Carlo Knotz
Biographic Data
| ID | 349988 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carlo Knotz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carlo |
| FAMILY NAME | Knotz |
| SIGNATURE | KNOTZ C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Stavanger |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0042-3065 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 159 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Welfare conditionality in OECD countries and in Latin America: A comparative perspective
Cash benefit programs have increasingly emphasized conditionality in recent decades. Linking benefits to certain behavioral requirements has become a prominent feature of reforms of unemployment benefits (UBs) and related out-of-work benefits in high-income Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, but it has also been a defining feature of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in many emerging economies. This is…
Populist right-wing voting: The (conditional) role of implicit bias
Re-evaluating the welfare preferences of radical-right voters: Evidence From a Vignette Experiment
Research on the welfare stances of populist radical-right parties (PRRPs) categorises them as ‘welfare chauvinists’ and ‘producerists’, supporting generous benefits exclusively for ‘hard-working’ nationals. However, it remains unclear whether their voters’ welfare preferences align with these positions. The argument advanced in this paper is that a comprehensive understanding of PRRP voters’ welfare preferences requires the examination of how so…
What Drives Opposition to Social Rights for Immigrants? Clarifying the Role of Psychological Predispositions
Why do people oppose granting social rights to immigrants? Previous research indicates that psychological predispositions such as authoritarianism or ethnocentrism are strong drivers, but our understanding of their roles is still incomplete. This is in part because studies have not yet systematically tested different psychological variables against other, but also in part because some other potentially important predispositions such as implicit b…
Technological vulnerability among the higher-educated: Implications for Party Preferences
The higher-educated were long supposed to be winners of technological change, but recent evidence indicates that they feel (and are) increasingly exposed to the risk of technological redundancy. Based on what is known about how lower- to medium-skilled workers respond to technological exposure, this new sense of vulnerability among the higher-educated could have significant political effects – specifically increased support for right-wing populis…
Who deserves student finance? Results from a survey experiment in six advanced capitalist economies
Bankers are afraid of technology now: Explaining perceived vulnerability to technological change among the higher-educated
The higher-educated are typically seen as winners of technological change and automation, but recent evidence shows that many higher-educated workers are, in fact, concerned about losing their jobs to technology. The reasons why higher-educated workers are worried about technological change are not yet clear, however. We analyse survey data from 25 countries to resolve this puzzle. Our results indicate, in a nutshell, that many higher-educated wo…
The Gender Employment Gap among Refugees and the Role of Employer Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from the German, Swedish and Austrian Labor Markets
Compared to their male counterparts, refugee women exhibit low employment rates in many countries. Discrimination by recruiters could possibly explain this phenomenon, but thus far, there is little direct evidence on this. This study addresses this gap. We develop a set of hypotheses about the effects of gender and family status on refugees’ labor market integration, and then test these hypotheses using data from an original survey experiment adm…
Who deserves the spot? Attitudes towards priorities in access to subsidised childcare
How Do People Perceive Immigrants? Relating Perceptions to Numbers
How does the general public perceive immigrants, whom do they think of when thinking about "immigrants," and to what extent are these perceptions related to the actual composition of immigrant populations? We use three representative online surveys in the United States, South Africa, and Switzerland (total N = 2,778) to extend existing work on the perception of immigrants in terms of geographic coverage and individual characteristics. We also rel…
Conditional Solidarity - Attitudes Towards Support for Others During the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to study how humans allocate scarce resources in times of hardship. We study public preferences regarding who should get access to government aid for the self-employed, a bed in the intensive care unit, and permission to cross the border using original conjoint survey experiments administered to an incentivised online panel in Switzerland during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020…
Preferred policy responses to technological change: Survey evidence from OECD countries
How do the labor market risks associated with technological change affect policy preferences? We argue that higher perceptions of technology-related risks should increase support for compensation and decrease support for social investment. We expect the opposite effect for individuals who use technology constantly at work, have a university degree and earn higher incomes. However, as the perception of technology-related employment risks in the la…
Sometimes needs change minds: Interests and values as determinants of attitudes towards state support for the self-employed during the Covid-19 crisis
This contribution investigates public attitudes toward providing financial help to the self-employed, a less well-researched area in the otherwise vibrant literature on welfare state attitudes. We analyse to what extent the self-employed themselves soften their general anti-statist stance in times of need, and how the public thinks about supporting those who usually tend to oppose government interventions. To answer these questions, we study publ…
A Recast Framework for Welfare Deservingness Perceptions
