue associated with personality; an overattribution bias emerged o…
Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries
A widely researched panacea for reducing intergroup prejudice is the contact hypothesis. However, few longitudinal studies can shed light on the direction of causal processes: from contact to prejudice reduction (contact effects) or from prejudice to contact reduction (prejudice effects). The authors conducted a longitudinal field survey in Germany, Belgium, and England with school students. The sample comprised members of both ethnic minorities …
Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes
According to a social judgeability analysis, a crucial determinant of impression formation is the extent to which people feel entitled to judge a target person. Two experiments tested the impact of the subjective availability of individuating information on a social judgment independent of its actual presence. In Experiment 1, people made a stereotypical judgement when they believed individuating information was present even if no information was…
Differential Association of Uniquely and Non Uniquely Human Emotions with the Ingroup and the Outgroup
According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) w…
On the Behavioral Consequences of Infrahumanization: The Implicit Role of Uniquely Human Emotions in Intergroup Relations
Four experiments confirmed the hypothesis that people discriminate the out-group on the basis of the expression of uniquely human emotions. In Study 1, using a lost e-mail paradigm, the expression of a uniquely human emotion resulted in "nicer" replies when the sender was an in-group compared with an out-group member. The same pattern of results was obtained in Studies 2 and 3 using a conformity paradigm. In addition, perceived similarity was mea…
Intergroup relations and the attribution of emotions: Control over memory for secondary emotions associated with the ingroup and outgroup
Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion
In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatme…
Lay Theories of Essentialism
This article investigates the essentialist perception of social categories and differentiates it from two closely related concepts, namely entitativity and natural kind-ness. We argue that lay perceptions of social categories vary along three dimensions: natural kind-ness, entitativity, and essentialism. Depending on whether membership in social categories is forced or chosen, people develop different theories and associate different types of cha…
Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status
Retrospective and Prospective Thoughts About Infrahumanization
The birth of infrahumanization is linked to essentialism. Ingroups were said to be the only ones with a full human essence. It was meant that ingroups were paragons of humanity. Almost like the Holy Spirit, essence has different definitions and can only be approached indirectly. The present paper insists on the fundamental (essential) differences between groups. It is proposed that if differences change, the groups (their essences) are seen as tr…
Stereotype Threat, Social Class, Gender, and Academic Under-Achievement: When Our Reputation Catches Up to Us and Takes Over
Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization
Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not i…
The role of applicability in the emergence of the overattribution bias
Study 1 assessed participants' theories regarding various issues previously used in overattribution bias studies. Results suggest that personality plays an important role in explaining positions on these issues. Studies 2, 3, and 4 indicated that the overattribution bias is contingent on the explanatory applicability of accessible concepts for a particular issue. Study 2 used an issue associated with personality; an overattribution bias emerged o…
Judgeability concerns: The interplay of information, applicability, and accountability in the overattribution bias
In 3 studies, the authors examined the impact of judgeability concerns in the overattribution bias (OAB; G. A. Quattrone, 1982) by manipulating the presence-absence of a constrained essay, the participants' accountability, and the applicability of the available information. A constrained essay was neither necessary nor sufficient to anchor a judgment. When no essay was circulated, no OAB occurred in the cases of accountability or of inapplicabili…
Stereotypes and Social Cognition
Preface - Susan T Fiske The Concept and Measure of Stereotypes Classical Theories about Stereotypes Social Identity Theory The Social Cognition Approach Intergroup Phenomena A View from the Bridge Confirmation of Categorical Information Dilution of Stereotypes Overattribution Bias as Na[um]ive Theory Conclusion
Priming uniquely human emotions and the in-group (but not the out-group) activates humanity concepts
