Allison L Skinner
Biographic Data
| ID | 3576286 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Allison L Skinner |
| GIVEN NAMES | Allison L |
| FAMILY NAME | Skinner |
| SIGNATURE | SKINNER A L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Georgia |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1220-4791 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 17 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 108 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 17 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Shifts in Racial Inequalities and White Backlash in the 21st Century U.S
Progress toward racial equality over the course of U.S. history has not been linear, and reductions in racial inequalities have historically been met with racist backlash. In the current research, we examine whether shifts in racial inequalities in key structural areas in recent decades can be used to predict implicit and explicit racial attitudes among White U.S. residents ( N = 222,203). Consistent with the hypothesis that increasing racial equ…
White parents’ racial socialization during a guided discussion predicts declines in white children’s pro-white biases
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended to curb White U.S. children's racial biases, little work has tested their influence. We designed a guided racism discussion task for U.S. White parents and their 8-12-year-old White children. We explored whether children's and parents' (a) pro-White implicit biases changed pre to postconversation, (b) racial socialization messages (color conscious, external attributions for prejudiced…
Challenging Race-Based Medicine Through Historical Education About the Social Construction of Race
Background: Scientifically, there is little genetic variation among humans and race has no biological basis. However, medical school preclinical curricula tend to misrepresent race and reify biologically essentialist explanations for disease. The social construct of race is, therefore, used to inform health care providers' treatment decisions. Use of race-based medicine has been identified as a contributor to racial health disparities, spurring a…
Applying the Evidence We Have: Support for Having Race Conversations in White U.S. Families
Popular press articles have advocated for parent–child conversations about race and racism to prevent children from developing racial biases, yet empirical investigations of the impact of racial socialization in White U.S. families are scarce. In an article published in Perspectives on Psychological Science in 2020, Scott et al. warned that, given the lack of empirical evidence, parents might actually do more harm than good by talking to their ch…
Mixed Evidence for Interactive Effects of Outgroup Proportions and Intergroup Contact on Racial Bias in the United States
Dominant majority-group members living in areas with larger proportions of outgroup members tend to express more ingroup bias. However, prior research has rarely considered this in tandem with the bias-reducing effects of intergroup contact or tested whether outgroup proportions have similar effects for oppressed minority-group members. In two preregistered studies, we tested whether contact moderates the association between outgroup proportions …
Highlighting Covid-19 racial disparities can reduce support for safety precautions among White U.S. residents
Reckless gambles and responsible ventures: Racialized prototypes of risk-taking
1,603, predominantly White residents of the United States) examining whether prototypes of risk-takers-primarily reckless and responsible ones-activate racial stereotypes and discrimination. We first focused on whether participants perceive Black (vs. White) men as more likely to engage in risk-taking, broadly construed (Study 1). Next, we tested whether the trait attributions (Studies 2 and 3) and mental images constructed with the reverse corre…
Testing a self‐affirmation intervention for improving the psychosocial health of Black and White medical students in the United States
Self‐affirmation interventions have been shown to mitigate the negative psychological effects of stereotype threat on Black students in secondary and undergraduate education. However, there is currently limited research testing whether Black students in medical schools may also experience the negative influences of stereotype threat. Until now, it has been unclear whether Black (vs. White) students experience a lower sense of belonging in medical…
How Microaggressions Reinforce and Perpetuate Systemic Racism in the United States
The consequences of racial microaggressions are most often discussed at an interpersonal level. In this article, we contend that microaggressions play an important role in maintaining systems of racial oppression beyond the interpersonal context. Specifically, we illustrate how microaggressions establish White superiority in the United States by othering people of color (e.g., treating people of color as if they are not true citizens) and communi…
Initial Evidence that Parent-Child Conversations About Race Reduce Racial Biases Among White U.S. Children
