Paul Milgrom
Biographic Data
| ID | 349277 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul Milgrom |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul |
| FAMILY NAME | Milgrom |
| SIGNATURE | MILGROM P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Washington |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0784-9181 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 329 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Clock Auctions and Radio Spectrum Reallocation
We study the class of multiround, multiproduct clock procurement auctions that reduce offered prices at each round. When prices stop declining, the remaining bidders become the winning sellers. For single-minded bidders, each such auction has five properties not shared by Vickrey auctions: each is obviously strategy-proof and group-strategy-proof, sets prices that are Nash equilibrium winning bids in the related first-price auction, preserves win…
Emergency Department Visits for Nontraumatic Dental Problems
Objectives. We documented emergency department (ED) visits for nontraumatic dental problems and identified strategies to reduce ED dental visits. Methods. We used mixed methods to analyze claims in 2010 from a purposive sample of 25 Oregon hospitals and Oregon’s All Payer All Claims data set and interviewed 51 ED dental visitors and stakeholders from 6 communities. Results. Dental visits accounted for 2.5% of ED visits and represented the second-…
Dental attendance among low-income women and their children following a brief motivational counseling intervention
Complementarity in Organizations
Washington state foster care
Most children enrolled in WA FC for ≥11 months during 2008 did not receive dental care. Research is needed to determine the level of unmet need among children in FC and interventions to improve access to oral health of the children. Enforcement of existing federal legislation is needed
Complementarity in Organizations
Counseling on Early Childhood Caries transmission by dentists
The strongest predictors of counseling patients about ECC were dentists' belief in the evidence of caries transmission and dentists' discussion of ECC during staff meetings
Oral health in pregnancy
Updated dental education and continuing education for all dental office personnel are needed to promote the diffusion of current evidence-based guidelines for dental care during pregnancy
School screening and parental reminders in increasing dental care for children in need
The rate of dental utilization was low even with school screening, referral and parental reminders among poor, largely minority inner-city kindergarten children
Children's tooth decay in a public health program to encourage low-income pregnant women to utilize dental care
The assessment showed that children of mothers in the Klamath County program were about one and a half times more likely to be caries free than children in the comparison counties. Additional controlled studies are being undertaken
Dentists' Perceptions of Barriers to Providing Dental Care to Pregnant Women
Topical iodine and fluoride varnish combined is more effective than fluoride varnish alone for protecting erupting first permanent molars
This evaluation of an ongoing dental public health program adds evidence that topical antiseptics applied at the same time as fluoride varnish are more effective than varnish alone. Randomized trials are needed
Estimating determinants of dentist productivity
As in earlier studies of dental productivity, the key determinant of dentist output is the dentist's own chairside time. The incremental contributions of dentist time, auxiliaries, and operatories to production of dentist visits have not changed substantially over the past three decades. Future studies should focus on ultimate measures of output--oral health--and should develop more precise measures of the practice's actual utilization of auxilia…
Evaluation of Pacific Islands Early Childhood Caries Prevention Project
Evaluation confirms the outcome of a program including both in-school twice-daily toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste and frequent applications of fluoride varnish
Empowering Head Start to Improve Access to Good Oral Health for Children from Low Income Families
Providing a Dental Home for Pregnant Women
A community health partnership led to a successful and sustainable model extending care to pregnant women and is being extended to promote preventive care for both new mothers and their offspring
What the Seller Won't Tell You
Imagine that you are considering an investment in a new public offering of a firm's shares. The firm's officers make a presentation that includes an audited financial statement, an earnings forecast reviewed by its prestigious investment bankers, and an impressive demonstration of its new technology. Or suppose that you are buying a new furnace to replace an old one that is not working well. The salesman displays a chart showing that the projecte…
Package Bidding
[eng] Package Bidding Vickrey vs. Ascending Auctions The Vickrey and ascending package auctions are found to have identical equilibrium performance in the case where goods are substitutes. In the remaining cases, the Vickrey auction retains its incentive advantages ai the cost of setting prices that are so low that the outcome is not in the core of the corresponding exchange economy. The Vickrey auction also introduces blases that distort investm…
Putting Auction Theory to Work
I review the uses of economic theory in the initial design and later improvement of the "simultaneous ascending auction," which was developed initially for the sale of radio spectrum licenses in the United States. I analyze some capabilities and limitations of the auction, the roles of various detailed rules, the possibilities for introducing combinatorial bidding, and some considerations in adapting the auction for sales in which revenue, rather…
