Ariel Kalil
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3581255 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ariel Kalil |
| NOMBRES | Ariel |
| APELLIDO | Kalil |
| FIRMA | KALIL A |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Chicago |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7506-5023 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 65 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1030 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 64 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1999 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 18 |
Closing early math gaps by parental education with technology at home
Effects of welfare reform on maternal engagement and involvement with young adolescents
ObjectiveThis study investigates the effects of welfare reform in the U.S. on positive parenting-related outcomes and potential pathways.BackgroundThe 1996 welfare reform legislation sharply restricted eligibility for benefits with a strong emphasis on employment over cash assistance. The legislation led to dramatic declines in welfare caseloads and increases in employment. Much less is known about the effects of welfare reform on dynamics within…
State-level safety net spending and educational gaps in maternal time with children
ObjectiveWe examine how state spending on children is associated with the size of socioeconomic gaps in maternal childcare time.BackgroundPersistent socioeconomic divides in the amount and nature of parental time with children have prompted consideration of the factors that mitigate inequalities within the family. At both the national and local levels, the welfare state plays an important role in structuring opportunities for children. Thus, it i…
Boosting Parent-Child Math Engagement and Preschool Children's Math Skills
Effects of Welfare Reform on Positive Health and Social Behaviors of Adolescents
This paper explores a missing link in the literature on welfare reform in the U.S.-the effects on positive health and social behaviors of adolescents, who represent the next generation of potential welfare recipients. Previous research on welfare reform and adolescents has focused almost exclusively on negative behaviors and found that welfare reform led to decreases in high school dropout and teenage fertility among girls, but increases in delin…
Welfare Reform and the Quality of Young Children's Home Environments
This study investigates the effects of welfare reform—a major policy shift in the United States that increased low-income mothers' employment and reliance on earnings instead of cash assistance—on the quality of the home environments mothers provide for their preschool-age children. Using empirical methods designed to identify plausibly causal effects, we estimate the effects of welfare reform on validated survey and observational measures of mat…
Differences in Parents' Attitudes Toward Spanking Across Socioeconomic Status and Region, 1986-2016
Parenting Practices and Socioeconomic Gaps in Childhood Outcomes
In this article, developmental psychologists Ariel Kalil and Rebecca Ryan examine the relation between parenting practices and socioeconomic gaps in child outcomes. They document substantial differences between richer and poorer families, including growing gaps in parental engagement and time use. These gaps matter: the fact that children born to lower-income, less-educated parents are less likely to spend quality time with their parents only com…
Trends in Parental Values in a Period of U.S. Labor Market Change
Objective This article examines changes from 1986 to 2016 in the characteristics that parents in the United States most value in their children and differences in those values by parent income and education. Background As a result of interrelated labor market changes, income‐ and education‐based differences in parents' terminal values that have characterized U.S. families for generations are hypothesized to have converged by income and education …
Maternal Age and Child Development
Although the consequences of teen births for both mothers and children have been studied for decades, few studies have taken a broader look at the potential payoffs—and drawbacks—of being born to older mothers. A broader examination is important given the growing gap in maternal ages at birth for children born to mothers with low and high socioeconomic status. Drawing data from the Children of the NLSY79, our examination of this topic distinguish…
Parental Income and Children's Life Course
This article reviews how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has contributed to our understanding of the links between childhood economic conditions-in particular, the household incomes with very young children-and the economic attainment and health of those children when they reach adulthood. From its beginning, the PSID has provided data useful for addressing intergenerational questions. In the mid-1990s, PSID data supported a series of s…
Increasing Inequality in Parent Incomes and Children’s Schooling
Income inequality and the achievement test score gap between high- and low-income children increased dramatically in the United States beginning in the 1970s. This article investigates the demographic (family income, mother’s education, family size, two-parent family structure, and age of mother at birth) underpinnings of the growing income-based gap in schooling using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Across 31 cohorts, we find that …
Understanding the Importance of Parental Time With Children
We Are Family
Resident fathers have increased the time they spend in active childrearing in recent decades. This paper examines how fathers’ time in childrearing is associated with relationship dissolution. We use longitudinal survey and time-diary data on young children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; n = 5,604). We investigate mothers’ and fathers’ parenting time, alone and with each other, in a wide variety of activities. Controlli…
Time Investments in Children across Family Structures
This article compares time invested in children across family structures as a means to understand differences in children's development. Using data from the 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Child Development Supplement, we measure time investments from multiple caregivers and distinguish time children spend with a caregiver alone versus shared with another caregiver. We examine six family structures-married biological parents, cohabiting biol…