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended as a way to curb children’s racial biases, no prior work has directly tested the impact of such conversations on children’s racial attitudes. In fact, most White American parents avoid talking about racism with their children. We designed a method to facilitate conversations about subtle and blatant forms of racial bias between White parents and their 8-12-year-olds. We explored the e…
Acquiring group bias: Observing other people’s nonverbal signals can create social group biases
Evidence of group bias based on race, ethnicity, nationality, and language emerges early in the life span. Although understanding the initial acquisition of group bias has critical theoretical and practical implications, precisely how group biases are acquired has been understudied. In two preregistered experiments, we tested the hypothesis that generalized social group biases can be acquired through exposure to positive nonverbal signals directe…
Other Than the Sum: Hispanic and Middle Eastern Categorizations of Black–White Mixed-Race Faces
The racial categorization literature, reliant on forced-choice tasks, suggests that mixed-race targets are often categorized using the parent faces that created the racially mixed stimuli (e.g., Black or White) or their combination (e.g., Black–White multiracial). In the current studies, we introduce a free-response task that allows for spontaneous categorizations of higher ecological validity. Our results suggest that, when allowed, observers of…
A Robust Bias Against Interracial Couples Among White and Black Respondents, Relative to Multiracial Respondents
Interracial couples are an understudied but increasingly common social group in the United States. We used direct and indirect measures to examine explicit and implicit biases (respectively) against interracial couples among samples of (a) predominantly White (non-Black; N = 1,217), (b) Black ( N = 293), and (c) multiracial ( N = 284) respondents recruited from the United States. Results provide evidence of implicit and explicit bias against Blac…
Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents
The majority of White parents in the United States are uncomfortable discussing race with their children and tend to avoid it. When they do discuss race with their children, they often take a color blind approach—in which they emphasize a belief that race does not matter—instead of a color conscious approach—in which they acknowledge race‐related issues. In the current study, we sought to explore the individual difference factors that may be asso…
Childhood Experiences and Intergroup Biases among Children
Children show signs of intergroup biases from early in development, and evidence suggests that these biases increase through middle childhood. Here we critically review and synthesize the literature on the different types of childhood experiences that have been associated with increases or decreases in childhood intergroup bias. Based on the review, one type of childhood experience stands out as being reliably associated with increased intergroup…
Yuck, you disgust me!” Affective bias against interracial couples
Looking Black or looking back? Using phenotype and ancestry to make racial categorizations
Highlighting Covid-19 racial disparities can reduce support for safety precautions among White U.S. residents
Yuck, you disgust me!” Affective bias against interracial couples
White parents’ racial socialization during a guided discussion predicts declines in white children’s pro-white biases
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended to curb White U.S. children's racial biases, little work has tested their influence. We designed a guided racism discussion task for U.S. White parents and their 8-12-year-old White children. We explored whether children's and parents' (a) pro-White implicit biases changed pre to postconversation, (b) racial socialization messages (color conscious, external attributions for prejudiced…
How Microaggressions Reinforce and Perpetuate Systemic Racism in the United States
The consequences of racial microaggressions are most often discussed at an interpersonal level. In this article, we contend that microaggressions play an important role in maintaining systems of racial oppression beyond the interpersonal context. Specifically, we illustrate how microaggressions establish White superiority in the United States by othering people of color (e.g., treating people of color as if they are not true citizens) and communi…
Looking Black or looking back? Using phenotype and ancestry to make racial categorizations
Childhood Experiences and Intergroup Biases among Children
Children show signs of intergroup biases from early in development, and evidence suggests that these biases increase through middle childhood. Here we critically review and synthesize the literature on the different types of childhood experiences that have been associated with increases or decreases in childhood intergroup bias. Based on the review, one type of childhood experience stands out as being reliably associated with increased intergroup…
Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents
The majority of White parents in the United States are uncomfortable discussing race with their children and tend to avoid it. When they do discuss race with their children, they often take a color blind approach—in which they emphasize a belief that race does not matter—instead of a color conscious approach—in which they acknowledge race‐related issues. In the current study, we sought to explore the individual difference factors that may be asso…