Documenting the behavioural consequences of infra-humanization, Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, and Giovanazzi (2003) found that, in comparison to in-group members, out-group members are discriminated against when they express uniquely human emotions. It was assumed that expressing a uniquely human emotion makes an in-group member, at least tacitly, more human than an out-group member. Two studies tested this assumption and found, as predicted,…
Porque discriminam mais os grupos que os indivíduos? Categorização ou pretexto
Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion
In this quasi-experimental field study, delinquent members belonging to two cottages viewed aggressive commercial movies every evening for a week, while at the same time, subjects from two other cottages were exposed to neutral commercial movies. Behavioral observations were obtained through a nonhier-archical, minimally inferential procedure of a time-sampling nature; they were taken during a baseline week (at noon and in the evening), a treatme…
Rating Films on TV
Journal Article Rating Films on TV Get access Ginette Herman, Ginette Herman 1Ginette Herman is a graduate student at the University of Louvain, Laboratory of Social Psychology, where Jacques-Philippe Leyens is a Professor Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jacques-Philippe Leyens Jacques-Philippe Leyens 1Ginette Herman is a graduate student at the University of Louvain, Laboratory of Social Psychology, where…
Psychologie sociale expérimentale
Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status
The Social Judgeability Approach to Stereotypes
Existing models of impression formation and stereotyping focus on the fit between data and theory, or between individuating and categorical information. This fit is supposed to be determined by cognitive and motivational factors. It is proposed that current perspectives on social judgment can be enriched by going beyond data and theory and adding a third aspect, the social judgeability of the target. First, this new approach is presented in its b…
Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes
According to a social judgeability analysis, a crucial determinant of impression formation is the extent to which people feel entitled to judge a target person. Two experiments tested the impact of the subjective availability of individuating information on a social judgment independent of its actual presence. In Experiment 1, people made a stereotypical judgement when they believed individuating information was present even if no information was…
Stereotypes and Social Cognition
Preface - Susan T Fiske The Concept and Measure of Stereotypes Classical Theories about Stereotypes Social Identity Theory The Social Cognition Approach Intergroup Phenomena A View from the Bridge Confirmation of Categorical Information Dilution of Stereotypes Overattribution Bias as Na[um]ive Theory Conclusion
The role of applicability in the emergence of the overattribution bias
Study 1 assessed participants' theories regarding various issues previously used in overattribution bias studies. Results suggest that personality plays an important role in explaining positions on these issues. Studies 2, 3, and 4 indicated that the overattribution bias is contingent on the explanatory applicability of accessible concepts for a particular issue. Study 2 used an issue associated with personality; an overattribution bias emerged o…
Personality traits that distinguish you and me are better memorized
Female participants described themselves via desirable and undesirable traits that they possessed or lacked. For each trait, they then received feedback informing them whether they were similar to, or different from a female target. After a distracting task, participants received a recognition test and completed a recall test of the traits. The traits that allowed the participant to be differentiated from the target (because they were applicable …
Confirmation and Disconfirmation: Their Social Advantages
In this chapter, we review theory and research on strategies of hypothesis testing. We propose that confirmation is the default option in information processing; however, and contrary to common belief, it is not necessarily a lazy strategy and can even have social advantages. Disconfirmation, on the other hand, may be spontaneous and effortless. We also propose that both strategies, confirmation and disconfirmation, can fulfill inclusionary or ex…
Judgeability concerns: The interplay of information, applicability, and accountability in the overattribution bias
In 3 studies, the authors examined the impact of judgeability concerns in the overattribution bias (OAB; G. A. Quattrone, 1982) by manipulating the presence-absence of a constrained essay, the participants' accountability, and the applicability of the available information. A constrained essay was neither necessary nor sufficient to anchor a judgment. When no essay was circulated, no OAB occurred in the cases of accountability or of inapplicabili…
Stereotype Threat: Are Lower Status and History of Stigmatization Preconditions of Stereotype Threat?
