Peter Schmidt
Biographic Data
| ID | 3581399 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter Schmidt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter |
| FAMILY NAME | Schmidt |
| SIGNATURE | SCHMIDT P |
| AFFILIATIONS | Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6954-8590 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 155 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1423 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 147 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 8 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1902 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
More Than a Wish: Translating Old Testament Blessings as Multifunctional Speech Acts
Common renderings of Old Testament blessings, such as “The LORD bless you”, risk reducing this speech act to a wish. This practical paper examines the grammatical, speech-act-theoretical, and translational evidence for the Hebrew jussive blessings of the Old Testament, taking the Priestly Blessing of Numbers 6 as its principal test case. Following an analysis of Septuagint renderings and a review of select literature, it is argued that biblical b…
A randomly swapped bootstrap for paired data: Testing equality of distribution for correlated samples
We consider tests of the hypothesis that two random variables $$X$$ X and $$Y$$ Y have the same distribution. Standard tests of this hypothesis, like the Kolmogorov–Smirnov two-sample test and the Baumgartner–Weiss–Schindler test, assume that $$X$$ X and $$Y$$ Y are independent, and we do not assume this. Instead we suppose that our sample consists of observations on pairs $${({x}_{i},{y}_{i})}_{i=1}^{n}$$ ( x i , y i ) i = 1 n , where we have ra…
Measurement of democratic values: A cross-country comparison with ESS round 10
This study examines the measurement and cross-national comparability of democratic values utilizing the Citizens’ Models of Democracy scale included in the European Social Survey round 10. Given the ambiguous understanding of psychological constructs in empirical legitimacy research, we propose a conceptualization drawing on Norris’s framework of political support to facilitate a decisive operationalization of survey indicators. Acknowledging the…
Challenges in Multilevel Modelling: Cross-Group Measurement Noninvariance and Measurement Errors. A Monte Carlo Simulation Study
Multilevel modelling (MM) is widely utilized in the social sciences, with over 20% of articles in leading sociological journals employing this technique. Despite its prevalence, few studies address whether the variables used in MM are invariant across groups or allow to construct reliable indicators. This study investigates the effects of both measurement noninvariance and random measurement error on MM using Monte Carlo simulations. Our findings…
Africa’s Cultural Crossroads: Archaeological Evidence for Ritual Syncretism in Western Uganda from Western Kansyore, Transitional Urewe, and Bigo-Period Burials
Archaeological research in the Ndali Crater Lakes Region (NCLR) in western Uganda has contributed significant insights into first millennium AD multilingual communities. These diverse communities, sharing food ways, ceramic technologies, and ritual beliefs, are traced to Bantu speakers who interacted with Sudanic speakers who made Kansyore ceramics. One of the significant exchanges of cultural beliefs was the adoption of Kansyore burial urns by B…
How Did GDR Socialization in Adolescence Shape Political Attitudes More Than Thirty Years Later
In this article, we investigate the question of whether political socialization in the German Democratic Republic before the fall of the Berlin Wall has had an effect on current attitudes toward German unification and the role of intra-German migration in this context. We used the data of the Saxon Longitudinal Study to measure gdr identification of the respondents in 1987 and to test their influence on attitudes toward unification more than 30 y…
Antisemitism among Muslims in Germany
Antisemitism is a long-standing, yet recently escalating threat to Jews and social cohesion in general. While there are intense public debates on Muslim antisemitism, there is very little systematic research based on large-scale, representative data. We fill this gap by analysing approximately 8,500 respondents included in the German Integrationsbarometer 2020 survey. Our results demonstrate that antisemitism is significantly higher among Muslims…
Does a Tax Exemption of Retained Profits Strengthen the Equity Base of Firms?