Acquiring group bias: Observing other people’s nonverbal signals can create social group biases
Evidence of group bias based on race, ethnicity, nationality, and language emerges early in the life span. Although understanding the initial acquisition of group bias has critical theoretical and practical implications, precisely how group biases are acquired has been understudied. In two preregistered experiments, we tested the hypothesis that generalized social group biases can be acquired through exposure to positive nonverbal signals directe…
Initial Evidence that Parent-Child Conversations About Race Reduce Racial Biases Among White U.S. Children
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended as a way to curb children’s racial biases, no prior work has directly tested the impact of such conversations on children’s racial attitudes. In fact, most White American parents avoid talking about racism with their children. We designed a method to facilitate conversations about subtle and blatant forms of racial bias between White parents and their 8-12-year-olds. We explored the e…
Reckless gambles and responsible ventures: Racialized prototypes of risk-taking
1,603, predominantly White residents of the United States) examining whether prototypes of risk-takers-primarily reckless and responsible ones-activate racial stereotypes and discrimination. We first focused on whether participants perceive Black (vs. White) men as more likely to engage in risk-taking, broadly construed (Study 1). Next, we tested whether the trait attributions (Studies 2 and 3) and mental images constructed with the reverse corre…
Testing a self‐affirmation intervention for improving the psychosocial health of Black and White medical students in the United States
Self‐affirmation interventions have been shown to mitigate the negative psychological effects of stereotype threat on Black students in secondary and undergraduate education. However, there is currently limited research testing whether Black students in medical schools may also experience the negative influences of stereotype threat. Until now, it has been unclear whether Black (vs. White) students experience a lower sense of belonging in medical…
Looking Black or looking back? Using phenotype and ancestry to make racial categorizations
Yuck, you disgust me!” Affective bias against interracial couples
Childhood Experiences and Intergroup Biases among Children
Children show signs of intergroup biases from early in development, and evidence suggests that these biases increase through middle childhood. Here we critically review and synthesize the literature on the different types of childhood experiences that have been associated with increases or decreases in childhood intergroup bias. Based on the review, one type of childhood experience stands out as being reliably associated with increased intergroup…
Other Than the Sum: Hispanic and Middle Eastern Categorizations of Black–White Mixed-Race Faces
The racial categorization literature, reliant on forced-choice tasks, suggests that mixed-race targets are often categorized using the parent faces that created the racially mixed stimuli (e.g., Black or White) or their combination (e.g., Black–White multiracial). In the current studies, we introduce a free-response task that allows for spontaneous categorizations of higher ecological validity. Our results suggest that, when allowed, observers of…
A Robust Bias Against Interracial Couples Among White and Black Respondents, Relative to Multiracial Respondents
Interracial couples are an understudied but increasingly common social group in the United States. We used direct and indirect measures to examine explicit and implicit biases (respectively) against interracial couples among samples of (a) predominantly White (non-Black; N = 1,217), (b) Black ( N = 293), and (c) multiracial ( N = 284) respondents recruited from the United States. Results provide evidence of implicit and explicit bias against Blac…
Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents
The majority of White parents in the United States are uncomfortable discussing race with their children and tend to avoid it. When they do discuss race with their children, they often take a color blind approach—in which they emphasize a belief that race does not matter—instead of a color conscious approach—in which they acknowledge race‐related issues. In the current study, we sought to explore the individual difference factors that may be asso…
Initial Evidence that Parent-Child Conversations About Race Reduce Racial Biases Among White U.S. Children
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended as a way to curb children’s racial biases, no prior work has directly tested the impact of such conversations on children’s racial attitudes. In fact, most White American parents avoid talking about racism with their children. We designed a method to facilitate conversations about subtle and blatant forms of racial bias between White parents and their 8-12-year-olds. We explored the e…