An Explanatory Model of the Dental Care Utilization of Low-Income Children
OBJECTIVES: Factors related to the utilization of dental care by 5- to 11-year-old children from low-income households were investigated using a comprehensive multivariate model that assessed the contribution of structure, history, cognition, and expectations. The influence of dentist-patient interactions, psychosocial and health beliefs, particularly fear of the dentist, on utilization were investigated. METHODS: Children were chosen randomly fr…
The Incentive Effects of Malpractice Liability Rules on Dental Practice Behavior
OBJECTIVES: The impact of malpractice liability rules on dental practice behavior was estimated using data from a 1992 nationwide survey of US general dentists. The study examined the premise that malpractice liability rules can affect quality of care and related resource allocation decisions by dentists, but that market features, such as relatively complete and "non-experience rated" malpractice insurance, are likely to weaken the incentive effe…
Factors Influencing the Appropriateness of Restorative Dental Treatment
A minority of adults aged 20 to 34 experienced potential over- or undertreatment of restorative services, which are influenced by both patient and dentist factors
Does Fluoridation Reduce the Use of Dental Services Among Adults
OBJECTIVES: The authors determine whether prevention influences the use of health services. Fluoridation's effect on restorative dental demand among 972 Washington state employees and spouses, aged 20 to 34 years, in two fluoridated communities and a nonfluoridated community was examined. METHODS: At baseline, adults were interviewed by telephone, and oral assessments were conducted to measure personal characteristics, lifetime exposure to fluori…
Frustrating Patient Visits
This instrument may be of value in detecting patient-dentist communication difficulties that are the precursor to liability claims
Complementarities and fit strategy, structure, and organizational change in manufacturing
Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement
The authors interpret historical evidence in light of a repeated-game model to conclude that merchant guilds emerged during the late medieval period to allow rulers of trade centers to commit to the security of alien merchants. The merchant guild developed the theoretically required attributes, secured merchants' property rights, and evolved in response to crises to extend the range of its effectiveness, contributing to the expansion of trade dur…
Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality
We present a signaling model, based on ideas of Phillip Nelson, in which both the introductory price and the level of directly "uninformative" advertising or other dissipative marketing expenditures are choice variables and may be used as signals for the initially unobservable quality of a newly introduced experience good. Repeat purchases play a crucial role in our model. A second focus of the paper is on illustrating an approach to refining the…
Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design
Efficient employment contracts usually fail to compensate workers for the effects of posthir ing events and decisions when changing jobs is costly. Then, when the re are executives and managers with authority to make discretionary decisions, affected employees will be led to waste valuable time tryi ng to influence their decisions. Efficient organization design coun-t ers this tendency by limiting the discretion of decision makers, espe cially fo…
Putting Auction Theory to Work
I review the uses of economic theory in the initial design and later improvement of the "simultaneous ascending auction," which was developed initially for the sale of radio spectrum licenses in the United States. I analyze some capabilities and limitations of the auction, the roles of various detailed rules, the possibilities for introducing combinatorial bidding, and some considerations in adapting the auction for sales in which revenue, rather…
Auctions and Bidding
The "Winner's Curse," is just one of the surprising and puzzling conclusions turned up by modern research into auctions. Another is the theoretical proposition that, for example, a sealed-bid Treasury bill auction in which each buyer pays a price equal to the highest rejected bid would yield more revenue to the Treasury than the current procedure in which the winning bidder pays the seemingly higher amount equal to his own bid. There are also sub…
What the Seller Won't Tell You
Imagine that you are considering an investment in a new public offering of a firm's shares. The firm's officers make a presentation that includes an audited financial statement, an earnings forecast reviewed by its prestigious investment bankers, and an impressive demonstration of its new technology. Or suppose that you are buying a new furnace to replace an old one that is not working well. The salesman displays a chart showing that the projecte…
Comparing Optima
Consider a family of maximization models in which the optimum trades off beneficial and costly effects. Then comparative statics derived under many kinds of simplifying assumptions about the benefits technology are also true for general (convex and nonconvex) technologies. For example, any comparative statics conclusion about investment by a risk-averse decisionmaker under uncertainty that holds when expected returns are described by a general li…
Emergency Department Visits for Nontraumatic Dental Problems