Tax legislators have used a tax exemption of retained profits (TERP) to stimulate an increase in firms' equity by imposing a lock-in effect. We examine the Croatian TERP over the period 2013-2016 to investigate whether taxpayers use a TERP and whether it contributes to an increase in firms' equity. Our findings show that Croatian firms used the TERP, but its application varies substantially depending on the ownership structure of the firm. Compar…
First test of the theory of reasoned goal pursuit: Predicting physical activity
Objective This study applied the theory of reasoned goal pursuit (TRGP) in predicting physical activity among Australian undergraduate students, providing the first empirical test of the model.Methods: The research comprised an elicitation study (N = 25; MAge= 25.76, SDAge= 11.33, 20 female, 5 male) to identify readily accessible procurement and approval goal beliefs and behavioural, normative, and control beliefs; and, a two-wave prospective onl…
The Between-Person and Within-Person Effects of Intergroup Contact on Outgroup Attitudes: A Multi-Context Examination
The extensive literature on the contact hypothesis reports a positive association between intergroup contact and outgroup attitudes, yet it remains unknown whether this association reflects within-person (i.e., situational changes within individuals) or between-person (i.e., stable differences between individuals) effects. To investigate this question, we applied (random-intercept) cross-lagged panel models in two studies featuring different samp…
A Tapestry of Human-Induced and Climate-Driven Environmental Change in Western Uganda: The Ndali Crater Lakes Region
Recent archaeological and paleoenvironmental research in the Ndali Crater Lakes Region (NCLR) of western Uganda provide important new insights into anthropogenic impacts on moist forests to the East of the Rwenzori Mountains. This research significantly changes previous interpretations of paleoenvironmental records in western Uganda and helps to distinguish climate change from human impacts. By drawing on multiple sources such as historical lingu…
Remaki n g the Late Holocene Environment of Western Uganda: Archaeological Perspectives on Kansyore and Later Settlers
Archaeological and environmental research by an international and interdisciplinary team opens new perspectives into the settlement histories of Kansyore, Early Iron Age, and Bigo period peoples in the once forested regions of the Ndali Crater Lakes Region (NCLR) of western Uganda. The research examines the role of Kansyore agropastoralists and their Early Iron Age and Bantu-speaking contemporaries in remaking a once forested environment into a f…
Introduction to the special issue of the International Journal of Comparative Sociology on “National identity, nationalism, patriotism, and globalization”
This editors’ introduction into the themed issue of IJCS dedicated to the analysis of comparative survey work on national identity and globalization presents a very brief overview of core hypotheses from the five articles collected in the issue. The articles offer a variety of new, rather differentiated insights into how individual-level national identity attitudes and sibling concepts like belief in national superiority, patriotism, and national…
Is the migrant share really the problem? Size of migrant population and individual authoritarianism as major determinants of xenophobic attitudes
Contact hypothesis and threat hypothesis are among the most influential theories of xenophobia. The former proposes that intergroup contact may reduce prejudice. The latter suggests that a large outgroup may increase xenophobic attitudes. Using data of a 2018 German representative sample (N = 2,016), we employed multilevel analyses. As predictors, we looked at outgroup size, gross domestic product, and unemployment rate on a county level. On the …
Logical Positivism or Critical Theory as the Methodological Foundation of The Authoritarian Personality
In this paper, the central research question discusses to what extent logical positivism or critical theory forms the methodological core of the seminal work on the authoritarian personality. A central thesis is that due to her background in psychology, logical positivism and psychoanalysis and her neglected but central role in the authoritarian personality study, Else Frenkel-Brunswik has had a much more lasting and productive influence on autho…
Why Measurement Invariance is Important in Comparative Research. A Response to Welzel et al. (2021)
Welzel et al. (2021) claim that non-invariance of instruments is inconclusive and inconsequential in the field for cross-cultural value measurement. In this response, we contend that several key arguments on which Welzel et al. (2021) base their critique of invariance testing are conceptually and statistically incorrect. First, Welzel et al. (2021) claim that value measurement follows a formative rather than reflective logic. Yet they do not prov…
The Confident study protocol: A randomized controlled trial comparing two methods to increase long-term care worker confidence in the Covid-19 vaccines