This research extended stereotype-threat effects outside of the academic domain and to a nonstigmatized group. Female and male students performed three decision tasks: lexical, valence, and affective processing. Half of the participants were told that, in general, men are poorer performers than are women in affective processing tasks. No differences between conditions were observed for the lexical and valence tasks. By contrast, for the affective…
The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups
If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and…
The Primacy of the Ingroup: The Interplay of Entitativity and Identification
In the present chapter, we move away from the traditional focus on the outgroup encountered in the literature on intergroup relations and argue that the ingroup is psychologically primary. We build upon the notion of entitativity first proposed by Campbell (1958) and suggest that entitative ingroups meet basic needs related to group membership better than less coherent ingroups. We provide initial support for the privileged status of entitative i…
Stereotype Threat, Social Class, Gender, and Academic Under-Achievement: When Our Reputation Catches Up to Us and Takes Over
Differential Association of Uniquely and Non Uniquely Human Emotions with the Ingroup and the Outgroup
According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) w…
Intergroup relations and the attribution of emotions: Control over memory for secondary emotions associated with the ingroup and outgroup
On the Behavioral Consequences of Infrahumanization: The Implicit Role of Uniquely Human Emotions in Intergroup Relations
Four experiments confirmed the hypothesis that people discriminate the out-group on the basis of the expression of uniquely human emotions. In Study 1, using a lost e-mail paradigm, the expression of a uniquely human emotion resulted in "nicer" replies when the sender was an in-group compared with an out-group member. The same pattern of results was obtained in Studies 2 and 3 using a conformity paradigm. In addition, perceived similarity was mea…
Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load
Research on stereotype threat has repeatedly demonstrated that the intellectual performance of social groups is particularly sensitive to the situational context in which tests are usually administered. In the present experiment, an adaptation of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test was introduced as a measure of cognitive ability. Results showed that individuals targeted by a reputation of intellectual inferiority scored lower on the tes…
Emotional prejudice can lead to infra-humanisation
Groups are social constructions with differences. People spontaneously attempt to explain differences between groups. Stereotypes often play this explanatory role. Specifically, group members tend to attribute different essences to social categories. Given widespread ethnocentrism, it is not surprising that individuals reserve “the human essence” for their ingroup, while other groups are attributed a lesser humanity. This phenomenon is called inf…
Lay Theories of Essentialism
This article investigates the essentialist perception of social categories and differentiates it from two closely related concepts, namely entitativity and natural kind-ness. We argue that lay perceptions of social categories vary along three dimensions: natural kind-ness, entitativity, and essentialism. Depending on whether membership in social categories is forced or chosen, people develop different theories and associate different types of cha…
Priming uniquely human emotions and the in-group (but not the out-group) activates humanity concepts
Documenting the behavioural consequences of infra-humanization, Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, and Giovanazzi (2003) found that, in comparison to in-group members, out-group members are discriminated against when they express uniquely human emotions. It was assumed that expressing a uniquely human emotion makes an in-group member, at least tacitly, more human than an out-group member. Two studies tested this assumption and found, as predicted,…
Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization
Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not i…
Retrospective and Prospective Thoughts About Infrahumanization
The birth of infrahumanization is linked to essentialism. Ingroups were said to be the only ones with a full human essence. It was meant that ingroups were paragons of humanity. Almost like the Holy Spirit, essence has different definitions and can only be approached indirectly. The present paper insists on the fundamental (essential) differences between groups. It is proposed that if differences change, the groups (their essences) are seen as tr…
Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries
A widely researched panacea for reducing intergroup prejudice is the contact hypothesis. However, few longitudinal studies can shed light on the direction of causal processes: from contact to prejudice reduction (contact effects) or from prejudice to contact reduction (prejudice effects). The authors conducted a longitudinal field survey in Germany, Belgium, and England with school students. The sample comprised members of both ethnic minorities …
Psychology (27 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (24 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (19 works) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Cognitive psychology (8 works) · Sociology (8 works) · Developmental psychology (7 works) · Epistemology (7 works)