Stan Becker
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3583602 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Stan Becker |
| NOMBRES | Stan |
| APELLIDO | Becker |
| FIRMA | BECKER S |
| AFILIACIONES | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3251-9152 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 50 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 286 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 50 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1981 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Population and food systems
Characteristics Associated with Reliability in Reporting of Contraceptive Use
Although the reproductive calendar is the primary tool for measuring contraceptive dynamics in low‐income settings, the reliability of calendar data has seldom been evaluated, primarily due to the lack of longitudinal panel data. In this research, we evaluated the reproductive calendar using data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Project. We used population‐based longitudinal data from nine settings in seven countries: Burkina Faso, Nige…
Accuracy of wives' proxy reports of husbands' fertility preferences in sub-Saharan Africa
Demographic researchers have recognized the importance of male partners in reproductive behavior and decision-making. Yet much of the existing literature still relies on female respondents reporting on behalf of their spouses
Using Couples’ Discordant Reports to Estimate Female Covert Use of Modern Contraception in Sub-Saharan Africa
Substantial numbers of married women use contraceptives without their partner’s knowledge in sub-Saharan Africa, but studies of female covert use across time are rare. This study investigates the levels, trends and correlates of covert use in nine countries and determines which contraceptive methods are more frequently used covertly by women. Data from monogamous couples in Demographic and Health Surveys were used from nine sub-Saharan African co…
Sampling Weights for Analyses of Couple Data
In some surveys, women and men are interviewed separately in selected households, allowing matching of partner information and analyses of couples. Although individual sampling weights exist for men and women, sampling weights specific for couples are rarely derived. We present a method of estimating appropriate weights for couples that extends methods currently used in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for individual weights. To see how r…
Measuring Women's Covert Use of Modern Contraception in Cross‐Sectional Surveys
A proportion of women in couples use contraception without their partners’ knowledge. There are two principal ways to measure this covert use in cross‐sectional surveys like the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). First is a direct question, “Does your husband/partner know that you are using a method of family planning?” Second is an indirect method: the reports of both partners to the question on contraceptive use are matched, and if the woman…
Unmet Need, Intention to Use Contraceptives and Unwanted Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh
CONTEXT: Unmet need for contraception has become a central concept in the family planning field and one of the most important indicators for program planning and evaluation. The measure has faced criticism, however, for not taking into account women's stated intention to use contraceptives. METHODS: Using longitudinal data on more than 2,500 rural Bangladeshi women in 128 villages, this study links women's contraceptive adoption and experience of…
Pilot study of home-based delivery of HIV testing and counseling and contraceptive services to couples in Malawi
Home-based CHCT and CFP were very successful in this pilot study with high proportions of previously untested husbands and wives accepting CHCT and there were virtually no negative outcomes within one week. This study supports the need for further research and testing of home- and couple-based approaches to expand access to HCT and contraceptive services to prevent the undesired consequences of sexually transmitted infection and unintended pregna…
Couples' Unmet Need for Family Planning in Three West African Countries
Unmet need for family planning is typically calculated for currently married women, but excluding husbands may result in misleading estimates of couples' unmet need. This study builds on previous work and proposes a method of calculating couples' unmet need for family planning based on spouses' independent fertility intentions. We analyze Demographic and Health Survey data from couples from three West African countries—Benin, Burkina Faso, and Ma…
Has the World Really Survived the Population Bomb? (Commentary on “How the World Survived the Population Bomb
In his PAA presidential address and corresponding article in Demography, David Lam (Demography 48:1231–1262, 2011) documented the extraordinary progress of humankind—vis-à-vis poverty alleviation, increased schooling, and reductions in mortality and fertility—since 1960 and noted that he expects further improvements by 2050. However, although Lam briefly covered the problems of global warming and pollution, he did not address several other major …
Concordance Between Partners in Desired Waiting Time to Birth for Newlyweds in India
Examining waiting time to birth among newlywed couples is likely to provide insights into the desire for spacing births among newlywed husbands and wives. Data from the Indian National Family Health Survey of 2005–06 are used to examine the desired waiting time (DWT) to birth among newlywed couples. The dependent variable is spousal concordance on desired waiting times. Overall 65% of couples have concordant desired waiting times. Among discordan…