NCT05168800 at ClinicalTrials.gov, registered December 23, 2021
Wellbeing at home: A mediation analysis of residential satisfaction, comfort, and home attachment
In the study of residential satisfaction in architectural design different physical comfort domains have received the most attention. But with this comfort-driven approach, residential satisfaction is reduced to a psychophysical relationship. Adding psychological substance to the design process, the paper argues that a distinction should be made between residential satisfaction and home attachment and that we need to consider home attachment as a…
Measurement invariance in the social sciences: Historical development, methodological challenges, state of the art, and future perspectives
Lastannahmen – Beispiele
Sebők Ferenc lepkegyűjteménye a kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeumban – adatok a Keleti-Bakony nagylepke faunájához (Lepidoptera)
The Lepidoptera-collection of Sebk Ferenc in the Rippl-Rnai Museum of Kaposvr
“20 Years After…” GFE 2.0: A Theoretical Revision and Empirical Testing of the Concept of “Group-Focused Enmity” Based on Longitudinal Data
Conceptually, “group-focused enmity” (GFE, long-term project in Germany, duration: 2002–2011) consists of several different attitudes that constitute a syndrome of group-focused enmity. These attitudes are empirically related to each other and share a common core which is the ideology of inequality. But is GFE really a one-dimensional homogeneous ideology? Over the years there have been considerable doubts about this fundamental assumption. We ha…
Are Attitudes towards Covid-19 Pandemic Related to Subjective Physical and Mental Health
In this paper, we investigate the relationship between a person’s psychological distress, subjective physical health and their attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation was performed on the basis of data from two waves of the Saxon Longitudinal Study, carried out in 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2021. The number of study participants in both waves was 291. We tested in autoregressive cross-lagged models the stability of the respondents’ h…
Depression predicts equivalized income five years later, but not vice versa: Results from the prospective Gutenberg Health Study
Correlates of Covid-19 vaccination intentions: Attitudes, institutional trust, fear, conspiracy beliefs, and vaccine skepticism
Successful campaigns to combat the COVID-19 pandemic depend, in part, on people's willingness to be vaccinated. It is therefore critical to understand the factors that determine people's vaccination intentions. We applied a reasoned action approach - the theory of planned behavior - to explore these factors. We used data from an online survey of adults (18-74 years; n = 5044) conducted in Germany between April 9 and April 28, 2021 and found that …
Measurement Equivalence in Cross-National Research
Determining whether people in certain countries score differently in measurements of interest or whether concepts relate differently to each other across nations can indisputably assist in testing theories and advancing our sociological knowledge. However, meaningful comparisons of means or relationships between constructs within and across nations require equivalent measurements of these constructs. This is especially true for subjective attribu…
Bringing Values Back In: The Adequacy of the European Social Survey to Measure Values in 20 Countries
The Schwartz (1992) theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values. The semi-annual European Social Survey (ESS) includes a new 21-item instrument to measure the importance of the 10 basic values of the theory. Representative national samples in 20 countries responded to the instrument in 2002–3. We briefly describe the theory and the ESS instrument and assess its adequacy for measuring values across countries…
National Identity in a United Germany: Nationalism or Patriotism? An Empirical Test With Representative Data
Nationalism and patriotism can be thought of as consequences of national identity that represent positive evaluations of one's own group but imply different social goals. This paper investigates the ways in which these concepts are related to attitudes toward minorities. The data analyzed were drawn from a representative sample of residents of the former East and West Germany who responded to items on the national identity of Germans in 1996 as p…
Population size, perceived threat, and exclusion: A multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward foreigners in Germany
Values and Support for Immigration: A Cross-Country Comparison
In this article, we estimate and compare the effects of two value dimensions taken from the theory of basic human values—namely, self-transcendence and conservation—on attitudes toward immigration in 19 countries. Data from the first wave (2002–03) of the European Social Survey (ESS) is utilized for the analyses. This cross-national survey measures basic human values with a new 21-item instrument. Attitudes toward immigration are operationalized …