Acquiring group bias: Observing other people’s nonverbal signals can create social group biases
Evidence of group bias based on race, ethnicity, nationality, and language emerges early in the life span. Although understanding the initial acquisition of group bias has critical theoretical and practical implications, precisely how group biases are acquired has been understudied. In two preregistered experiments, we tested the hypothesis that generalized social group biases can be acquired through exposure to positive nonverbal signals directe…
Testing a self‐affirmation intervention for improving the psychosocial health of Black and White medical students in the United States
Self‐affirmation interventions have been shown to mitigate the negative psychological effects of stereotype threat on Black students in secondary and undergraduate education. However, there is currently limited research testing whether Black students in medical schools may also experience the negative influences of stereotype threat. Until now, it has been unclear whether Black (vs. White) students experience a lower sense of belonging in medical…
How Microaggressions Reinforce and Perpetuate Systemic Racism in the United States
The consequences of racial microaggressions are most often discussed at an interpersonal level. In this article, we contend that microaggressions play an important role in maintaining systems of racial oppression beyond the interpersonal context. Specifically, we illustrate how microaggressions establish White superiority in the United States by othering people of color (e.g., treating people of color as if they are not true citizens) and communi…
Applying the Evidence We Have: Support for Having Race Conversations in White U.S. Families
Popular press articles have advocated for parent–child conversations about race and racism to prevent children from developing racial biases, yet empirical investigations of the impact of racial socialization in White U.S. families are scarce. In an article published in Perspectives on Psychological Science in 2020, Scott et al. warned that, given the lack of empirical evidence, parents might actually do more harm than good by talking to their ch…
Mixed Evidence for Interactive Effects of Outgroup Proportions and Intergroup Contact on Racial Bias in the United States
Dominant majority-group members living in areas with larger proportions of outgroup members tend to express more ingroup bias. However, prior research has rarely considered this in tandem with the bias-reducing effects of intergroup contact or tested whether outgroup proportions have similar effects for oppressed minority-group members. In two preregistered studies, we tested whether contact moderates the association between outgroup proportions …
Highlighting Covid-19 racial disparities can reduce support for safety precautions among White U.S. residents
Reckless gambles and responsible ventures: Racialized prototypes of risk-taking
1,603, predominantly White residents of the United States) examining whether prototypes of risk-takers-primarily reckless and responsible ones-activate racial stereotypes and discrimination. We first focused on whether participants perceive Black (vs. White) men as more likely to engage in risk-taking, broadly construed (Study 1). Next, we tested whether the trait attributions (Studies 2 and 3) and mental images constructed with the reverse corre…
Challenging Race-Based Medicine Through Historical Education About the Social Construction of Race
Background: Scientifically, there is little genetic variation among humans and race has no biological basis. However, medical school preclinical curricula tend to misrepresent race and reify biologically essentialist explanations for disease. The social construct of race is, therefore, used to inform health care providers' treatment decisions. Use of race-based medicine has been identified as a contributor to racial health disparities, spurring a…
White parents’ racial socialization during a guided discussion predicts declines in white children’s pro-white biases
Although parent-child conversations about race are recommended to curb White U.S. children's racial biases, little work has tested their influence. We designed a guided racism discussion task for U.S. White parents and their 8-12-year-old White children. We explored whether children's and parents' (a) pro-White implicit biases changed pre to postconversation, (b) racial socialization messages (color conscious, external attributions for prejudiced…
Shifts in Racial Inequalities and White Backlash in the 21st Century U.S
Progress toward racial equality over the course of U.S. history has not been linear, and reductions in racial inequalities have historically been met with racist backlash. In the current research, we examine whether shifts in racial inequalities in key structural areas in recent decades can be used to predict implicit and explicit racial attitudes among White U.S. residents ( N = 222,203). Consistent with the hypothesis that increasing racial equ…
Psychology (17 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (12 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (10 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Gender Studies (8 works) · Racism (8 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 works)