The Reliability of Calendar Data for Reporting Contraceptive Use
Collecting contraceptive‐use data by means of calendar methods has become standard practice in large‐scale population surveys, yet the reliability of these methods for capturing accurate contraceptive histories over time remains largely unknown. Using data from overlapping contraceptive calendars included in a longitudinal study of 3,080 rural Bangladeshi women, we assessed the consistency of reports from the baseline interview month in 2006 with…
Correlates of and Couples' Concordance in Reports of Recent Sexual Behavior and Contraceptive Use
This study uses couple‐level data to measure couples' concordance of self‐reported time since last coitus and of condom and other contraceptive use at last sexual intercourse among monogamous couples in Liberia (N = 1,673), Madagascar (N = 4,138), and Namibia (N = 588). The study also examines the characteristics associated with sexual behavior and contraceptive use occurring in the 28 days prior to the interviews among couples whose reports are …
Measurement of Women’s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh
The crossover between life expectancies at birth and at age one
The single most used demographic measure to describe population health is life expectancy at birth, but life expectancies at ages other than zero are also used in the study of human longevity. Our intuition tells us that the longest life expectancy is
Socioeconomic factors differentiating maternal and child health-seeking behavior in rural Bangladesh
Within rural areas of Bangladesh, where overall poverty is greater and access to health care more difficult, wealth differentials in utilization remain pronounced. Those programs with high international visibility and dedicated funding (e.g., Immunization and Vitamin A delivery) have higher overall prevalence and a more equitable distribution of beneficiaries than the use of modern trained providers for basic essential health care services. Impli…
Comparing Couples’ and Individual Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV at Antenatal Clinics in Tanzania
Couple counselling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics
The purpose of this study was to gain insight from views of Tanzanian men and women on couple voluntary counselling and testing (CVCT) for HIV at antenatal clinics (ANC) in Tanzania. Data collection was through focus group discussions with women aged 25-48 years (n=8), women 18-24 years (n=10), HIV counsellors (n=11), men aged 20-34 (n=8) and men aged 35-75 years (n=8) and in-depth interviews (IDI) with five men and eight women. Participants were…
Three methods of estimating births averted nationally by contraception
This paper compares the performance of three methods applicable to national-level demographic data of estimating births averted as a consequence of contraceptive practice. Two are based on the relationship between the general fertility rate (GFR) or total fertility (TFR) and contraceptive prevalence, while the third uses Bongaarts' proximate determinants (PD) model. Estimates of the number of births averted and the percentage by which the number …
Fertility Intentions
In fertility surveys often women (and sometimes men) are asked their fertility desires, i.e. whether they want a/nother birth or not. Some respond that they are undecided. This study examines whether these persons are more like those who say they want more births or like those who say they want no more births. Data on married men and women in 29 Demographic and Health Surveys with sample sizes ranging from 300 to 3000 are used. A logistic regress…
Disagreement in Spousal Reports of Current Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa
Contraceptive prevalence is a key variable estimated from Demographic and Health Surveys. But the prevalence estimated from reports of husbands differs widely from that estimated for wives. In this research, using data from six Demographic and Health Surveys of sub-Saharan Africa, reports from spouses in monogamous couples with no other reported sex partners in the recent period are examined. Agreement ranged from 47% to 82%, but among couples in…
On the Application of Decomposition Methods
Yang et al.1 applied an underutilized demographic technique, developed by Kitagawa,2 to decompose temporal trends in low birth-weight (LBW) into changes in the distribution of maternal age and parity versus changes in the age- and parity-specific rates of LBW. The authors concluded that temporal increases in LBW were largely the result of changes in age- and parity-specific rates rather than age–parity distributional shifts. The applied method, w…
Domestic violence against women in Egypt-wife beating and health outcomes
Husbands' and wives' reports of women's decision-making power in Western Guatemala and their effects on preventive health behaviors
Can women's autonomy impede male involvement in pregnancy health in Katmandu, Nepal
Measurement of Women’s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh
Husbands' and wives' reports of women's decision-making power in Western Guatemala and their effects on preventive health behaviors
Can women's autonomy impede male involvement in pregnancy health in Katmandu, Nepal
Domestic violence against women in Egypt-wife beating and health outcomes
Husbands' and Wives' Reports of Contraceptive Use
Many Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in the past decade have queried husbands and wives about their current contraceptive use. In this study, couples' concurrence on use and method used is compared by means of data from 23 countries, mostly in sub‐Saharan Africa. Husbands report higher levels of use than do their wives in every country studied, with ranges from 2 percent higher (Brazil) to 150 percent higher (Mali). Many of the discrepancies…