Many important societal debates revolve around questions of deservingness, especially when it comes to debates related to inequality and social protection. It is therefore unsurprising that a growing body of research spanning the social and political sciences is concerned with the determinants of deservingness perceptions. In this contribution, we engage with the currently central theoretical framework used in deservingness research and point out…
Popular Attitudes Toward the Distribution of Vaccines Against Covid‐19: The Swiss Case
With the arrival of vaccines against the novel coronavirus in late 2020, the issue of how vaccines should be distributed and which groups should be prioritized has become salient. We study popular attitudes toward the distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines and how these have changed over the course of the pandemic in Switzerland, drawing on data from two rounds of an original public opinion survey conducted in the spring and winter of 2020. We find th…
The political determinants of benefit work conditionality
The increasing conditionality of access to social protection on claimants' proven willingness to seek and accept work has been one of the major dimensions of welfare state transformation of recent decades. Our understanding of the political determinants behind this trend, however, remains insufficient. This article assesses the state-of-the-art of political research on benefit work conditionality; points out a series of gaps and inconsistencies i…
Public attitudes toward pandemic triage: Evidence from conjoint survey experiments in Switzerland
The question of how to implement medical triages has become highly salient during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to be actively discussed. It is important to know how members of the general public think about this issue. For one, knowledge about the public's standpoint can help resolve important questions where ethical considerations are by themselves not sufficient, for instance whether the patient's age should matter. It can also help iden…
The roles of employers and trade unions in immigration and welfare state policymaking
Whether and under which conditions immigrants should be admitted and obtain access to employment and social security is an issue of continuously high political salience across the advanced democracies. Unions and employers, as traditionally influential actors in immigration and social policymaking, have important roles to play in this area, but their exact preferences, strategies and behaviour are theoretically difficult to determine and are stil…
Does Demanding Activation Work? A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Unemployment Benefit Conditionality on Employment in 21 Advanced Economies, 1980-2012
Whether or not putting the unemployed under greater pressure to seek and accept jobs really helps to raise levels of employment remains a controversially discussed question. Empirical research into this question has so far focused on the micro-level whereas the macro-level effects remain unexplored. This article fills this gap, using a novel comparative dataset on the strictness of job-search and availability requirements and sanction rules for u…
Why Countries 'Get Tough on the Work-Shy: The Role of Adverse Economic Conditions
There has been a clear trend toward greater conditionality and coercion in labour market and social policy in recent decades, a key part of which is tougher sanctions for unemployment benefit claimants who refuse offers of employment or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations. Our understanding of this trend and its determinants is so far built only on a corpus of small-N evidence, while systematic comparative large-N analyses are lacking…
A rising workfare state? Unemployment benefit conditionality in 21 OECD countries, 1980–2012
Over the last decades, governments in the advanced democracies have put greater pressure on the unemployed to seek and accept employment. This development has been pointed out in much prior research, yet relatively little is known about the exact changes that have been introduced. This paper fills this gap. It draws on a novel time-series cross-section dataset on the strictness of unemployment benefit conditions and sanctions in 21 democracies be…
Coalitions and Compensation: The Case of Unemployment Benefit Duration
This paper examines unemployment benefit reforms in twenty-five advanced democracies between the middle of the 1980s and the onset of the Great Recession in 2008. The paper’s main argument is that the type of government – coalition or single-party – has an effect on whether cutbacks in social benefits are combined with compensating measures that mitigate the negative effects of the cuts. We show empirically that when cuts in unemployment benefit …
A rising workfare state? Unemployment benefit conditionality in 21 OECD countries, 1980–2012
Over the last decades, governments in the advanced democracies have put greater pressure on the unemployed to seek and accept employment. This development has been pointed out in much prior research, yet relatively little is known about the exact changes that have been introduced. This paper fills this gap. It draws on a novel time-series cross-section dataset on the strictness of unemployment benefit conditions and sanctions in 21 democracies be…
A Recast Framework for Welfare Deservingness Perceptions
Many important societal debates revolve around questions of deservingness, especially when it comes to debates related to inequality and social protection. It is therefore unsurprising that a growing body of research spanning the social and political sciences is concerned with the determinants of deservingness perceptions. In this contribution, we engage with the currently central theoretical framework used in deservingness research and point out…
Preferred policy responses to technological change: Survey evidence from OECD countries
How do the labor market risks associated with technological change affect policy preferences? We argue that higher perceptions of technology-related risks should increase support for compensation and decrease support for social investment. We expect the opposite effect for individuals who use technology constantly at work, have a university degree and earn higher incomes. However, as the perception of technology-related employment risks in the la…
