Catherine Law
Biographic Data
| ID | 3582079 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Catherine Law |
| GIVEN NAMES | Catherine |
| FAMILY NAME | Law |
| SIGNATURE | LAW C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1777-9386 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 146 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1988 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Modelling the potential for parenting skills interventions to reduce inequalities and population prevalence of children's mental health problems: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study
Parenting programmes can improve parenting quality and, in turn, children's mental health. If scaled-up, they have the potential to reduce population inequalities and prevalence in child mental health problems (MHP). However, this cannot be investigated with trials. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (18,000 children born 2000-2002), we simulated population impact of scale-up of seven parenting programmes. Predicted probabilities of c…
How do early-life adverse childhood experiences mediate the relationship between childhood socioeconomic conditions and adolescent health outcomes in the UK
Background Both adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse childhood socioeconomic conditions (SECs) in early life are associated with poor outcomes across the life course. However, the complex interrelationships between childhood SECs and ACEs are unclear, as are the consequences for health outcomes beyond childhood. We therefore assessed the extent to which early-life ACEs mediate the relationship between SECs and socioemotional behaviour…
Associations between mental health competence and indicators of physical health and cognitive development in eleven year olds: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
MHC is not simply the inverse of MHD, and high MHC is associated with better physical health and cognitive development. Findings suggest that interventions to improve MHC may support healthy development, although they require replication
Voices, Bodies, Practices: Performing Musical Subjectivities
How well can poor child health and development be predicted by data collected in early childhood
BACKGROUND: Identifying children at risk of poor developmental outcomes remains a challenge, but is important for better targeting children who may benefit from additional support. We explored whether data routinely collected in early life predict which children will have language disability, overweight/obesity or behavioural problems in later childhood. METHODS: We used data on 10 262 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) collected …
Multiple health behaviours among mothers and partners in England: Clustering, social patterning and intra-couple concordance
Research on multiple health behaviours is increasing but little is known about parental behaviours and how they covary. Our study investigates cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption and physical activity among mothers and co-resident partners in England. Using the UK Household Longitudinal Study, we examined (i) clustering of health behaviours using observed-expected ratios and latent class analysis (ii) socio-de…
Do early life cognitive ability and self-regulation skills explain socio-economic inequalities in academic achievement? An effect decomposition analysis in UK and Australian cohorts
Disadvantaged children at greater relative risk of thinness (as well as obesity): A secondary data analysis of the England National Child Measurement Programme and the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Children from more disadvantaged backgrounds are at elevated relative risk of thinness as well as obesity. Researchers and policymakers should consider environmental influences on thinness in addition to overweight and obesity
After the RCT: Who comes to a family-based intervention for childhood overweight or obesity when it is implemented at scale in the community
BACKGROUND: When implemented at scale, the impact on health and health inequalities of public health interventions depends on who receives them in addition to intervention effectiveness. METHODS: The MEND 7-13 (Mind, Exercise, Nutrition...Do it!) programme is a family-based weight management intervention for childhood overweight and obesity implemented at scale in the community. We compare the characteristics of children referred to the MEND prog…
Environmental influences on children's physical activity
BACKGROUND: This paper aims to assess whether 7-year-olds' physical activity is associated with family and area-level measures of the physical and socioeconomic environments. METHODS: We analysed the association of environments with physical activity in 6497 singleton children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study with reliable accelerometer data (≥2 days and ≥10 h/day). Activity levels were assessed as counts per minute; minutes of moderate to vig…
Family employment and child socioemotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Levels of paid employment in two parent and lone parent families have increased in the UK but evidence of its impact on child socioemotional behaviour is limited and inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal analysis using the first four sweeps of the Millennium Cohort Study (9 months, 3 years, 5 years and 7 years) to investigate the influence of family employment trajectories in the early years on socioemotional behaviour at…
OP12 The Health Behaviours of Mothers in England: A Latent Class Analysis
Background Promoting healthier lifestyles is at the heart of England’s public health strategy. The dominant focus has been on single health behaviours; however, most adults engage in multiple risk behaviours. Very few studies have investigated patterns among parents and children. This paper focuses on four health behaviours among mothers; part of a broader project examining multiple risk behaviours among parents and children. Methods Data from th…