The Effect of the Sex of Interviewers on the Quality of Data in a Nigerian Family Planning Questionnaire
Traditionally, female interviewers have been preferred to men for conducting fertility and family planning surveys. However, in West Africa, evidence for their superiority over male interviewers is mixed. In Nigeria, as part of a four-state pretest of the national family planning questionnaire, an experimental design was incorporated to quantify effects of the sex of the interviewer. In one state, reinterviews were also performed to measure the r…
The Reliability of Calendar Data for Reporting Contraceptive Use
Collecting contraceptive‐use data by means of calendar methods has become standard practice in large‐scale population surveys, yet the reliability of these methods for capturing accurate contraceptive histories over time remains largely unknown. Using data from overlapping contraceptive calendars included in a longitudinal study of 3,080 rural Bangladeshi women, we assessed the consistency of reports from the baseline interview month in 2006 with…
Seasonal Patterns of Reproduction in Matlab, Bangladesh
In Bangladesh twice as many births occur in December as in July. This paper examines the seasonal patterns of the risks of conception, fetal loss and return of menses post partum in a longitudinal study of 2,300 women in 14 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh. Life tables were estimated for each month of entry event and then ‘period’ life tables were constructed with the risks for a given calendar month. Confirming the results of earlier studies, risk…
Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia
This paper examines the interaction between contraceptive use and breastfeeding in relation to resumption of intercourse and duration of amenorrhea post-partum. We used data from the month-by-month calendar of reproductive events from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Peru and Indonesia. The analyses show that breastfeeding women were less likely than non-breastfeeding women to have resumed sexual intercourse in the early months post-partum…
Contraceptive Use in Matlab, Bangladesh
Research in several Asian societies has suggested that sons are generally preferred over daughters. The implications of gender preferences for actual fertility behavior have not been adequately investigated, however. This analysis examines the effect of the sex composition of surviving children on the acceptance and discontinuation of contraception in a sample of 3,145 women in Matlab, Bangladesh, who were observed for 60 months. Hazards regressi…
Characteristics Associated with Reliability in Reporting of Contraceptive Use
Although the reproductive calendar is the primary tool for measuring contraceptive dynamics in low‐income settings, the reliability of calendar data has seldom been evaluated, primarily due to the lack of longitudinal panel data. In this research, we evaluated the reproductive calendar using data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Project. We used population‐based longitudinal data from nine settings in seven countries: Burkina Faso, Nige…
Contextual determinants of maternal mortality in rural Pakistan
Maternal mortality is high in Pakistan, particularly in the rural areas which have poor access to health services. We investigated the risk factors associated with maternal mortality in sixteen rural districts of Balochistan and the North-West Frontier (NWFP) provinces of Pakistan. We designed a nested case-control study comprising 261 cases (maternal deaths reported during last five years) and 9135 controls (women who survived a pregnancy during…
Accuracy of wives' proxy reports of husbands' fertility preferences in sub-Saharan Africa
Demographic researchers have recognized the importance of male partners in reproductive behavior and decision-making. Yet much of the existing literature still relies on female respondents reporting on behalf of their spouses
Measuring Women's Covert Use of Modern Contraception in Cross‐Sectional Surveys
A proportion of women in couples use contraception without their partners’ knowledge. There are two principal ways to measure this covert use in cross‐sectional surveys like the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). First is a direct question, “Does your husband/partner know that you are using a method of family planning?” Second is an indirect method: the reports of both partners to the question on contraceptive use are matched, and if the woman…
An Experiment Using a Month-by-Month Calendar in a Family Planning Survey in Costa Rica
Recent demographic surveys have incorporated a month-by-month calendar for the five-year reference period before the survey for the recording of fertility-related events (sexual unions, contraceptive use, pregnancies, and breastfeeding). In the 1986 survey of Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning in Costa Rica, approximately one-half of the 3,527 women interviewed were administered a questionnaire with traditional fertility and family pla…
Birth-interval dynamics in rural Bangladesh and maternal weight
This article reports on the results of a study conducted in rural Bangladesh on the influence of maternal weight on the components of birth intervals, including gestation and intrauterine mortality, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea, and the duration of waiting time to conception (the menstrual interval). When biological factors (in-cluding maternal age, parity, and supplementation practices) and behavioral variables, including religion, educ…
Does Use of the Calendar in Surveys Reduce Heaping
