Dick Hobbs
Biographic Data
| ID | 3580872 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dick Hobbs |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dick |
| FAMILY NAME | Hobbs |
| SIGNATURE | HOBBS D |
| AFFILIATIONS | London School of Economics and Political Science |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 330 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Policing the Olympic gang: The rise and fall of the Portuguese Mafia
Against a backdrop of rising youth violence in the UK, the issue of gang policing has once more risen to prominence. Intense debates surrounding police cuts have led to renewed calls for a ‘war on gangs’, echoing earlier responses to England’s summer of violent disorder in 2011. Drawing on a long-term ethnographic study of policing in the London Borough of Newham, this paper reports on a case-study of gang policing during a similarly fraught poli…
Who Is the Subject of Phenomenology? Husserl and Fink on the Transcendental Ego
One long-running conundrum in Husserlian phenomenology revolves around the question of the identity of what Husserl calls the transcendental ego, a mysterious figure that he identifies as the subject of a genuinely transcendental phenomenology. In dialogue with both Husserl and his assistant and collaborator Eugen Fink (as well as recent commentary), I attempt in this article to give a solid account of the identity of this transcendental ego, and…
Mischief Morality and Mobs
Criminal Practice: Fieldwork and Improvisation in Difficult Circumstances
This chapter argues that the field-based studies have made to the understandings of crime and control, while locating some of the theoretical boundaries of field-based contributions in criminology. Fieldwork refers to the research practice of engaging with the worlds of others in order to gain an understanding of the operations and mechanisms of a particular way of life and the meanings that members of that culture attribute to these everyday occ…
Taking care of business: Police detectives, drug law enforcement and proactive investigation
Back in the pre-history of British Criminology, most of its denizens were known colloquially as ‘sociologists’, a small band of whom focussed their attention upon policing. Inspired by sociological
Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and Beyond
Often seen as the host nation's largest ever logistical undertaking, accommodating the Olympics and its attendant security infrastructure brings seismic changes to both the physical and social geography of its destination. Since 1976, the defence of the spectacle has become the central feature of its planning, one that has assumed even greater prominence following the bombing of the 1996 Atlanta Games and, most importantly, 9/11. Indeed, the quin…
Global sport mega-events and the politics of mobility: The case of theLondon 2012Olympics
This paper examines the politics of mobility which surrounded theLondon 2012Olympics. We provide a critical discussion of the mobility conflicts, problems and criticisms which emerged from our research with local people in theStratford and widerNewham areas ofLondon, where mostOlympic events were located. The paper is divided into four broad parts. First, we identify and discuss the relevant components of the 'mobilities paradigm' in social scien…
Sport Mega-Events and Public Opposition: A Sociological Study of the London 2012 Olympics
This article examines the diverse forms of public opposition, protest, criticism, and complaint in the United Kingdom on the staging of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London. Our discussion draws heavily on empirical research, primarily fieldwork and interviews in East London with local residents, opposition groups, business people, politicians, and other stakeholders. The article is separated into three main parts. First, we explore th…
How to Research Organized Crime
Lush Life: Constructing Organized Crime in the UK
This book opens 'the box marked do not open, too difficult to deal with', in the words of one Assistant Chief Constable, to explore the contested notion of British organized crime. The book traces the history and policing of British organized crime, and addresses how the interlocking processes of de-industrialization, globalization, and neo-liberalism have normalized activity that was previously the exclusive domain of professional criminals. Wit…
Endemic to the species’: Ordering the ‘other’ via organised crime
The United States has been the prime mover in the establishment of both the concept of organised crime and the use of the concept in its attempt to establish global hegemony, in which law enforcement became a little more than a front for a government-backed central casting agency, stereotyping both heroes and villains. This article offers an account of how the ‘Other’ has been used as prism for the construction of organised crime primarily in the…
The regeneration games: Purity and security in the Olympic city1
