Putu Oka Ngakan
Biographic Data
| ID | 3571182 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Putu Oka Ngakan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Putu Oka |
| FAMILY NAME | Ngakan |
| SIGNATURE | NGAKAN P O |
| AFFILIATIONS | Hasanuddin University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1383-2661 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 19 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 15 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Gestural Communication in a Wild Population of Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) in South Sulawesi
Gestures are one of the key components of primate communication and have been proposed to be important precursors of intentional communication and human language. Understanding how gestural communication varies across primate taxa is therefore important for reconstructing the evolutionary origins of intentional communication and making inferences about its socio-ecological drivers. In this study, we investigated gesture use in moor macaques ( Mac…
Evidence of Vocal Gradation in the Vocal Repertoire of Wild Moor Macaques ( Macaca maura )
Nonhuman primates constitute an ideal model to study the evolutionary origins of human language, because of their close phylogenetic distance to humans and their reliance on complex communication systems that include different signal types. In this study, we investigated the vocal repertoire of Macaca maura (moor macaques), a highly tolerant primate species endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. We conducted detailed acoustic analyses on 1116 high‐quali…
Continuous Audio‐Visual Sensor Monitoring Is More Effective Than Human Observers for Detecting Moor Macaques
The number of species threatened with extinction is continuously increasing, underscoring the need for reliable population estimates to develop effective conservation plans. The ability to confirm a species' presence during surveys (i.e., detectability) is central for population estimates. While audio‐visual sensors, like camera traps and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), have emerged as valuable tools for monitoring primates, few studies have s…
Balancing risk and reward
This study explores human–moor macaque ( Macaca maura ) coexistence in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using resilience thinking to assess temporal patterns of coadaptation amidst stressors such as provisioning and road construction. Comparing data from 2016–2017 to 2023–2025, we examine changes in provisioning patterns, macaque roadside use, and people’s perceptions of macaques to evaluate factors that may test the system’s resilience. Our results show tha…
Roadside Dining
How group‐living primates come to a consensus about navigating their environment is a result of their decision‐making processes. Although decision‐making has been examined in several primate taxa, it remains underexplored for primates living in anthropogenic landscapes. To shed light on consensus decision‐making and flexibility in this process, we examined collective movement behavior in a group of wild moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) experiencing…
Sleeping Site Selection in a Wild Group of Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) in Sulawesi
In primates, sleeping behaviour and the selection of sleeping sites with specific characteristics are hypothesised to represent adaptative strategies to diverse evolutionary pressures within their habitats. However, for many species, it remains unclear how these factors influence the selection of sleeping sites. We examined the impact of range defence, predator-, risk-, and parasite-avoidance on the sleeping behaviour and choice of specific sleep…
Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) Remember Earlier Habituation Despite Changes in Group Composition
Habituation, in which repeated neutral contacts with human observers lead to reduced, and eventually no, response by primates, is commonly used to study animals in the wild (Williamson & Feistner, 2011).Understanding how habituation affects animal behaviour is important to better evaluate its ethical implications and to improve habituation methods.The time needed to successfully habituate study animals depends on several factors, including their …
Maternal and offspring behavior in free‐ranging Japanese and moor macaques
Female primates represent the most important social partner for their developing offspring. However, mothers may strongly differ in the way they relate to their offspring (e.g., in terms of two different dimensions: protectiveness and rejection). In this study, we aimed to assess how dominance style predicts (i) changes in maternal behavior through offspring development, and (ii) the link between maternal behavior and offspring behavior. We condu…
The Habituation Process in Two Groups of Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
When studying animal behavior in the wild, some behaviors may require observation from a relatively short distance. In these cases, habituation is commonly used to ensure that animals do not perceive researchers as a direct threat and do not alter their behavior in their presence. However, habituation can have significant effects on the welfare and conservation of the animals. Studying how nonhuman primates react to the process of habituation can…
Roadside monkeys
Reaction to Snakes in Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
Snake predation is considered an important evolutionary force for primates. Yet, very few studies have documented encounters between primates and snakes in the wild. Here, we provide a preliminary account of how wild moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) respond to seven species of real and model snakes. Snakes could be local and dangerous to the macaques (i.e., venomous or constricting), local and nondangerous, and novel and dangerous. Macaques reacted…
Activity budget, home range, and habitat use of moor macaques (Macaca maura) in the karst forest of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Play behavior in immature moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) and Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata )
Play is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. In less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. To study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free‐ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despot…
Preliminary Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Wild Groups of Endangered Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) from Sulawesi
Macaques and the Ritual Production of Sacredness among Balinese Transmigrants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at temple sites in Bali may be considered sacred because of the presence of monkeys in Hindu texts or through their association with sacred temple spaces. Using an ethnoprimatological approach, our research goal was to further explain how primates become sacred by exploring differences in perceptions of primate sacredness between Balinese Hindus living in Bali and those living in transmigrant communities…
Macaques and the Ritual Production of Sacredness among Balinese Transmigrants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at temple sites in Bali may be considered sacred because of the presence of monkeys in Hindu texts or through their association with sacred temple spaces. Using an ethnoprimatological approach, our research goal was to further explain how primates become sacred by exploring differences in perceptions of primate sacredness between Balinese Hindus living in Bali and those living in transmigrant communities…
Reaction to Snakes in Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
Snake predation is considered an important evolutionary force for primates. Yet, very few studies have documented encounters between primates and snakes in the wild. Here, we provide a preliminary account of how wild moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) respond to seven species of real and model snakes. Snakes could be local and dangerous to the macaques (i.e., venomous or constricting), local and nondangerous, and novel and dangerous. Macaques reacted…