This study examines heaping of reported durations of three postpartum variables in five countries based on two methods of data collection in retrospective surveys. Two Demographic and Health Surveys were conducted for each of the countries, one that used a five‐year month‐by‐month calendar to record the durations and a subsequent survey in which duration information was collected from simple questions in the body of the questionnaire. Heaping ind…
Demographic models for child survival and implications for health intervention programmes
The child survival strategy in developing countries has been driven largely by a selective disease control approach, which focuses on a few specific and inexpensive technical interventions directed toward conditions such as acute dehydrating diarrhoea and the immunizable diseases. Conceptually, this approach of designing health programmes in poorer developing countries by considering diseases one at a time is inadequate, because it fails to take …
Sampling Weights for Analyses of Couple Data
In some surveys, women and men are interviewed separately in selected households, allowing matching of partner information and analyses of couples. Although individual sampling weights exist for men and women, sampling weights specific for couples are rarely derived. We present a method of estimating appropriate weights for couples that extends methods currently used in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for individual weights. To see how r…
Couples' Unmet Need for Family Planning in Three West African Countries
Unmet need for family planning is typically calculated for currently married women, but excluding husbands may result in misleading estimates of couples' unmet need. This study builds on previous work and proposes a method of calculating couples' unmet need for family planning based on spouses' independent fertility intentions. We analyze Demographic and Health Survey data from couples from three West African countries—Benin, Burkina Faso, and Ma…
On the Application of Decomposition Methods
Yang et al.1 applied an underutilized demographic technique, developed by Kitagawa,2 to decompose temporal trends in low birth-weight (LBW) into changes in the distribution of maternal age and parity versus changes in the age- and parity-specific rates of LBW. The authors concluded that temporal increases in LBW were largely the result of changes in age- and parity-specific rates rather than age–parity distributional shifts. The applied method, w…
Assessing the Use of Profiling in Searches by Law Enforcement Personnel
A Model of Child Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Interventions
Agency for International Development. We are grateful to Andres de Francisco of ICDDR,B for supplying tabulations regarding coverage of interventions in the Matlab study area. Bettie Martin assisted with some figures and tables. We also benefited from comments on an earlier draft by Marc Debay and Henry Mosley and Fannie Fonseca. John Bongaarts suggested the validation exercise. Saifuddin Ahmed wrote the program in the C language as an independen…
Breastfeeding Effects on Birth Interval Components
Data that were collected prospectively from a child health study conducted in Gaza show a strong relationship between breastfeeding and two major components of birth intervals, the postpartum anovulatory period and the waiting time to conception. The Gaza population is similar to other populations in the Middle East in having moderate durations of breastfeeding and short intervals between births. The finding of a strong positive association betwe…
Population and food systems
Seasonality of fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh
From matched birth and census records in the Matlab area of Bangladesh, monthly fertility rates for the period 1970–74 are studied for seasonal patterns by age and parity. Trigonometric regression techniques are used to summarize and compare the multiple series. Pronounced seasonal patterns are apparent for all age and parity groups. The general fertility rate peaks in December with a seasonal variation of 42% above and below the mean level. For …
The Effect on Fecundity of Pill Acceptance During Postpartum Amenorrhea in Rural Bangladesh
The length of the interval from last live birth to the subsequent pregnancy was studied for 121 contraceptive pill acceptors who were in postpartum amenorrhea at the time of acceptance and 121 matched nonacceptors in a prospective study in Matlab, Bangladesh. Half of the pill acceptors discontinued use within seven months, and as a group the pill acceptors had a significantly shorter interval to the next pregnancy than the matched nonacceptors. T…
Les variations saisonnières des naissances au Bangladesh rural
Becker Stan. — Les causes de la tendance saisonnière des naissances au Bangladesh rural. Les variations saisonnières de la natalité au Bangladesh sont très importantes : les naissances de décembre sont deux fois plus nombreuses que celles de juillet. Comme la population ne pratique pas la contraception, les facteurs responsables de cette fluctuation semble tenir à une variation importante de la fréquence des rapports sexuels au cours de l'année. …
Socioeconomic status and fertility in rural Bangladesh
Using a unique set of birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, for the period 1974–77, and socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census, fertility was studied in relation to occupation, size of dwelling, number of cows and number of boats owned. The total fertility rate was found to vary between 6 and 6·5 except in the famine year of 1975. T…
Relations between socio‐economic status and morbidity, food intake and growth in young children in two villages in Bangladesh