This paper examines the wider social impacts of hosting the London 2012 Olympic Games and its 'legacy' ambitions in East London, emphasizing securitization as an inbuilt feature of the urban regeneration project. Drawing on extensive original empirical research, the paper analyses the modalities of Olympic safety and security practices within the Olympic Park itself and their wider impact, while also connecting this research to theorization and d…
Securing and sustaining the Olympic city reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond
Often seen as the host nation's largest ever logistical undertaking, accommodating the Olympics and its attendant security infrastructure brings seismic changes to both the physical and social geography of its destination. Since 1976, the defence of the spectacle has become the central feature of its planning, one that has assumed even greater prominence following the bombing of the 1996 Atlanta Games and, most importantly, 9/11. Indeed, the quin…
Ethnography in Context
Ethnography is an extremely broad church, and the range of methodological stances adopted by ethnographers extends across theoretical, political and technological divides. As a method it is intense and often makes considerable personal demands on the researcher, but as an academic product, the ethnography can be a vivid document with human resonance impossible to recreate by the application of any other methodology. This collection emphasises som…
Calling the Shots: The Pre-2012 London Olympic Contest
The Olympic Games promise great things; world peace and the transformation of the host city are but two ambitions of the Olympic Movement. The benefits and changes that the 2012 Olympics are supposed to bring to the London Borough of Newham—which will host some 80 per cent of the Olympic events—have been much lauded by the Olympic apparatchiks who typically proselytise about the transformation of communities, countries and individuals via the sta…
A Soundtrack to (illegal) Entrepreneurship: Pirated CD/DVD Selling in a Greek Provincial City
This paper—by using the pirated CD/DVD market in a provincial city in Greece as a case study—will attempt to show how alien conspiracy theory has permeated the understanding of ‘organized crime’ and how the concept serves to enforce racism and, in particular, the treatment of diasporic communities. The paper will then proceed to interrogate the concept in the context of the local operation of this market in tandem with various legitimate interest…
The Eternal Recurrence of Crime and Control: Essays in Honour of Paul Rock
This book features contributions from criminologists from the UK, the US, and Australia, brought together to honour the work of Paul Rock, former Professor of Social Institutions at the London School of Economics. It offers an exploration of the theories which underpin much of current criminological thinking. The resulting thirteen chapters all examine and build upon the central themes associated with Paul Rock's work: social and criminological t…
Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance: Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain
Moral panics are conventionally associated with the interpretations of youthful action imposed by powerful state or media forces. However, the concept is also useful in understanding more generally how social problems are constructed and presented. In this paper, we consider how a vague term such as ' organized crime ' has emerged as a vehicle for exclusionary rhetorics in both the United States and Britain. While the origins of the organized cri…
Beyond the binge in 'booze Britain: Market-Led Liminalization and the Spectacle of Binge Drinking
The contemporary night-time economy has transformed British town centres into liminal spaces where transgression does not subvert normative space, but establishes public drunkenness as integral to a negotiated order. The focus of this paper is the wider dialectic surrounding contemporary 'binge drinking', and in particular the relationship between aesthetic processes aimed at encouraging alcohol-related excitement and excess, and those that seek …
Connecting the gendered door: Women, Violence and Doorwork
This paper explores the emerging role of women who work as 'bouncers', or doorstaff, in the night-time economy and examines how the cultural capital of the female bouncer is connected to the methods utilized to control licensed premises. It is drawn from a study that combined ethnographic observations and interviews in five major UK cities which explored a diverse range of issues such as gendered bodies, femininities and violence; the changing ne…
A Zone of Ambiguity: The Political Economy of Cigarette Bootlegging
This paper examines the development of cigarette bootlegging within the United Kingdom by way of a case study of an entrepreneurial criminal firm which sought to capitalize upon the cigarette price disparities within the European Union, through its professional supply of contraband goods to a highly receptive UK market. The paper contends that by way of the relaxation of trading barriers via European Union legislation, an enterprising criminal fi…
Doormen - Peter Bearman