Work Hours, Schedules, and Insufficient Sleep Among Mothers and Their Young Children
Studies have linked parents' employment, work hours, and work schedules to their own sleep quality and quantity, but it is unclear whether these associations extend to children. The authors used data from the 5-year in-home survey of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,818) to examine the associations between maternal work hours and schedule and insufficient sleep among disadvantaged mothers and their young children. They found …
Economic Strain and Children's Behavior in the Aftermath of the Great Recession
Families across the income spectrum experienced subjective feelings of economic strain during the Great Recession. Existing evidence suggests that much of that economic strain did not arise from individual-specific economic shocks, such as unemployment or income loss, as much as it did from worry and uncertainty about the future. The authors tested a model in which a measure of subjective perceptions of economic strain was the key predictor of ch…
Mixing qualitative and quantitative research in developmental science
Multiple methods are vital to understanding development as a dynamic, transactional process. This article focuses on the ways in which quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be combined to enrich developmental science and the study of human development, focusing on the practical questions of when and how. Research situations that may be especially suited to mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches are described. The authors also dis…
Mothers’ night work and children’s behavior problems
Many mothers work in jobs with nonstandard schedules (i.e., schedules that involve work outside of the traditional 9-5, Monday through Friday schedule); this is particularly true for economically disadvantaged mothers. In the present article, we used longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (n = 2,367 mothers of children ages 3-5 years) to examine the associations between maternal nonstandard work and children's beha…
Effects of the Great Recession on Child Development
The Great Recession and its reverberations resulted in levels of economic distress unprecedented since the 1930s. Economic downturns, including the Great Recession, are known to affect adult employment and income, housing, family composition, and financial strain. Many of these family characteristics affect child and adolescent development in the short and long run. The nature of children's experiences in economically unstable families during the…
Parental employment and children's body weight
Measuring Maternal Nonstandard Work in Survey Data
Surveys differ in the measurement of nonstandard work, such that some surveys require respondents to indicate whether they work either a standard or a nonstandard schedule, whereas others allow respondents to indicate that they work both types of schedules. We test whether these measurement decisions influence the estimated prevalence of maternal nonstandard work, using data from two sources: the Current Population Survey (N = 1,430) and the Frag…
Employment Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers
Using data from five waves of the Women’s Employment Survey (WES; 1997–2003), we examine the links between low-income mothers’ employment patterns and the emotional behavior and academic progress of their children. We find robust and substantively important linkages between several different dimensions of mothers’ employment experiences and child outcomes. The pattern of results is similar across empirical approaches—including ordinary least squa…
Diverging Destinies
Using data from the 2003–2007 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS), we compare mothers’ (N = 6,640) time spent in four parenting activities across maternal education and child age subgroups. We test the hypothesis that highly educated mothers not only spend more time in active child care than less-educated mothers but also alter the composition of that time to suit children’s developmental needs more than less-educated mothers. Results support this h…
The Importance of Early Childhood Poverty
Diverging Destinies
Using data from the 2003–2007 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS), we compare mothers’ (N = 6,640) time spent in four parenting activities across maternal education and child age subgroups. We test the hypothesis that highly educated mothers not only spend more time in active child care than less-educated mothers but also alter the composition of that time to suit children’s developmental needs more than less-educated mothers. Results support this h…
Good things come in threes
Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), we found that teenagers who live in nonmarried families are less likely to graduate from high school or to attend college, more likely to smoke or drink, and more likely to initiate sexual activity. Not all nonmarried families are alike, however. In particular, teenagers living with their single mothers and with at least one grandparent in multigenerational households have develo…
The Importance of Early Childhood Poverty
How Welfare Reform is Affecting Women's Work
The new welfare system mandates participation in work activity. We review the evolution of the 1996 legislation and how states implement welfare reform. We examine evidence on recipients' employment, well-being, and future earnings potential to assess the role of welfare in women's work. Policies rewarding work and penalizing nonwork, such as sanctions, time limits, diversion, and earnings 'disregards,' vary across states. While caseloads fell an…
Sanctions and Material Hardship under Tanf
Relatively little is known about families who have been sanctioned since the 1996 Welfare Reform Act. We use panel data from the Women's Employment Survey to examine the predictors of sanctioning and consequences for material hardship among a sample of welfare recipients under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. Approximately 12 percent reported being sanctioned by fall 1998. Statistically significant predictors include being Afr…