Coalitions and Compensation: The Case of Unemployment Benefit Duration
This paper examines unemployment benefit reforms in twenty-five advanced democracies between the middle of the 1980s and the onset of the Great Recession in 2008. The paper’s main argument is that the type of government – coalition or single-party – has an effect on whether cutbacks in social benefits are combined with compensating measures that mitigate the negative effects of the cuts. We show empirically that when cuts in unemployment benefit …
Why Countries 'Get Tough on the Work-Shy: The Role of Adverse Economic Conditions
There has been a clear trend toward greater conditionality and coercion in labour market and social policy in recent decades, a key part of which is tougher sanctions for unemployment benefit claimants who refuse offers of employment or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations. Our understanding of this trend and its determinants is so far built only on a corpus of small-N evidence, while systematic comparative large-N analyses are lacking…
The political determinants of benefit work conditionality
The increasing conditionality of access to social protection on claimants' proven willingness to seek and accept work has been one of the major dimensions of welfare state transformation of recent decades. Our understanding of the political determinants behind this trend, however, remains insufficient. This article assesses the state-of-the-art of political research on benefit work conditionality; points out a series of gaps and inconsistencies i…
Conditional Solidarity - Attitudes Towards Support for Others During the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to study how humans allocate scarce resources in times of hardship. We study public preferences regarding who should get access to government aid for the self-employed, a bed in the intensive care unit, and permission to cross the border using original conjoint survey experiments administered to an incentivised online panel in Switzerland during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020…
Public attitudes toward pandemic triage: Evidence from conjoint survey experiments in Switzerland
The question of how to implement medical triages has become highly salient during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to be actively discussed. It is important to know how members of the general public think about this issue. For one, knowledge about the public's standpoint can help resolve important questions where ethical considerations are by themselves not sufficient, for instance whether the patient's age should matter. It can also help iden…
Re-evaluating the welfare preferences of radical-right voters: Evidence From a Vignette Experiment
Research on the welfare stances of populist radical-right parties (PRRPs) categorises them as ‘welfare chauvinists’ and ‘producerists’, supporting generous benefits exclusively for ‘hard-working’ nationals. However, it remains unclear whether their voters’ welfare preferences align with these positions. The argument advanced in this paper is that a comprehensive understanding of PRRP voters’ welfare preferences requires the examination of how so…
How Do People Perceive Immigrants? Relating Perceptions to Numbers
How does the general public perceive immigrants, whom do they think of when thinking about "immigrants," and to what extent are these perceptions related to the actual composition of immigrant populations? We use three representative online surveys in the United States, South Africa, and Switzerland (total N = 2,778) to extend existing work on the perception of immigrants in terms of geographic coverage and individual characteristics. We also rel…
Technological vulnerability among the higher-educated: Implications for Party Preferences
The higher-educated were long supposed to be winners of technological change, but recent evidence indicates that they feel (and are) increasingly exposed to the risk of technological redundancy. Based on what is known about how lower- to medium-skilled workers respond to technological exposure, this new sense of vulnerability among the higher-educated could have significant political effects – specifically increased support for right-wing populis…
Sometimes needs change minds: Interests and values as determinants of attitudes towards state support for the self-employed during the Covid-19 crisis
This contribution investigates public attitudes toward providing financial help to the self-employed, a less well-researched area in the otherwise vibrant literature on welfare state attitudes. We analyse to what extent the self-employed themselves soften their general anti-statist stance in times of need, and how the public thinks about supporting those who usually tend to oppose government interventions. To answer these questions, we study publ…
Popular Attitudes Toward the Distribution of Vaccines Against Covid‐19: The Swiss Case
With the arrival of vaccines against the novel coronavirus in late 2020, the issue of how vaccines should be distributed and which groups should be prioritized has become salient. We study popular attitudes toward the distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines and how these have changed over the course of the pandemic in Switzerland, drawing on data from two rounds of an original public opinion survey conducted in the spring and winter of 2020. We find th…
The roles of employers and trade unions in immigration and welfare state policymaking
Whether and under which conditions immigrants should be admitted and obtain access to employment and social security is an issue of continuously high political salience across the advanced democracies. Unions and employers, as traditionally influential actors in immigration and social policymaking, have important roles to play in this area, but their exact preferences, strategies and behaviour are theoretically difficult to determine and are stil…
What Drives Opposition to Social Rights for Immigrants? Clarifying the Role of Psychological Predispositions