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2005 – 1 89 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 13/1, 89–102, 2005 © Koninklijke Brill NV. Printed in the Netherlands. Dick Hobbs, 1 Philip Hadfield, 2 Stuart Lister, 3 Simon Winlow 4 Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy 1. URBAN REGENERATION Recent changes in the political economies of British citie…
E’ is for enterprise: Middle level drug markets in ecstasy and stimulants
This article is derived from a study of 'middle-market' drug distribution funded by the Home Office. It involved prison interviews with middle and upper level drug dealers, and interviews with a range of enforcement personnel. The focus of the article is middle level drug markets in Ecstasy and stimulant drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine. A number of case studies are used to illustrate the varying kinds of brokerage, go-between and 'middle-ma…
King Pin? A Case Study of a Middle Market Drug Broker
The article is concerned with ‘middle market’ drug distribution, based on research that involved prison interviews with middle and upper level drug dealers and interviews with a range of enforcement personnel. It offers a preliminary discussion of different definitions of the ‘middle market’, where various forms of drug brokerage connect up different levels of drug markets. It goes on to provide a detailed case study of a single middle market dru…
Receiving shadows: Governance and Liminality in the Night-Time Economy1
This paper focuses upon the emergence of the night-time economy both materially and culturally as a powerful manifestation of post-industrial society. This emergence features two key processes: firstly a shift in economic development from the industrial to the post-industrial; secondly a significant orientation of urban governance involving a move away from the traditional managerial functions of local service provision, towards an entrepreneuria…
Beyond the binge in 'booze Britain: Market-Led Liminalization and the Spectacle of Binge Drinking
The contemporary night-time economy has transformed British town centres into liminal spaces where transgression does not subvert normative space, but establishes public drunkenness as integral to a negotiated order. The focus of this paper is the wider dialectic surrounding contemporary 'binge drinking', and in particular the relationship between aesthetic processes aimed at encouraging alcohol-related excitement and excess, and those that seek …
Sport Mega-Events and Public Opposition: A Sociological Study of the London 2012 Olympics
This article examines the diverse forms of public opposition, protest, criticism, and complaint in the United Kingdom on the staging of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London. Our discussion draws heavily on empirical research, primarily fieldwork and interviews in East London with local residents, opposition groups, business people, politicians, and other stakeholders. The article is separated into three main parts. First, we explore th…
Connecting the gendered door: Women, Violence and Doorwork
This paper explores the emerging role of women who work as 'bouncers', or doorstaff, in the night-time economy and examines how the cultural capital of the female bouncer is connected to the methods utilized to control licensed premises. It is drawn from a study that combined ethnographic observations and interviews in five major UK cities which explored a diverse range of issues such as gendered bodies, femininities and violence; the changing ne…
The regeneration games: Purity and security in the Olympic city1
This paper examines the wider social impacts of hosting the London 2012 Olympic Games and its 'legacy' ambitions in East London, emphasizing securitization as an inbuilt feature of the urban regeneration project. Drawing on extensive original empirical research, the paper analyses the modalities of Olympic safety and security practices within the Olympic Park itself and their wider impact, while also connecting this research to theorization and d…
Violence in the night‐time economy; bouncers: The reporting, recording and prosecution of assaults 1 ∗
This paper, based on ethnographic research, is concerned with the accountability of licensed premise door staff – better known as ‘bouncers’.2 The situational dynamics of the bouncer's enacted environment ensures that theirs is a role consistently exposed to the interactions of violence. As such, allegations of assault, both upon and by door staff, are common. This paper reports upon incidents of door staff violence and why they often fail to be …
The Boy Done Good: Football Violence, Changes and Continuities
As football related disorders remain stubbornly impervious to 'solutions', so the study of football hooliganism has become almost a minor branch of the social sciences. This paper looks critically at the main academic approaches to the problem in the UK and Europe. The shortcomings of much of this work are revealed, both theoretically and in terms of the evidence employed about the nature of hooliganism. The meagre amount of data about hooliganis…