Mixing qualitative and quantitative research in developmental science
Multiple methods are vital to understanding development as a dynamic, transactional process. This article focuses on the ways in which quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be combined to enrich developmental science and the study of human development, focusing on the practical questions of "when" and "how." Research situations that may be especially suited to mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches are described. The authors also…
Time Investments in Children across Family Structures
This article compares time invested in children across family structures as a means to understand differences in children's development. Using data from the 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Child Development Supplement, we measure time investments from multiple caregivers and distinguish time children spend with a caregiver alone versus shared with another caregiver. We examine six family structures-married biological parents, cohabiting biol…
Longitudinal Patterns of Nonresident Fathers' Involvement
Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examined patterns of nonresident father involvement 1 and 3 years after a nonmarital birth (N = 893). Cluster analyses were used to determine patterns of involvement across different father behaviors. About half of fathers displayed low involvement when children were 1 and 3 years old, one fourth of fathers maintained high involvement, and equal remaining proportions increased or …
Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-Being in Welfare-Leaving Families
In the wake of welfare reform, thousands of low-income single mothers have transitioned into the labor market. In this article, the authors examine how the work conditions of mothers leaving welfare for employment are associated with the emotional well-being of 372 children ages 5 to 15 years. The authors examine the cumulative incidence, over a 5-year period, of maternal non-family-friendly work conditions, including long work hours, erratic wor…
Parental employment circumstances and children's academic progress
Employment Patterns of Less-Skilled Workers
Using data from five waves of the Women’s Employment Survey (WES; 1997–2003), we examine the links between low-income mothers’ employment patterns and the emotional behavior and academic progress of their children. We find robust and substantively important linkages between several different dimensions of mothers’ employment experiences and child outcomes. The pattern of results is similar across empirical approaches—including ordinary least squa…
Mothers’ night work and children’s behavior problems
Many mothers work in jobs with nonstandard schedules (i.e., schedules that involve work outside of the traditional 9-5, Monday through Friday schedule); this is particularly true for economically disadvantaged mothers. In the present article, we used longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (n = 2,367 mothers of children ages 3-5 years) to examine the associations between maternal nonstandard work and children's beha…
Low-Income Mothers' Private Safety Nets and Children's Socioemotional Well-Being
Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 1,162) and the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (N = 1,308), we estimate associations between material and instrumental support available to low-income mothers and young children's socioemotional well-being. In multivariate OLS models, we find mothers' available support is negatively associated with children's behavior problems and positively associ…
Nonstandard Work and Marital Instability
This article replicated and extended Harriet Presser's (2000) investigation of the linkages between nonstandard work and marital instability. We reexplored this question using data from a sample of 2,893 newlywed couples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and using different analytic techniques. In contrast to Presser, we found that the key dimension of husbands' and wives' employment was nonemployment. Similar to Presser, we f…
Human Capital, Physical Health, and Mental Health of Welfare Recipients
Drawing on a large random sample of welfare recipients in the post–welfare reform era, this article examines the prevalence of mental health disorders, substance dependence, and physical health or disability, their co‐occurrence with human capital problems, and their relation to employment. Half of the participants have none of these potential barriers to employment. Mental health and human capital problems, when present, tend to occur in isolati…
Effects of the Great Recession on Child Development
The Great Recession and its reverberations resulted in levels of economic distress unprecedented since the 1930s. Economic downturns, including the Great Recession, are known to affect adult employment and income, housing, family composition, and financial strain. Many of these family characteristics affect child and adolescent development in the short and long run. The nature of children's experiences in economically unstable families during the…
Early Childhood Poverty and Adult Body Mass Index
Objectives. We estimated associations between poverty in early, middle, and later childhood and adult body mass index to further elucidate the effects of socioeconomic status on health. Methods. We conducted secondary analyses of data from men and women (N = 885) born between 1968 and 1975 who were tracked between their prenatal and birth years and adulthood in the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We used multivariate reg…
Social Fathering in Low-Income, African American Families with Preschool Children
Although research increasingly focuses on nonresident biological fathers, little attention has been given to the role of other men in children's lives. The authors examine the factors associated with social father presence and their influence on preschoolers' development. Findings indicate that the majority of children have a social father and that mother, child, and nonresident biological father characteristics are all related to social father p…
Maternal Work Behavior under Welfare Reform
Parental Job Loss and Children's Educational Attainment in Black and White Middle‐Class Families