The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Despite rises in reconstituted and lone-parent families, relatively little is known about how the health of children in different family types varies, and the extent to which any differences might be explained by poverty. The authors examined this using cross-sectional data on 13 681 seven-year-olds from the Millennium Cohort Study. METHODS: The authors estimated RRs and 95% CIs for having poor physical (general health, long-standing …
OP39 Are Adverse Effects of Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Modifiable: The Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Mid-Life in the 1958 British Cohort
Background Obesity is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated biomarkers. A key priority is to minimise such obesity-related consequences for the substantial proportion of adults now at risk. Potential modifiable factors, such as physical activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyles could mediate or moderate the obesity - ill-health association. However, research is scant on whether benefi…
OP51 Maternal Employment and Socio-Emotional Behaviour at Age 7: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Background Maternal employment in the UK has increased significantly in recent years, but evidence of its relationship with child socio-emotional behaviour is mixed. Given the policy importance of both family employment and children’s wellbeing, this relationship needs to be better understood. This study seeks to investigate whether cumulative exposure to maternal employment is associated with socio-emotional behaviour at age 7. Methods The study…
Does the home environment influence inequalities in unintentional injury in early childhood? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to experience unintentional injuries and poor home environments. The aim of this study was to explore the home environment as a potential mediator between socioeconomic circumstances and unintentional injuries, in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n=14 378). METHODS: RRs and 95% CIs for being injured in the home between age 9 months and 3 years were estimated according to four meas…
Examining smoking behaviours among parents from the UK Millennium Cohort Study after the smoke-free legislation in Scotland
Smoking behaviours among parents with young children remained relatively stable, highlighting the need for additional tobacco control efforts to support smoking cessation. However, the smoke-free legislation does not appear to widen health inequalities and may even help reduce them by encouraging quitting across socioeconomic groups
Does childcare influence socioeconomic inequalities in unintentional injury? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: In recent decades the proportion of infants and young children being cared for in childcare has increased. Little is known about the impact that non-parental care has on childhood unintentional injury and whether this varies by socioeconomic group. METHODS: Using data from a contemporary UK cohort of children at age 9 months (N = 18 114) and 3 years (N = 13 718), Poisson regression was used to explore the association between childcare…
Inequalities in child healthy development: Some challenges for effective implementation
Lifecourse influences on women's smoking before, during and after pregnancy
What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 12 months
Objective To evaluate the relative validity of an FFQ for assessing nutrient intakes in 12-month-old infants. Design and setting The FFQ was developed to assess the diets of infants born to women in the Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS), a population-based survey of young women and their offspring. The energy and nutrient intakes obtained from an interviewer-administered FFQ were compared with those obtained from 4d weighed diaries (WD). Subjects …
An ecological systems approach to examining risk factors for early childhood overweight: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
OBJECTIVE: To use an ecological systems approach to examine individual-, family-, community- and area-level risk factors for overweight (including obesity) in 3-year-old children. METHODS: A prospective nationally representative cohort study conducted in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland. Participants included 13 188 singleton children aged 3 years in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between 2000 and 2002, who had complete height/weight…
Examining the relationship between maternal employment and health behaviours in 5-year-old British children
BACKGROUND: There is little known about potential mechanisms underlying the association between maternal employment and childhood obesity. The relationships between maternal hours worked per week (none, 1-20 hours, 21+ hours) and children's dietary and physical activity/inactivity habits were examined. Where mothers were employed, the relationships between flexible work arrangements and these health behaviours were also examined. METHODS: Data fr…
Does childcare influence the risk of overweight and obesity in the early years? Findings from the UK millennium cohort study
To explore whether childcare type (parent, informal, formal) is associated with overweight in children, and whether this differs by socio-economic background. Nationally representative prospective cohort study. Children born in the UK in 2000–2002. 12 354 children with information on childcare between 9 months and 3 years, and height and weight data at age 3. Overweight (including obesity) at age 3 defined by the International Obesity Task Force …
What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 6 months
Objective To evaluate the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing nutrient intakes in 6-month-old infants. Design and setting The FFQ was developed to assess the diets of infants born to women in the Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS), a population-based survey of young women and their offspring. The energy and nutrient intakes obtained from an interviewer-administered FFQ were compared with those obtained from a 4-d…
Early growth and abdominal fatness in adult life
STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine whether abdominal fatness in adult men is associated with retarded growth in fetal life and infancy. DESIGN--This was a follow up study of (1) men born during 1920-30 whose birthweights and weights at one year were recorded at the time by health visitors; and (2) men born during 1935-43 whose size at birth was measured in detail. The main outcome measure was the ratio of waist circumference to hip girth. …
The intrauterine and early postnatal origins of cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis
Geographical differences in mortality from cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis within England and Wales are closely related to past differences in infant mortality. This paper examines the separate relations of mortality during 1968-78 with neonatal and post-neonatal mortality during 1911-25. These divisions of infant mortality are indicators of the intrauterine and early postnatal environments respectively. Stroke is related to neonata…
Lifecourse influences on women's smoking before, during and after pregnancy
Inequalities in child healthy development: Some challenges for effective implementation
Gaining children's perspectives: A multiple method approach to explore environmental influences on healthy eating and physical activity
An ecological systems approach to examining risk factors for early childhood overweight: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
OBJECTIVE: To use an ecological systems approach to examine individual-, family-, community- and area-level risk factors for overweight (including obesity) in 3-year-old children. METHODS: A prospective nationally representative cohort study conducted in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland. Participants included 13 188 singleton children aged 3 years in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between 2000 and 2002, who had complete height/weight…
Examining the relationship between maternal employment and health behaviours in 5-year-old British children
BACKGROUND: There is little known about potential mechanisms underlying the association between maternal employment and childhood obesity. The relationships between maternal hours worked per week (none, 1-20 hours, 21+ hours) and children's dietary and physical activity/inactivity habits were examined. Where mothers were employed, the relationships between flexible work arrangements and these health behaviours were also examined. METHODS: Data fr…
Family employment and child socioemotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Levels of paid employment in two parent and lone parent families have increased in the UK but evidence of its impact on child socioemotional behaviour is limited and inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal analysis using the first four sweeps of the Millennium Cohort Study (9 months, 3 years, 5 years and 7 years) to investigate the influence of family employment trajectories in the early years on socioemotional behaviour at…
How do early-life adverse childhood experiences mediate the relationship between childhood socioeconomic conditions and adolescent health outcomes in the UK
Background Both adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse childhood socioeconomic conditions (SECs) in early life are associated with poor outcomes across the life course. However, the complex interrelationships between childhood SECs and ACEs are unclear, as are the consequences for health outcomes beyond childhood. We therefore assessed the extent to which early-life ACEs mediate the relationship between SECs and socioemotional behaviour…
Do early life cognitive ability and self-regulation skills explain socio-economic inequalities in academic achievement? An effect decomposition analysis in UK and Australian cohorts
The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Despite rises in reconstituted and lone-parent families, relatively little is known about how the health of children in different family types varies, and the extent to which any differences might be explained by poverty. The authors examined this using cross-sectional data on 13 681 seven-year-olds from the Millennium Cohort Study. METHODS: The authors estimated RRs and 95% CIs for having poor physical (general health, long-standing …
How well can poor child health and development be predicted by data collected in early childhood
BACKGROUND: Identifying children at risk of poor developmental outcomes remains a challenge, but is important for better targeting children who may benefit from additional support. We explored whether data routinely collected in early life predict which children will have language disability, overweight/obesity or behavioural problems in later childhood. METHODS: We used data on 10 262 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) collected …
Does the home environment influence inequalities in unintentional injury in early childhood? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to experience unintentional injuries and poor home environments. The aim of this study was to explore the home environment as a potential mediator between socioeconomic circumstances and unintentional injuries, in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n=14 378). METHODS: RRs and 95% CIs for being injured in the home between age 9 months and 3 years were estimated according to four meas…
After the RCT: Who comes to a family-based intervention for childhood overweight or obesity when it is implemented at scale in the community
BACKGROUND: When implemented at scale, the impact on health and health inequalities of public health interventions depends on who receives them in addition to intervention effectiveness. METHODS: The MEND 7-13 (Mind, Exercise, Nutrition...Do it!) programme is a family-based weight management intervention for childhood overweight and obesity implemented at scale in the community. We compare the characteristics of children referred to the MEND prog…
Environmental influences on children's physical activity