Global sport mega-events and the politics of mobility: The case of theLondon 2012Olympics
This paper examines the politics of mobility which surrounded theLondon 2012Olympics. We provide a critical discussion of the mobility conflicts, problems and criticisms which emerged from our research with local people in theStratford and widerNewham areas ofLondon, where mostOlympic events were located. The paper is divided into four broad parts. First, we identify and discuss the relevant components of the 'mobilities paradigm' in social scien…
Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance: Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain
Moral panics are conventionally associated with the interpretations of youthful action imposed by powerful state or media forces. However, the concept is also useful in understanding more generally how social problems are constructed and presented. In this paper, we consider how a vague term such as ' organized crime ' has emerged as a vehicle for exclusionary rhetorics in both the United States and Britain. While the origins of the organized cri…
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2005 – 1 89 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 13/1, 89–102, 2005 © Koninklijke Brill NV. Printed in the Netherlands. Dick Hobbs, 1 Philip Hadfield, 2 Stuart Lister, 3 Simon Winlow 4 Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy 1. URBAN REGENERATION Recent changes in the political economies of British citie…
A Zone of Ambiguity: The Political Economy of Cigarette Bootlegging
This paper examines the development of cigarette bootlegging within the United Kingdom by way of a case study of an entrepreneurial criminal firm which sought to capitalize upon the cigarette price disparities within the European Union, through its professional supply of contraband goods to a highly receptive UK market. The paper contends that by way of the relaxation of trading barriers via European Union legislation, an enterprising criminal fi…
Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography
Calling the Shots: The Pre-2012 London Olympic Contest
The Olympic Games promise great things; world peace and the transformation of the host city are but two ambitions of the Olympic Movement. The benefits and changes that the 2012 Olympics are supposed to bring to the London Borough of Newham—which will host some 80 per cent of the Olympic events—have been much lauded by the Olympic apparatchiks who typically proselytise about the transformation of communities, countries and individuals via the sta…
Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and Beyond
Often seen as the host nation's largest ever logistical undertaking, accommodating the Olympics and its attendant security infrastructure brings seismic changes to both the physical and social geography of its destination. Since 1976, the defence of the spectacle has become the central feature of its planning, one that has assumed even greater prominence following the bombing of the 1996 Atlanta Games and, most importantly, 9/11. Indeed, the quin…
Endemic to the species’: Ordering the ‘other’ via organised crime
The United States has been the prime mover in the establishment of both the concept of organised crime and the use of the concept in its attempt to establish global hegemony, in which law enforcement became a little more than a front for a government-backed central casting agency, stereotyping both heroes and villains. This article offers an account of how the ‘Other’ has been used as prism for the construction of organised crime primarily in the…
A Piece of Business: The Moral Economy of Detective Work in the East-End of London
The practice of policing takes many forms, yet all correspond to a perceived demand for a specific style of social control. However not all police specialisms emerge as the result of rational organisational processes. In the case of detective work, a combination of historical precedent, and the demands made upon officers by the enacted environment has resulted in the policed providing the occupational style for the police. Of course I am like a b…
A Soundtrack to (illegal) Entrepreneurship: Pirated CD/DVD Selling in a Greek Provincial City
This paper—by using the pirated CD/DVD market in a provincial city in Greece as a case study—will attempt to show how alien conspiracy theory has permeated the understanding of ‘organized crime’ and how the concept serves to enforce racism and, in particular, the treatment of diasporic communities. The paper will then proceed to interrogate the concept in the context of the local operation of this market in tandem with various legitimate interest…
Professional Crime: Change, Continuity and the Enduring Myth of the Underworld
Based on a recent ethnographic study of professional crime (Hobbs 1995), this paper is concerned with juxtaposing the contemporary enacted environment of serious crime with the most potent device that is utilised to explain and contain its practices and ideological frameworks: the underworld