What Does a Nation Owe Non-Citizens: National Attachments, Perception of Threat and Attitudes towards Granting Citizenship Rights in a Comparative Perspective
In this article we test the effects of national attachments (patriotism and chauvinism) and perception of threat on citizens' willingness to concede citizenship rights to immigrants in France, Germany (West and East), the USA and Israel. Our findings show that despite marked differences in countries' migration policies and conceptions of nationhood, no significant differences were found in attitudes towards the allocation of citizenship rights to…
The Syndrome of Group‐Focused Enmity: The Interrelation of Prejudices Tested with Multiple Cross‐Sectional and Panel Data
Different types of prejudice are usually treated as separate constructs. We propose that they constitute a syndrome of group‐focused enmity (GFE), that is, they are related to each other and share a common core that is strongly predicted by a generalized ideology of inequality. Furthermore, GFE components are supposed to have similar predictors and outcomes. An empirical test is presented using structural equation modeling on the syndrome, its ca…
Disentangling the Causal Relations of Perceived Group Threat and Outgroup Derogation: Cross-national Evidence from German and Russian Panel Surveys
Despite the resurgence of interest in group threat theory for explaining negative interethnic relations, adequate empirical evidence on the causal ordering of perceived group threat and outgroup derogation is still missing. In the literature, three theoretical perspectives concerning this issue have been raised. The predominating view assumes that perceived group threat is a causal antecedent to outgroup derogation. Contrary to this perspective, …
Direct and indirect predictors of opposition to immigration in Europe: Individual Values, Cultural Values, and Symbolic Threat
The current study examines the following questions: (1) the extent to which individual basic human values are linked with attitudes towards immigration; (2) whether symbolic threat by immigration mediates this relation; and (3) whether cultural values moderate the relations between individual values, threat, and attitudes towards immigration. The empirical analysis relies on the 2014/2015 data from the immigration module of the European Social Su…
Economic conditions, group relative deprivation and ethnic threat perceptions: A Cross-National Perspective
Explaining negative attitudes towards immigration in general and threat due to immigration, in particular, has been a major topic of study in recent decades. While intergroup contact has received considerable attention in explaining ethnic threat, group relative deprivation (GRD), that is, feelings that one’s group is unfairly deprived of desirable goods in comparison to relevant out-groups, has been largely ignored in cross-national research. Ne…
The Comparability of Measurements of Attitudes toward Immigration in the European Social Survey
International survey data sets are analyzed with increasing frequency to investigate and compare attitudes toward immigration and to examine the contextual factors that shape these attitudes. However, international comparisons of abstract, psychological constructs require the measurements to be equivalent; that is, they should measure the same concept on the same measurement scale. Traditional approaches to assessing measurement equivalence quite…
Plundering Africa's Past
Comprehensive review of the plundering of African archaeological and historical heritage
Contested terrain: Explaining divergent patterns of public opinion towards immigration within Europe
Mass immigration has become an enduring feature of open, integrated and dynamic economies, with most wealthy post-industrial societies experiencing large migration inflows in recent years (OECD 2017). At the same time, public opposition to immigration has become a major disruptive force in developed democracies, with the emergence of a new family of political parties, the populist radical right (Mudde 2007), who draw their support primarily from …
Human values, legal regulation, and approval of homosexuality in Europe: A cross‐country comparison
Although research has revealed a trend toward liberalization of attitudes toward homosexuality in Western countries, acceptance of homosexuality differs remarkably among individuals and across countries. We examine the roles of individual value priorities and of national laws regarding homosexuality and the interaction between them in explaining approval of homosexuality. Data are drawn from the European Social Survey and include representative n…
Individual values, cultural embeddedness, and anti-immigration sentiments: Explaining differences in the effect of values on attitudes toward immigration across Europe
Using a Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Explain Cross-Cultural Measurement Noninvariance
Testing for invariance of measurements across groups (such as countries or time points) is essential before meaningful comparisons may be conducted. However, when tested, invariance is often absent. As a result, comparisons across groups are potentially problematic and may be biased. In the current study, we propose utilizing a multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to provide a framework to explain item bias. We show how variatio…