BACKGROUND: This paper aims to assess whether 7-year-olds' physical activity is associated with family and area-level measures of the physical and socioeconomic environments. METHODS: We analysed the association of environments with physical activity in 6497 singleton children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study with reliable accelerometer data (≥2 days and ≥10 h/day). Activity levels were assessed as counts per minute; minutes of moderate to vig…
Thinness at birth in a northern industrial town
OBJECTIVE--To determine whether babies in an area of Britain with unusually high perinatal mortality have different patterns of fetal growth to those born elsewhere in the country. DESIGN--Measurement of body size in newborn babies. SETTING--Burnley (perinatal mortality in 1988 15.9/1000 total births) and Salisbury (perinatal mortality 10.8/1000 total births), England. SUBJECTS--Subjects comprised 1544 babies born in Burnley, Pendle, and Rossenda…
Characteristics influencing informed consent on a congenital malformations registry
Maryland law requires that all babies born with "sentinel birth defects" be reported to the State Department of Health, but mothers may deny consent for further contact. Consent was not strongly related to maternal age, race, or self-reported data on exposures, smoking, and drugs but was much less likely if the infant was dead. Selection bias in congenital malformations research may lead to underrepresentation of lethal defects, but self-reported…
The intrauterine and early postnatal origins of cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis
Geographical differences in mortality from cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis within England and Wales are closely related to past differences in infant mortality. This paper examines the separate relations of mortality during 1968-78 with neonatal and post-neonatal mortality during 1911-25. These divisions of infant mortality are indicators of the intrauterine and early postnatal environments respectively. Stroke is related to neonata…
Early growth and abdominal fatness in adult life
STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine whether abdominal fatness in adult men is associated with retarded growth in fetal life and infancy. DESIGN--This was a follow up study of (1) men born during 1920-30 whose birthweights and weights at one year were recorded at the time by health visitors; and (2) men born during 1935-43 whose size at birth was measured in detail. The main outcome measure was the ratio of waist circumference to hip girth. …
Thinness at birth in a northern industrial town
OBJECTIVE--To determine whether babies in an area of Britain with unusually high perinatal mortality have different patterns of fetal growth to those born elsewhere in the country. DESIGN--Measurement of body size in newborn babies. SETTING--Burnley (perinatal mortality in 1988 15.9/1000 total births) and Salisbury (perinatal mortality 10.8/1000 total births), England. SUBJECTS--Subjects comprised 1544 babies born in Burnley, Pendle, and Rossenda…
Being big or growing fast: Systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity
Worked examples of alternative methods for the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative research in systematic reviews
What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 6 months
Objective To evaluate the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing nutrient intakes in 6-month-old infants. Design and setting The FFQ was developed to assess the diets of infants born to women in the Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS), a population-based survey of young women and their offspring. The energy and nutrient intakes obtained from an interviewer-administered FFQ were compared with those obtained from a 4-d…
Gaining children's perspectives: A multiple method approach to explore environmental influences on healthy eating and physical activity
What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 12 months
Objective To evaluate the relative validity of an FFQ for assessing nutrient intakes in 12-month-old infants. Design and setting The FFQ was developed to assess the diets of infants born to women in the Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS), a population-based survey of young women and their offspring. The energy and nutrient intakes obtained from an interviewer-administered FFQ were compared with those obtained from 4d weighed diaries (WD). Subjects …
An ecological systems approach to examining risk factors for early childhood overweight: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
OBJECTIVE: To use an ecological systems approach to examine individual-, family-, community- and area-level risk factors for overweight (including obesity) in 3-year-old children. METHODS: A prospective nationally representative cohort study conducted in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland. Participants included 13 188 singleton children aged 3 years in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between 2000 and 2002, who had complete height/weight…
Examining the relationship between maternal employment and health behaviours in 5-year-old British children
BACKGROUND: There is little known about potential mechanisms underlying the association between maternal employment and childhood obesity. The relationships between maternal hours worked per week (none, 1-20 hours, 21+ hours) and children's dietary and physical activity/inactivity habits were examined. Where mothers were employed, the relationships between flexible work arrangements and these health behaviours were also examined. METHODS: Data fr…
Does childcare influence the risk of overweight and obesity in the early years? Findings from the UK millennium cohort study
To explore whether childcare type (parent, informal, formal) is associated with overweight in children, and whether this differs by socio-economic background. Nationally representative prospective cohort study. Children born in the UK in 2000–2002. 12 354 children with information on childcare between 9 months and 3 years, and height and weight data at age 3. Overweight (including obesity) at age 3 defined by the International Obesity Task Force …
Examining smoking behaviours among parents from the UK Millennium Cohort Study after the smoke-free legislation in Scotland