Objectives. We aim to understand why blacks are significantly less likely than whites to perpetuate their middle‐class status across generations. To do so, we focus on the potentially different associations between parental job loss and youth's educational attainment in black and white middle‐class families. Methods. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), following those children “born” into the survey between 1968 and 1979 a…
The Mirror Has Two Faces
This paper analyzes in-depth interviews with 45 frontline welfare workers and clients in one county to explore the perceptions that develop at the front-lines of the welfare system and to consider how these perceptions may influence new welfare reform strategies. This exploratory study finds that welfare workers utilize three distinct typologies to understand their clients. In contrast, clients believe that the welfare system is not designed to h…
Understanding the Importance of Parental Time With Children
Parental employment and children's body weight
How Teen Mothers Are Faring Under Welfare Reform
We examine socioeconomic and psychological well‐being among 88 low‐income minor mothers. Half of the young mothers receive cash welfare assistance and face new policy mandates regarding coresidence status and school attendance. Although most appear to be “complying” with the requirements of the new welfare rules and are satisfied with their current living arrangements, many are faring poorly on dimensions of psychological well‐being and life stre…
How do cohabiting couples with children spend their money
Increasing rates of cohabitation in the United States raise important questions about how cohabitation fits in with the definition of family. Answers to this question depend in part upon the extent to which cohabitors' behavior differs from that of other family types. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we compare the expenditure patterns of cohabiting-parent (n = 1,804), married-parent (n = 33,159), divorced single-parent (n = 7,641…
Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and welfare use
Recent changes in welfare programs, including expanded and strictly enforced work and community service requirements, have raised interest in the factors that lead to welfare receipt and that might affect recipients' success in leaving welfare. Most earlier studies focused on welfare recipients' labor market experiences and human capital characteristics, but recent research has begun to examine psychosocial characteristics, such as self-esteem an…
First births among unmarried adolescent girls
In this longitudinal investigation the authors drew on cumulative risk theories to provide new evidence about the effects of sociodemographic risk factors for adolescent nonmarital childbearing among 958 girls in a nationally representative sample. The effect of a cumulative risk index was highly significant-adolescent girls who experienced five or more sociodemographic risk factors were 16 times more likely than their counterparts with only one …
The Mirror Has Two Faces
This paper analyzes in-depth interviews with 45 frontline welfare workers and clients in one county to explore the perceptions that develop at the front-lines of the welfare system and to consider how these perceptions may influence new welfare reform strategies. This exploratory study finds that welfare workers utilize three distinct typologies to understand their clients. In contrast, clients believe that the welfare system is not designed to h…
How Teen Mothers Are Faring Under Welfare Reform
We examine socioeconomic and psychological well‐being among 88 low‐income minor mothers. Half of the young mothers receive cash welfare assistance and face new policy mandates regarding coresidence status and school attendance. Although most appear to be “complying” with the requirements of the new welfare rules and are satisfied with their current living arrangements, many are faring poorly on dimensions of psychological well‐being and life stre…
Human Capital, Physical Health, and Mental Health of Welfare Recipients
Drawing on a large random sample of welfare recipients in the post–welfare reform era, this article examines the prevalence of mental health disorders, substance dependence, and physical health or disability, their co‐occurrence with human capital problems, and their relation to employment. Half of the participants have none of these potential barriers to employment. Mental health and human capital problems, when present, tend to occur in isolati…
Introduction
This article summarizes the 1996 welfare reform act and introduces a set of key questions that remain unanswered as initial results concerning the effects of welfare reform are being analyzed and discussed by policymakers andresearchers. We introduce the collection of articles presented in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues, which are devoted to the topic of welfare reform and its potential ramifications for the well‐being of families. Th…
How Welfare Reform is Affecting Women's Work
The new welfare system mandates participation in work activity. We review the evolution of the 1996 legislation and how states implement welfare reform. We examine evidence on recipients' employment, well-being, and future earnings potential to assess the role of welfare in women's work. Policies rewarding work and penalizing nonwork, such as sanctions, time limits, diversion, and earnings 'disregards,' vary across states. While caseloads fell an…
Life Stressors, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms Among First‐Time Welfare Recipients
This paper examines the associations among stressful life events, social support, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 580 first‐time welfare recipients. Self‐reported number of depressive symptoms was greater than in corresponding community samples. Stressors and social supports made independent main effect contributions to depressive symptoms in a multiple regression analysis. Women with transportation barriers to employment, those experienci…
Correlates of Employment Among Welfare Recipients
This study examines whether and how a wide range of potential barriers to work,including psychological characteristics and attitudes, are associated with current employment in a recent sample of welfare recipients in Michigan ( N = 672 ). Psychological factors include measures of depressive symptoms, work attitudes, and perceived risks associated with leaving welfare. Over and above demographic, economic, and contextual factors, positive psycholo…