The Habituation Process in Two Groups of Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
When studying animal behavior in the wild, some behaviors may require observation from a relatively short distance. In these cases, habituation is commonly used to ensure that animals do not perceive researchers as a direct threat and do not alter their behavior in their presence. However, habituation can have significant effects on the welfare and conservation of the animals. Studying how nonhuman primates react to the process of habituation can…
Balancing risk and reward
This study explores human–moor macaque ( Macaca maura ) coexistence in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using resilience thinking to assess temporal patterns of coadaptation amidst stressors such as provisioning and road construction. Comparing data from 2016–2017 to 2023–2025, we examine changes in provisioning patterns, macaque roadside use, and people’s perceptions of macaques to evaluate factors that may test the system’s resilience. Our results show tha…
Preliminary Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Wild Groups of Endangered Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) from Sulawesi
Macaques and the Ritual Production of Sacredness among Balinese Transmigrants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at temple sites in Bali may be considered sacred because of the presence of monkeys in Hindu texts or through their association with sacred temple spaces. Using an ethnoprimatological approach, our research goal was to further explain how primates become sacred by exploring differences in perceptions of primate sacredness between Balinese Hindus living in Bali and those living in transmigrant communities…
Preliminary Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Wild Groups of Endangered Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) from Sulawesi
Activity budget, home range, and habitat use of moor macaques (Macaca maura) in the karst forest of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Play behavior in immature moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) and Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata )
Play is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. In less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. To study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free‐ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despot…
Roadside monkeys
Reaction to Snakes in Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
Snake predation is considered an important evolutionary force for primates. Yet, very few studies have documented encounters between primates and snakes in the wild. Here, we provide a preliminary account of how wild moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) respond to seven species of real and model snakes. Snakes could be local and dangerous to the macaques (i.e., venomous or constricting), local and nondangerous, and novel and dangerous. Macaques reacted…
The Habituation Process in Two Groups of Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)
When studying animal behavior in the wild, some behaviors may require observation from a relatively short distance. In these cases, habituation is commonly used to ensure that animals do not perceive researchers as a direct threat and do not alter their behavior in their presence. However, habituation can have significant effects on the welfare and conservation of the animals. Studying how nonhuman primates react to the process of habituation can…
Maternal and offspring behavior in free‐ranging Japanese and moor macaques
Female primates represent the most important social partner for their developing offspring. However, mothers may strongly differ in the way they relate to their offspring (e.g., in terms of two different dimensions: protectiveness and rejection). In this study, we aimed to assess how dominance style predicts (i) changes in maternal behavior through offspring development, and (ii) the link between maternal behavior and offspring behavior. We condu…
Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) Remember Earlier Habituation Despite Changes in Group Composition
Habituation, in which repeated neutral contacts with human observers lead to reduced, and eventually no, response by primates, is commonly used to study animals in the wild (Williamson & Feistner, 2011).Understanding how habituation affects animal behaviour is important to better evaluate its ethical implications and to improve habituation methods.The time needed to successfully habituate study animals depends on several factors, including their …
Roadside Dining
How group‐living primates come to a consensus about navigating their environment is a result of their decision‐making processes. Although decision‐making has been examined in several primate taxa, it remains underexplored for primates living in anthropogenic landscapes. To shed light on consensus decision‐making and flexibility in this process, we examined collective movement behavior in a group of wild moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) experiencing…
Sleeping Site Selection in a Wild Group of Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) in Sulawesi
In primates, sleeping behaviour and the selection of sleeping sites with specific characteristics are hypothesised to represent adaptative strategies to diverse evolutionary pressures within their habitats. However, for many species, it remains unclear how these factors influence the selection of sleeping sites. We examined the impact of range defence, predator-, risk-, and parasite-avoidance on the sleeping behaviour and choice of specific sleep…
Gestural Communication in a Wild Population of Moor Macaques (Macaca maura) in South Sulawesi
Gestures are one of the key components of primate communication and have been proposed to be important precursors of intentional communication and human language. Understanding how gestural communication varies across primate taxa is therefore important for reconstructing the evolutionary origins of intentional communication and making inferences about its socio-ecological drivers. In this study, we investigated gesture use in moor macaques ( Mac…
Evidence of Vocal Gradation in the Vocal Repertoire of Wild Moor Macaques ( Macaca maura )
Nonhuman primates constitute an ideal model to study the evolutionary origins of human language, because of their close phylogenetic distance to humans and their reliance on complex communication systems that include different signal types. In this study, we investigated the vocal repertoire of Macaca maura (moor macaques), a highly tolerant primate species endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. We conducted detailed acoustic analyses on 1116 high‐quali…
Continuous Audio‐Visual Sensor Monitoring Is More Effective Than Human Observers for Detecting Moor Macaques
The number of species threatened with extinction is continuously increasing, underscoring the need for reliable population estimates to develop effective conservation plans. The ability to confirm a species' presence during surveys (i.e., detectability) is central for population estimates. While audio‐visual sensors, like camera traps and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), have emerged as valuable tools for monitoring primates, few studies have s…
Balancing risk and reward
This study explores human–moor macaque ( Macaca maura ) coexistence in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using resilience thinking to assess temporal patterns of coadaptation amidst stressors such as provisioning and road construction. Comparing data from 2016–2017 to 2023–2025, we examine changes in provisioning patterns, macaque roadside use, and people’s perceptions of macaques to evaluate factors that may test the system’s resilience. Our results show tha…
Primate Behavior and Ecology (15 works) · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior (9 works) · Biology (9 works) · Animal ecology (8 works) · Macaque (6 works) · Psychology (6 works) · Zoology (6 works) · Animal Behavior and Reproduction (5 works) · Ecology (5 works) · Primate (5 works)