Why do people oppose granting social rights to immigrants? Previous research indicates that psychological predispositions such as authoritarianism or ethnocentrism are strong drivers, but our understanding of their roles is still incomplete. This is in part because studies have not yet systematically tested different psychological variables against other, but also in part because some other potentially important predispositions such as implicit b…
Bankers are afraid of technology now: Explaining perceived vulnerability to technological change among the higher-educated
The higher-educated are typically seen as winners of technological change and automation, but recent evidence shows that many higher-educated workers are, in fact, concerned about losing their jobs to technology. The reasons why higher-educated workers are worried about technological change are not yet clear, however. We analyse survey data from 25 countries to resolve this puzzle. Our results indicate, in a nutshell, that many higher-educated wo…
The Gender Employment Gap among Refugees and the Role of Employer Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from the German, Swedish and Austrian Labor Markets
Compared to their male counterparts, refugee women exhibit low employment rates in many countries. Discrimination by recruiters could possibly explain this phenomenon, but thus far, there is little direct evidence on this. This study addresses this gap. We develop a set of hypotheses about the effects of gender and family status on refugees’ labor market integration, and then test these hypotheses using data from an original survey experiment adm…
Who deserves the spot? Attitudes towards priorities in access to subsidised childcare
Coalitions and Compensation: The Case of Unemployment Benefit Duration
This paper examines unemployment benefit reforms in twenty-five advanced democracies between the middle of the 1980s and the onset of the Great Recession in 2008. The paper’s main argument is that the type of government – coalition or single-party – has an effect on whether cutbacks in social benefits are combined with compensating measures that mitigate the negative effects of the cuts. We show empirically that when cuts in unemployment benefit …
A rising workfare state? Unemployment benefit conditionality in 21 OECD countries, 1980–2012
Over the last decades, governments in the advanced democracies have put greater pressure on the unemployed to seek and accept employment. This development has been pointed out in much prior research, yet relatively little is known about the exact changes that have been introduced. This paper fills this gap. It draws on a novel time-series cross-section dataset on the strictness of unemployment benefit conditions and sanctions in 21 democracies be…
Does Demanding Activation Work? A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Unemployment Benefit Conditionality on Employment in 21 Advanced Economies, 1980-2012
Whether or not putting the unemployed under greater pressure to seek and accept jobs really helps to raise levels of employment remains a controversially discussed question. Empirical research into this question has so far focused on the micro-level whereas the macro-level effects remain unexplored. This article fills this gap, using a novel comparative dataset on the strictness of job-search and availability requirements and sanction rules for u…
Why Countries 'Get Tough on the Work-Shy: The Role of Adverse Economic Conditions
There has been a clear trend toward greater conditionality and coercion in labour market and social policy in recent decades, a key part of which is tougher sanctions for unemployment benefit claimants who refuse offers of employment or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations. Our understanding of this trend and its determinants is so far built only on a corpus of small-N evidence, while systematic comparative large-N analyses are lacking…
The roles of employers and trade unions in immigration and welfare state policymaking
Whether and under which conditions immigrants should be admitted and obtain access to employment and social security is an issue of continuously high political salience across the advanced democracies. Unions and employers, as traditionally influential actors in immigration and social policymaking, have important roles to play in this area, but their exact preferences, strategies and behaviour are theoretically difficult to determine and are stil…
Popular Attitudes Toward the Distribution of Vaccines Against Covid‐19: The Swiss Case
With the arrival of vaccines against the novel coronavirus in late 2020, the issue of how vaccines should be distributed and which groups should be prioritized has become salient. We study popular attitudes toward the distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines and how these have changed over the course of the pandemic in Switzerland, drawing on data from two rounds of an original public opinion survey conducted in the spring and winter of 2020. We find th…
The political determinants of benefit work conditionality
The increasing conditionality of access to social protection on claimants' proven willingness to seek and accept work has been one of the major dimensions of welfare state transformation of recent decades. Our understanding of the political determinants behind this trend, however, remains insufficient. This article assesses the state-of-the-art of political research on benefit work conditionality; points out a series of gaps and inconsistencies i…
Public attitudes toward pandemic triage: Evidence from conjoint survey experiments in Switzerland
The question of how to implement medical triages has become highly salient during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to be actively discussed. It is important to know how members of the general public think about this issue. For one, knowledge about the public's standpoint can help resolve important questions where ethical considerations are by themselves not sufficient, for instance whether the patient's age should matter. It can also help iden…
Preferred policy responses to technological change: Survey evidence from OECD countries