Multigenerational Coresidence and Childrearing Conflict
We examine the associations among multigenerational coresidence, intrafamilial conflict over childrearing, and parenting stress in 190 young adolescent mothers at 6, 12, and 24 months postpartum. Analyses assessed the association between coresidence and conflict on parenting stress in 2 ways. To investigate associations between coresidence and conflict at specific points postpartum, 3 cross-sectional analyses were conducted. To assess the associa…
Perceptions of the School Psychological Environment in Predictingadolescent Mothers’ Educational Expectations
Drawing on theories of educational motivation, this longitudinal study investigates how perceptions of the school psychological environment predict change over time in educational expectations among 81 low-income adolescent mothers. Results suggest that over and above the significant role of baseline educational attainment and expectations, teenage mothers’perceptions of differential treatment at school predict expectations for educational attain…
Good things come in threes
Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), we found that teenagers who live in nonmarried families are less likely to graduate from high school or to attend college, more likely to smoke or drink, and more likely to initiate sexual activity. Not all nonmarried families are alike, however. In particular, teenagers living with their single mothers and with at least one grandparent in multigenerational households have develo…
Sanctions and Material Hardship under Tanf
Relatively little is known about families who have been sanctioned since the 1996 Welfare Reform Act. We use panel data from the Women's Employment Survey to examine the predictors of sanctioning and consequences for material hardship among a sample of welfare recipients under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. Approximately 12 percent reported being sanctioned by fall 1998. Statistically significant predictors include being Afr…
Social Fathering in Low-Income, African American Families with Preschool Children
Although research increasingly focuses on nonresident biological fathers, little attention has been given to the role of other men in children's lives. The authors examine the factors associated with social father presence and their influence on preschoolers' development. Findings indicate that the majority of children have a social father and that mother, child, and nonresident biological father characteristics are all related to social father p…
Maternal Work Behavior under Welfare Reform
Family Investments in Children's Potential
Developmental Psychology and Public Policy
This article outlines a framework for developmentally oriented policy research. Drawing from U. Bronfenbrenner's (1995) dynamic developmental systems theory, the authors suggest ways in which the key tenets of process, persons, context, and time can inform policy research in developmental psychology and can be used to support a causal interpretation of the results of those analyses. Conceptualizing public policies from a dynamic developmental sys…
Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-Being in Welfare-Leaving Families
In the wake of welfare reform, thousands of low-income single mothers have transitioned into the labor market. In this article, the authors examine how the work conditions of mothers leaving welfare for employment are associated with the emotional well-being of 372 children ages 5 to 15 years. The authors examine the cumulative incidence, over a 5-year period, of maternal non-family-friendly work conditions, including long work hours, erratic wor…
Special Reviewers
How do cohabiting couples with children spend their money
Increasing rates of cohabitation in the United States raise important questions about how cohabitation fits in with the definition of family. Answers to this question depend in part upon the extent to which cohabitors' behavior differs from that of other family types. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we compare the expenditure patterns of cohabiting-parent (n = 1,804), married-parent (n = 33,159), divorced single-parent (n = 7,641…
Family economic well-being following the 1996 welfare reform
Maternal work and welfare use and child well-being
Mothers' citizenship status and household food insecurity among low-income children of immigrants
Recent data have shown that children of immigrant noncitizens experience more persistent and higher levels of food insecurity than the children of citizens following welfare reform. However, little is known about the range of factors that might explain different rates of food insecurity in the different populations. In this study, the authors used national data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort to assess this questio…
Cognitive and non‐cognitive predictors of success in adult education programs
Using data on approximately 2,000 low‐income welfare recipients in a three‐site random‐assignment intervention conducted in the early 1990s (the NEWWS), we examine the role of cognitive and non‐cognitive factors in moderating experimental impacts of an adult education training program for women who lacked a high school degree or GED at the time of random assignment. Both cognitive and noncognitive skills (in particular, locus of control) moderate…
New methods for new questions
Two forces motivate this special section, "New Methods for New Questions in Developmental Psychology." First are recent developments in social science methodology and the increasing availability of those methods in common software packages. Second, at the same time psychologists' understanding of developmental phenomena has continued to grow. At their best, these developments in theory and methods work in tandem, fueling each other. Newer methods…
Psychology (57 obras) · Developmental psychology (38 obras) · Economics (32 obras) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (29 obras) · Demographic economics (28 obras) · Sociology (26 obras) · Demography (23 obras) · Medicine (21 obras) · Welfare (20 obras) · Political science (19 obras)