Smoking behaviours among parents with young children remained relatively stable, highlighting the need for additional tobacco control efforts to support smoking cessation. However, the smoke-free legislation does not appear to widen health inequalities and may even help reduce them by encouraging quitting across socioeconomic groups
Does childcare influence socioeconomic inequalities in unintentional injury? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: In recent decades the proportion of infants and young children being cared for in childcare has increased. Little is known about the impact that non-parental care has on childhood unintentional injury and whether this varies by socioeconomic group. METHODS: Using data from a contemporary UK cohort of children at age 9 months (N = 18 114) and 3 years (N = 13 718), Poisson regression was used to explore the association between childcare…
Inequalities in child healthy development: Some challenges for effective implementation
Lifecourse influences on women's smoking before, during and after pregnancy
OP51 Maternal Employment and Socio-Emotional Behaviour at Age 7: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Background Maternal employment in the UK has increased significantly in recent years, but evidence of its relationship with child socio-emotional behaviour is mixed. Given the policy importance of both family employment and children’s wellbeing, this relationship needs to be better understood. This study seeks to investigate whether cumulative exposure to maternal employment is associated with socio-emotional behaviour at age 7. Methods The study…
Does the home environment influence inequalities in unintentional injury in early childhood? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to experience unintentional injuries and poor home environments. The aim of this study was to explore the home environment as a potential mediator between socioeconomic circumstances and unintentional injuries, in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n=14 378). METHODS: RRs and 95% CIs for being injured in the home between age 9 months and 3 years were estimated according to four meas…
OP12 The Health Behaviours of Mothers in England: A Latent Class Analysis
Background Promoting healthier lifestyles is at the heart of England’s public health strategy. The dominant focus has been on single health behaviours; however, most adults engage in multiple risk behaviours. Very few studies have investigated patterns among parents and children. This paper focuses on four health behaviours among mothers; part of a broader project examining multiple risk behaviours among parents and children. Methods Data from th…
The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Despite rises in reconstituted and lone-parent families, relatively little is known about how the health of children in different family types varies, and the extent to which any differences might be explained by poverty. The authors examined this using cross-sectional data on 13 681 seven-year-olds from the Millennium Cohort Study. METHODS: The authors estimated RRs and 95% CIs for having poor physical (general health, long-standing …
OP39 Are Adverse Effects of Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Modifiable: The Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Mid-Life in the 1958 British Cohort
Background Obesity is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated biomarkers. A key priority is to minimise such obesity-related consequences for the substantial proportion of adults now at risk. Potential modifiable factors, such as physical activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyles could mediate or moderate the obesity - ill-health association. However, research is scant on whether benefi…
Family employment and child socioemotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Levels of paid employment in two parent and lone parent families have increased in the UK but evidence of its impact on child socioemotional behaviour is limited and inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal analysis using the first four sweeps of the Millennium Cohort Study (9 months, 3 years, 5 years and 7 years) to investigate the influence of family employment trajectories in the early years on socioemotional behaviour at…
Disadvantaged children at greater relative risk of thinness (as well as obesity): A secondary data analysis of the England National Child Measurement Programme and the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Children from more disadvantaged backgrounds are at elevated relative risk of thinness as well as obesity. Researchers and policymakers should consider environmental influences on thinness in addition to overweight and obesity
After the RCT: Who comes to a family-based intervention for childhood overweight or obesity when it is implemented at scale in the community
BACKGROUND: When implemented at scale, the impact on health and health inequalities of public health interventions depends on who receives them in addition to intervention effectiveness. METHODS: The MEND 7-13 (Mind, Exercise, Nutrition...Do it!) programme is a family-based weight management intervention for childhood overweight and obesity implemented at scale in the community. We compare the characteristics of children referred to the MEND prog…
Environmental influences on children's physical activity
BACKGROUND: This paper aims to assess whether 7-year-olds' physical activity is associated with family and area-level measures of the physical and socioeconomic environments. METHODS: We analysed the association of environments with physical activity in 6497 singleton children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study with reliable accelerometer data (≥2 days and ≥10 h/day). Activity levels were assessed as counts per minute; minutes of moderate to vig…
Medicine (28 works) · Demography (20 works) · Environmental health (16 works) · Cohort (15 works) · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet (14 works) · Cohort study (12 works) · Gerontology (12 works) · Population (12 works) · Gerontology (10 works) · Pediatrics (9 works)