Policing the Olympic gang: The rise and fall of the Portuguese Mafia
Against a backdrop of rising youth violence in the UK, the issue of gang policing has once more risen to prominence. Intense debates surrounding police cuts have led to renewed calls for a ‘war on gangs’, echoing earlier responses to England’s summer of violent disorder in 2011. Drawing on a long-term ethnographic study of policing in the London Borough of Newham, this paper reports on a case-study of gang policing during a similarly fraught poli…
Who Is the Subject of Phenomenology? Husserl and Fink on the Transcendental Ego
One long-running conundrum in Husserlian phenomenology revolves around the question of the identity of what Husserl calls the transcendental ego, a mysterious figure that he identifies as the subject of a genuinely transcendental phenomenology. In dialogue with both Husserl and his assistant and collaborator Eugen Fink (as well as recent commentary), I attempt in this article to give a solid account of the identity of this transcendental ego, and…
Recent Texts on White-Collar Crime: An Overview
Journal Article RECENT TEXTS ON WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: AN OVERVIEW Get access CRIME AND DEVIANCE. By SIMON HOLDAWAY. (London: Macmillan. 1988. 166 pp. £4.50 pb.) Dick Hobbs Dick Hobbs Sociology Department, Polytechnic of CentralLondon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 29, Issue 4, Autumn 1989, Pages 419–420, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047862 Published:…
Doing the Business: Entrepreneurship, the Working Class, and Detectives in the East End of London
A Piece of Business: The Moral Economy of Detective Work in the East-End of London
The practice of policing takes many forms, yet all correspond to a perceived demand for a specific style of social control. However not all police specialisms emerge as the result of rational organisational processes. In the case of detective work, a combination of historical precedent, and the demands made upon officers by the enacted environment has resulted in the policed providing the occupational style for the police. Of course I am like a b…
The Boy Done Good: Football Violence, Changes and Continuities
As football related disorders remain stubbornly impervious to 'solutions', so the study of football hooliganism has become almost a minor branch of the social sciences. This paper looks critically at the main academic approaches to the problem in the UK and Europe. The shortcomings of much of this work are revealed, both theoretically and in terms of the evidence employed about the nature of hooliganism. The meagre amount of data about hooliganis…
Enterprise Culture
Interpreting the field: Accounts of Ethnography
Bad Business: Professional Crime in Modern Britain
Written by a leading commentator on the culture of crime and criminality, this is a hard-hitting and disturbing insight into the activities and attitudes of professional criminals. The book is based upon interviews with generations of criminals whose activities range from violence, intimidation, and protection rackets through to drug dealing and car theft. Professional criminals talk in graphic detail about their violent methods and their often r…
Interpreting the Field: Accounts of Ethnography
Professional Criminals
Professional Crime: Change, Continuity and the Enduring Myth of the Underworld
Based on a recent ethnographic study of professional crime (Hobbs 1995), this paper is concerned with juxtaposing the contemporary enacted environment of serious crime with the most potent device that is utilised to explain and contain its practices and ideological frameworks: the underworld
Going Down the Glocal: The Local Context of Organised Crime
Transnational organised crime is currently regarded as a threat to contemporary political and economic regimes. This paper will query the use of the term transnational, and suggest that a better understanding of organised crime can be gained from interrogating its local manifestation
Violence in the night‐time economy; bouncers: The reporting, recording and prosecution of assaults 1 ∗
This paper, based on ethnographic research, is concerned with the accountability of licensed premise door staff – better known as ‘bouncers’.2 The situational dynamics of the bouncer's enacted environment ensures that theirs is a role consistently exposed to the interactions of violence. As such, allegations of assault, both upon and by door staff, are common. This paper reports upon incidents of door staff violence and why they often fail to be …
Receiving shadows: Governance and Liminality in the Night-Time Economy1
This paper focuses upon the emergence of the night-time economy both materially and culturally as a powerful manifestation of post-industrial society. This emergence features two key processes: firstly a shift in economic development from the industrial to the post-industrial; secondly a significant orientation of urban governance involving a move away from the traditional managerial functions of local service provision, towards an entrepreneuria…
Ethnography and the Study of Deviance