Correlates of Covid-19 vaccination intentions: Attitudes, institutional trust, fear, conspiracy beliefs, and vaccine skepticism
Successful campaigns to combat the COVID-19 pandemic depend, in part, on people's willingness to be vaccinated. It is therefore critical to understand the factors that determine people's vaccination intentions. We applied a reasoned action approach - the theory of planned behavior - to explore these factors. We used data from an online survey of adults (18-74 years; n = 5044) conducted in Germany between April 9 and April 28, 2021 and found that …
Measurement invariance in the social sciences: Historical development, methodological challenges, state of the art, and future perspectives
Two theories on the test bench: Internal and external validity of the theories of Ronald Inglehart and Shalom Schwartz
The left is right’: Left and right political orientation across Eastern and Western Europe
Left-right political auto-identification has been used widely in socio-political research to interpret and organize political attitudes and opinions. In this paper we analyse whether the meaning of left-right orientation is the same in Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Using data from two big European survey programmes, European Social Survey and European Values Study, we show that while citizens’ support for economic liberalism is positively re…
National identity, nationalism, and attitudes toward migrants in comparative perspective
The Play of Tropes in Archaeology
The language of archeology is infused with figurative speech or tropes such as metaphor and metonymy. Since tropes mark symbolic representations in archaeological language and reasoning, it is critical to develop a strongly reflexive posture regarding how archaeologists make interpretations, name artifacts, and carry out bridging arguments through ethnoarchaeology. The misuse of analogy rhetoric in ethnoarchaeology is particularly problematic, fo…
How to Obtain Comparable Measures for Cross-National Comparisons
Explaining Measurement Nonequivalence Using Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling: The Case of Attitudes Toward Citizenship Rights
It is necessary to test for equivalence of measurements across groups to guarantee that comparisons of regression coefficients or mean scores of a latent factor are meaningful. Unfortunately, when tested, many scales display nonequivalence. Several researchers have suggested that nonequivalence may be used as a useful source of information as to why equivalence is biased and proposed employing a multilevel structural equation modeling (MLSEM) app…
Is there a 'Socratic Effect' in Nonexperimental Panel Studies: Consistency of an Attitude toward Guestworkers
It has often been observed in experimental studies that the reliability of items increases if the same questions are asked of the same respondents more than once. This phenomenon, called the 'Socratic effect,' also occurs in nonexperimental, short-wave panel studies. In the first section of this article a number of hypotheses presumed to underlie the 'Socratic effect' are presented. It is argued that a distinction must be made between consistency…
The Languages of the Wild Tribes of the Malay Peninsula
August Gottfried Ritters Erfurter Jahre
tun, die lange angedauert hat und trotz eines offensichtlichen Neubeginns nach dem ersten Viertel unseres Jahrhunderts noch zu verspuren ist. Der Kunstler, Padagoge und Gelehrte hat nicht im weltberuhmten Erfurt des Humanismus gelebt, wohl aber in einem Erfurt, das im Verlauf der ersten Halfte des 19. Jahrhunderts auch ohne die dereinst funftalteste deutsche Universitat ein reges kulturelles Leben entwickelte und mit Stolz auf eine glorreiche Tra…
Abraham Unser Vater: Juden und Christen im Gespräch über die Bibel. Festschrift für Otto Michel zum 60. Geburtstag
Quantitative Untersuchungen zur kologie der Gastrotrichen in Gezeiten-Sandstrand der Insel Sylt
Expanded duties of auxiliaries: A hygienist's viewpoint
Expanded duties of auxiliaries: a hygienist's viewpoint. P SchmidtCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.62.1.54 Published Online: October 07, 2011
A Note on Theil's Minimum Standard Error Criterion when the Disturbances are Autocorrelated
Cognitive Range in the Theory of Revealed Preference
The Small Sample Effects of Various Treatments of Truncation Remainders in the Estimation of Distributed Lag Models
Peter Schmidt, The Small Sample Effects of Various Treatments of Truncation Remainders in the Estimation of Distributed Lag Models, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Aug., 1975), pp. 387-389
Some Further Evidence on the Power of the Durbin-Watson and Geary Tests
Rekursive oder nicht-rekursive Modelle? / Testing for non-recursiveness in causal modelling: Zum Problem der Testbarkeit von Feedback-Prozessen / For the problem of measurability of feedback processes