How do the labor market risks associated with technological change affect policy preferences? We argue that higher perceptions of technology-related risks should increase support for compensation and decrease support for social investment. We expect the opposite effect for individuals who use technology constantly at work, have a university degree and earn higher incomes. However, as the perception of technology-related employment risks in the la…
Sometimes needs change minds: Interests and values as determinants of attitudes towards state support for the self-employed during the Covid-19 crisis
This contribution investigates public attitudes toward providing financial help to the self-employed, a less well-researched area in the otherwise vibrant literature on welfare state attitudes. We analyse to what extent the self-employed themselves soften their general anti-statist stance in times of need, and how the public thinks about supporting those who usually tend to oppose government interventions. To answer these questions, we study publ…
A Recast Framework for Welfare Deservingness Perceptions
Many important societal debates revolve around questions of deservingness, especially when it comes to debates related to inequality and social protection. It is therefore unsurprising that a growing body of research spanning the social and political sciences is concerned with the determinants of deservingness perceptions. In this contribution, we engage with the currently central theoretical framework used in deservingness research and point out…
Conditional Solidarity - Attitudes Towards Support for Others During the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to study how humans allocate scarce resources in times of hardship. We study public preferences regarding who should get access to government aid for the self-employed, a bed in the intensive care unit, and permission to cross the border using original conjoint survey experiments administered to an incentivised online panel in Switzerland during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020…
Bankers are afraid of technology now: Explaining perceived vulnerability to technological change among the higher-educated
The higher-educated are typically seen as winners of technological change and automation, but recent evidence shows that many higher-educated workers are, in fact, concerned about losing their jobs to technology. The reasons why higher-educated workers are worried about technological change are not yet clear, however. We analyse survey data from 25 countries to resolve this puzzle. Our results indicate, in a nutshell, that many higher-educated wo…
The Gender Employment Gap among Refugees and the Role of Employer Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from the German, Swedish and Austrian Labor Markets
Compared to their male counterparts, refugee women exhibit low employment rates in many countries. Discrimination by recruiters could possibly explain this phenomenon, but thus far, there is little direct evidence on this. This study addresses this gap. We develop a set of hypotheses about the effects of gender and family status on refugees’ labor market integration, and then test these hypotheses using data from an original survey experiment adm…
Who deserves the spot? Attitudes towards priorities in access to subsidised childcare
How Do People Perceive Immigrants? Relating Perceptions to Numbers
How does the general public perceive immigrants, whom do they think of when thinking about "immigrants," and to what extent are these perceptions related to the actual composition of immigrant populations? We use three representative online surveys in the United States, South Africa, and Switzerland (total N = 2,778) to extend existing work on the perception of immigrants in terms of geographic coverage and individual characteristics. We also rel…
Re-evaluating the welfare preferences of radical-right voters: Evidence From a Vignette Experiment
Research on the welfare stances of populist radical-right parties (PRRPs) categorises them as ‘welfare chauvinists’ and ‘producerists’, supporting generous benefits exclusively for ‘hard-working’ nationals. However, it remains unclear whether their voters’ welfare preferences align with these positions. The argument advanced in this paper is that a comprehensive understanding of PRRP voters’ welfare preferences requires the examination of how so…
What Drives Opposition to Social Rights for Immigrants? Clarifying the Role of Psychological Predispositions
Why do people oppose granting social rights to immigrants? Previous research indicates that psychological predispositions such as authoritarianism or ethnocentrism are strong drivers, but our understanding of their roles is still incomplete. This is in part because studies have not yet systematically tested different psychological variables against other, but also in part because some other potentially important predispositions such as implicit b…
Technological vulnerability among the higher-educated: Implications for Party Preferences
The higher-educated were long supposed to be winners of technological change, but recent evidence indicates that they feel (and are) increasingly exposed to the risk of technological redundancy. Based on what is known about how lower- to medium-skilled workers respond to technological exposure, this new sense of vulnerability among the higher-educated could have significant political effects – specifically increased support for right-wing populis…
Who deserves student finance? Results from a survey experiment in six advanced capitalist economies
Welfare conditionality in OECD countries and in Latin America: A comparative perspective
Cash benefit programs have increasingly emphasized conditionality in recent decades. Linking benefits to certain behavioral requirements has become a prominent feature of reforms of unemployment benefits (UBs) and related out-of-work benefits in high-income Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, but it has also been a defining feature of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in many emerging economies. This is…
Populist right-wing voting: The (conditional) role of implicit bias
Political science (19 works) · Economics (15 works) · Law (12 works) · Politics (11 works) · Law (10 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (10 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (7 works) · Public economics (7 works) · Business (6 works)