Internationales Handbuch der Gewaltforschung
King Pin? A Case Study of a Middle Market Drug Broker
The article is concerned with ‘middle market’ drug distribution, based on research that involved prison interviews with middle and upper level drug dealers and interviews with a range of enforcement personnel. It offers a preliminary discussion of different definitions of the ‘middle market’, where various forms of drug brokerage connect up different levels of drug markets. It goes on to provide a detailed case study of a single middle market dru…
E’ is for enterprise: Middle level drug markets in ecstasy and stimulants
This article is derived from a study of 'middle-market' drug distribution funded by the Home Office. It involved prison interviews with middle and upper level drug dealers, and interviews with a range of enforcement personnel. The focus of the article is middle level drug markets in Ecstasy and stimulant drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine. A number of case studies are used to illustrate the varying kinds of brokerage, go-between and 'middle-ma…
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy
Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2005 – 1 89 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 13/1, 89–102, 2005 © Koninklijke Brill NV. Printed in the Netherlands. Dick Hobbs, 1 Philip Hadfield, 2 Stuart Lister, 3 Simon Winlow 4 Violence and Control in the Night-Time Economy 1. URBAN REGENERATION Recent changes in the political economies of British citie…
A Zone of Ambiguity: The Political Economy of Cigarette Bootlegging
This paper examines the development of cigarette bootlegging within the United Kingdom by way of a case study of an entrepreneurial criminal firm which sought to capitalize upon the cigarette price disparities within the European Union, through its professional supply of contraband goods to a highly receptive UK market. The paper contends that by way of the relaxation of trading barriers via European Union legislation, an enterprising criminal fi…
Doormen - Peter Bearman
Beyond the binge in 'booze Britain: Market-Led Liminalization and the Spectacle of Binge Drinking
The contemporary night-time economy has transformed British town centres into liminal spaces where transgression does not subvert normative space, but establishes public drunkenness as integral to a negotiated order. The focus of this paper is the wider dialectic surrounding contemporary 'binge drinking', and in particular the relationship between aesthetic processes aimed at encouraging alcohol-related excitement and excess, and those that seek …
Connecting the gendered door: Women, Violence and Doorwork
This paper explores the emerging role of women who work as 'bouncers', or doorstaff, in the night-time economy and examines how the cultural capital of the female bouncer is connected to the methods utilized to control licensed premises. It is drawn from a study that combined ethnographic observations and interviews in five major UK cities which explored a diverse range of issues such as gendered bodies, femininities and violence; the changing ne…
Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance: Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain
Moral panics are conventionally associated with the interpretations of youthful action imposed by powerful state or media forces. However, the concept is also useful in understanding more generally how social problems are constructed and presented. In this paper, we consider how a vague term such as ' organized crime ' has emerged as a vehicle for exclusionary rhetorics in both the United States and Britain. While the origins of the organized cri…
The Eternal Recurrence of Crime and Control: Essays in Honour of Paul Rock
This book features contributions from criminologists from the UK, the US, and Australia, brought together to honour the work of Paul Rock, former Professor of Social Institutions at the London School of Economics. It offers an exploration of the theories which underpin much of current criminological thinking. The resulting thirteen chapters all examine and build upon the central themes associated with Paul Rock's work: social and criminological t…
Securing and sustaining the Olympic city reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond
Often seen as the host nation's largest ever logistical undertaking, accommodating the Olympics and its attendant security infrastructure brings seismic changes to both the physical and social geography of its destination. Since 1976, the defence of the spectacle has become the central feature of its planning, one that has assumed even greater prominence following the bombing of the 1996 Atlanta Games and, most importantly, 9/11. Indeed, the quin…
Sociology (32 works) · Political science (26 works) · Law (23 works) · Criminology (19 works) · Law (15 works) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (14 works) · Politics (12 works) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (10 works) · Business (9 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (9 works)