Objectives. We documented emergency department (ED) visits for nontraumatic dental problems and identified strategies to reduce ED dental visits. Methods. We used mixed methods to analyze claims in 2010 from a purposive sample of 25 Oregon hospitals and Oregon’s All Payer All Claims data set and interviewed 51 ED dental visitors and stakeholders from 6 communities. Results. Dental visits accounted for 2.5% of ED visits and represented the second-…
Dental decisionmaking and variation in dentist service rates
Clock Auctions and Radio Spectrum Reallocation
We study the class of multiround, multiproduct clock procurement auctions that reduce offered prices at each round. When prices stop declining, the remaining bidders become the winning sellers. For single-minded bidders, each such auction has five properties not shared by Vickrey auctions: each is obviously strategy-proof and group-strategy-proof, sets prices that are Nash equilibrium winning bids in the related first-price auction, preserves win…
Dental examinations for quality control
This paper reports the dental care norms for restorative dentistry collected from examinations of 1,466 patients in 105 dental offices in Washington State during 1976. These results are part of a larger study, "Assessment of Care and Continuing Dental Education," being conducted by the University of Washington with the endorsement and cooperation of the Washington State Dental Association. Treatments in volunteer offices were evaluated either by …
Dentists’perceptions of Their Patients
This study investigates dentists' perceptions of their patients and the relation of these perceptions to measures of actual quality of restorative treatment. The results indicate that 1) though the dentists see their patients as "cooperative," they perceived a substantial number of "problems," i.e., willingness to pay for optimal care or follow professional recommendations; and 2) there are significant associations between dentists' perceptions o…
Determinants of the Quality of Restorative Dental Care
This article reports the results of an analysis to determine the relationships between the quality of restorative dental care for 1,466 patients and 9 categories of dentist characteristics for 102 volunteer Washington practitioners. In this study, patients were recalled and restorations were examined clinically. Questionnaires were administered to patients and dentists. The dependent measure is a weighted average of scores for operative dentistry…
Good News and Bad News
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A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding
In Section 2, we review some important results of the received auction theory, introduce a new general auction model, and summarize the results of our analysis. Section 3 contains a formal statement of our model, and develops the properties of affiliated random variables. The various theorems are presented in Sections 4-8. In Section 9, we offer our views on the current state of auction theory. Following Section 9 is a technical appendix dealing …
Predation, reputation, and entry deterrence
Information, trade and common knowledge
Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoners' dilemma
Insurance Plan Effects on Dental Provider Treatment Patterns for Elderly Patients
Three hundred forty-six dentists, randomly selected from the population of Washington State Dental Association members, volunteered to participate in a controlled experiment of treatment planning for elderly patients. Experimental oral health problems were designed that conform to the prevailing actual distribution of dental and related systemic disease among the elderly population of the United States. Each volunteer dentist constructed two trea…
Delegation of expanded functions to dental assistants and hygienists
One hundred and twenty-six dental offices in Washington State kept a record of each time an expanded function was performed by the dentist, hygienist, or assistant. There were five two-week recording periods starting in February 1979 and ending in February 1981. Consistent with increasing productivity, dentists most frequently delegate tasks to dental assistants rather than dental hygienists and delegate an individual task consistently if it is d…
Development and Validation of a Measure of Dental Patient Satisfaction
As part of the Washington State Dental Auxiliaries Project, a 42-item measure of patient satisfaction with dental care was developed. The measure is comprised of 13 subscales: dentist-patient relations, technical quality of care, access, patient waiting time, cost, facilities, availability, continuity, pain, auxiliaries performing expanded duties, staff-patient relations, staff technical quality of care, and office atmosphere. The measure was dev…
Relying on the Information of Interested Parties
We investigate the conventional wisdom that competition among interested parties attempting to influence a decisionmaker by providing verifiable information elicits all relevant information. We find that, if the decisionmaker is strategically sophisticated and well informed about the relevant variables and about the preferences of the interested party or parties, competition may be unnecessary to achieve this result. If the decisionmaker is unsop…
Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality
We present a signaling model, based on ideas of Phillip Nelson, in which both the introductory price and the level of directly "uninformative" advertising or other dissipative marketing expenditures are choice variables and may be used as signals for the initially unobservable quality of a newly introduced experience good. Repeat purchases play a crucial role in our model. A second focus of the paper is on illustrating an approach to refining the…
Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives
We consider the problem of providing incentives over time for an agent with constant absolute risk aversion. The optimal compensation scheme is found to be a linear function of a vector of N accounts which count the number of times that each of the N kinds of observable events occurs. The number N is independent of the number of time periods, so the accounts may entail substantial aggregation. In a continuous time version of the problem, the agen…
Factors Influencing Dental Decision Making
In clinical decision making, dentists routinely choose between alternative treatments such as crown vs amalgam/composite buildup, root canal vs extraction, fixed bridge vs removable partial denture, and prophylaxis vs subgingival curettage or periodontal scaling. A number of technical and patient factors can influence dentists' choice of treatment in these situations; however, little is known about their relative importance. To address this issue…
Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design
Efficient employment contracts usually fail to compensate workers for the effects of posthir ing events and decisions when changing jobs is costly. Then, when the re are executives and managers with authority to make discretionary decisions, affected employees will be led to waste valuable time tryi ng to influence their decisions. Efficient organization design coun-t ers this tendency by limiting the discretion of decision makers, espe cially fo…
The Influence of Dentist Supply on the Relationship Between Fluoridation and Restorative Care Among Children
Because fluoridation effectively reduces dental caries among children, it may also reduce their demand for dental care. The authors tested this proposition among 985 insureds aged 9 to 14 in Washington State using dental claims from 1982 to 1985. In the sample almost two thirds of the children with continuous fluoridation exposure lived in markets with the smallest number of persons per dentist. Relative to other children, these children received…
The Structure and Function of Dental-Care Markets
The growth of dental health services over the past 15 years has produced several issues in dentistry. Because economic markets are the cornerstone of dental delivery in the US, informed responses to these issues require a thorough understanding of dental-care markets. The empirical literature is reviewed to examine the structure of dental markets, to assess the major determinants of market equilibrium, and to examine the social and health consequ…
Oral Hygiene Instruction and Health Risk Assessment in Dental Practice
We studied oral hygiene instruction given to 109 patients in 19 Washington State dental practices to investigate the extent to which therapists targeted their efforts toward patients with high disease risk. Patients were examined prior to instruction and prophylaxes. Therapists' instructions were tape‐recorded and their content analyzed: therapists' expectations were scored. There were no statistically significant associations between patients' i…
How Effective is Oral Hygiene Instruction? Results after 6 and 24 Weeks
We studied the clinical effectiveness of oral hygiene instruction given to 71 "high" plaque patients in 19 Washington State dental practices to determine the extent of plaque reduction. Patients were examined prior to instruction and prophylaxis. Therapist instructions were tape-recorded and content analyzed, and therapists' expectations were scored. Patients were surveyed as to oral health behaviors and general health habit characteristics. Only…
Auctions and Bidding
The "Winner's Curse," is just one of the surprising and puzzling conclusions turned up by modern research into auctions. Another is the theoretical proposition that, for example, a sealed-bid Treasury bill auction in which each buyer pays a price equal to the highest rejected bid would yield more revenue to the Treasury than the current procedure in which the winning bidder pays the seemingly higher amount equal to his own bid. There are also sub…
The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade
A good reputation can be an effective bond for honest behavior in a community of traders if members of the community know how others have behaved in the past – even if any particular pair of traders meets only infrequently. In a large community, it would be impossibly costly for traders to be perfectly informed about each other's behavior, but there exist institutions that can restore the effectiveness of a reputation system using much less exten…
Rationalizability, Learning, and Equilibrium in Games with Strategic Complementarities
The authors study a rich class of noncooperative games that includes models of oligopoly competition, macroeconomic coordination failures, arms races, bank runs, technology adoption and diffusion, R&D competition, pretrial bargaining, coordination in teams, and many others. For all these games, the sets of pure strategy Nash equilibria, correlated equilibria, and rationalizable strategies have identical bounds. Also, for a class of models of dyna…
Factors Influencing Variation in Dentist Service Rates
In the previous article, we calculated dentist service rates for 200 general dentists based on a homogeneous, well-educated, upper-middle-class population of patients. Wide variations in the rates were detected. In this analysis, factors influencing variation in the rates were identified. Variation in rates for categories of dental services was explained by practice characteristics, patient exposure to fluoridated water supplies, and non-price co…
Multitask Principal–Agent Analyses
Bengt Holmstrom, Paul Milgrom; Multitask Principal–Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design, The Journal of Law, Economics, and
Medicine (33 works) · Economics (25 works) · Dental Health and Care Utilization (23 works) · Family medicine (23 works) · Dentistry (18 works) · Microeconomics (18 works) · Business (16 works) · Computer Science (14 works) · Environmental health (13 works) · Auction Theory and Applications (12 works)