The paper discusses a stubborn problem of theory construction: deciding between recursive and non- recursive variants of a causal model by testing them against empirical data. After pointing out the consequences of a correlation between an exogeneous variable and the error term of an endogeneous variable as well as certain aspects of the identification problem we show for the asymptotic case (n → ∞) that a test is possible if the correlation betw…
Silence, Ceremony, and Song in Hofmannsthal's Libretti
On the Statistical Estimation of Parametric Frontier Production Functions
Direct and Cross Demand Elasticities in a Model with Many Sectors, Econometrica (Apr. 1959). Goldberger, A. S., Econometric Theory (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964). Jorgenson, D. W., Lecture Notes: Economics 241 Part IV: The Multivariate Structural Model (Berkeley, California: Committee on Econometrics and Mathematical Economics, Institute of Business and Economic Research, University of California at Berkeley, 1962). Lemke, C. E., A Met…
Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models
On the Statistical Estimation of Parametric Frontier Production Functions: Rejoinder
assumptions in each individual case, and often a modification of the classical model may become necessary. On the other hand, for any research in which the frontier function is important, the programming methodology is probably a more relevant tool. True, the sampling properties of the programming estimators are mostly unknown. But with the development of modern computer technology, large scale simulation studies can be expected to ascertain the …
A survey of frontier production functions and of their relationship to efficiency measurement
Historical Archaeology: A Structural Approach in an African Culture
On the estimation of technical inefficiency in the stochastic frontier production function model
A Note on the Comparison of the Mean Square Error of Inequality Constrained Least Squares and Other Related Estimators
Michael Thomson, Peter Schmidt, A Note on the Comparison of the Mean Square Error of Inequality Constrained Least Squares and Other Related Estimators, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Feb., 1982), pp. 174-176
Messung von Arbeitsorientierungen: Theoretische Fundierung und Test alternativer kausaler Meßmodelle
In this paper we deal firstly with epistemological foundations of the process of operationalization in general and the character of correspondence rules in particular. After this we discuss the theoretical foundation of a scale for measuring work motivation. We explicate three different approaches, which can be used as a theoretical background for this scale. As a next step we specify and test different measurement theories relating the observabl…
Production Frontiers and Panel Data
A Test of the Tobit Specification Against an Alternative Suggested by Cragg
In this paper we present a specification test for the Tobit model. Specifically, we test the Tobit model against the alternative of a two-part model in which one set of parameters determines the probability of a limit observation while a second set of parameters determines the distribution of the non-limit observations. An advantage of our test is that it is easily calculated from the Tobit residuals
Military Detente In Central Europe
This article analyzes the views of the West German security policy elite on the MBFR (mutual balanced force reduction) talks in Vienna; it is based on the results of the SIPLA survey of 1980/81. The survey asked how the elite members' attitudes toward the talks in Vienna are influenced by their suppositions about the goal of the talks (overcoming vs. stabilizing deterrence), their view of arms control (technical vs. political), their preference f…
An Economic Analysis of Crime and Justice: Theory, Methods, and Applications
Comparisons of Subgroups by Models with Multiple Indicators
This article deals with the assessment of the reliability and stability of the respondent's attitudes toward guestworkers across selected standard demographic variables (i.e., age, education, gender) as well as across contacts with guestworkers. As a baseline model we use the 'best' model developed by Jagodzinski et al. (this volume) and test its invariance across the subgroups using the multiple-group option of LISREL
Is there a 'Socratic Effect' in Nonexperimental Panel Studies: Consistency of an Attitude toward Guestworkers
It has often been observed in experimental studies that the reliability of items increases if the same questions are asked of the same respondents more than once. This phenomenon, called the 'Socratic effect,' also occurs in nonexperimental, short-wave panel studies. In the first section of this article a number of hypotheses presumed to underlie the 'Socratic effect' are presented. It is argued that a distinction must be made between consistency…
Psychology (64 works) · Political science (56 works) · Mathematics (47 works) · Economics (46 works) · Computer Science (45 works) · Sociology (45 works) · Econometrics (42 works) · Statistics (41 works) · Social Psychology (38 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (31 works)