The relations between socio‐economic status (SES) and food‐intake, morbidity and anthropometric status of children under five years old were analyzed from longitudinal data collected in two Bangladeshi villages. Illness surveillance every other day and monthly anthropometric measurements were done during one year for 197 children, and weighed food intake studies were done monthly for 65 of these children. Socio‐economic variables included wealth …
Breastfeeding Effects on Birth Interval Components
Data that were collected prospectively from a child health study conducted in Gaza show a strong relationship between breastfeeding and two major components of birth intervals, the postpartum anovulatory period and the waiting time to conception. The Gaza population is similar to other populations in the Middle East in having moderate durations of breastfeeding and short intervals between births. The finding of a strong positive association betwe…
Seasonal Patterns of Reproduction in Matlab, Bangladesh
In Bangladesh twice as many births occur in December as in July. This paper examines the seasonal patterns of the risks of conception, fetal loss and return of menses post partum in a longitudinal study of 2,300 women in 14 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh. Life tables were estimated for each month of entry event and then ‘period’ life tables were constructed with the risks for a given calendar month. Confirming the results of earlier studies, risk…
Birth-interval dynamics in rural Bangladesh and maternal weight
This article reports on the results of a study conducted in rural Bangladesh on the influence of maternal weight on the components of birth intervals, including gestation and intrauterine mortality, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea, and the duration of waiting time to conception (the menstrual interval). When biological factors (in-cluding maternal age, parity, and supplementation practices) and behavioral variables, including religion, educ…
Birth-interval Dynamics in Rural Bangladesh and Maternal Weight
Demographic models for child survival and implications for health intervention programmes
The child survival strategy in developing countries has been driven largely by a selective disease control approach, which focuses on a few specific and inexpensive technical interventions directed toward conditions such as acute dehydrating diarrhoea and the immunizable diseases. Conceptually, this approach of designing health programmes in poorer developing countries by considering diseases one at a time is inadequate, because it fails to take …
Contraceptive Use in Matlab, Bangladesh
Research in several Asian societies has suggested that sons are generally preferred over daughters. The implications of gender preferences for actual fertility behavior have not been adequately investigated, however. This analysis examines the effect of the sex composition of surviving children on the acceptance and discontinuation of contraception in a sample of 3,145 women in Matlab, Bangladesh, who were observed for 60 months. Hazards regressi…
An Experiment Using a Month-by-Month Calendar in a Family Planning Survey in Costa Rica
Recent demographic surveys have incorporated a month-by-month calendar for the five-year reference period before the survey for the recording of fertility-related events (sexual unions, contraceptive use, pregnancies, and breastfeeding). In the 1986 survey of Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning in Costa Rica, approximately one-half of the 3,527 women interviewed were administered a questionnaire with traditional fertility and family pla…
Reliability study of reporting of days since last sexual intercourse in Matlab, Bangladesh
The accuracy of responses to a question on the frequency of sexual intercourse in the 4-week period prior to an interview is expected to be low. This paper examines the reliability of an alternative question: ‘How many days since you last had sexual intercourse?’. This was a part of a larger longitudinal study of fertility dynamics in Matlab, Bangladesh. The response pairs of 61 women who were asked the same question by an interviewer and on the …
The Effect of the Sex of Interviewers on the Quality of Data in a Nigerian Family Planning Questionnaire
Traditionally, female interviewers have been preferred to men for conducting fertility and family planning surveys. However, in West Africa, evidence for their superiority over male interviewers is mixed. In Nigeria, as part of a four-state pretest of the national family planning questionnaire, an experimental design was incorporated to quantify effects of the sex of the interviewer. In one state, reinterviews were also performed to measure the r…
Couples and Reproductive Health
Traditionally, fertility and family planning research and programs have focused on women. With the expansion of the field to include reproductive health following the 1994 International Conference on Population in Cairo, the more appropriate focus for most reproductive health components appears to be the sexually active couple. This review of studies of couples and reproductive health outcomes examines reports of objective reproductive events, of…
Estimating the completeness of under-5 death registration in Egypt
To evaluate the completeness of registration of infant and child deaths in Egypt, reinterviews were conducted with families who had reported a death of a child under age 5 in the five years before the survey for two national surveys recently conducted in Egypt: the United Nations PAPCHILD survey of 1990–1991 and the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) of 1992. The survey instrument included questions regarding notification of the death …
A Model of Child Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Interventions
Agency for International Development. We are grateful to Andres de Francisco of ICDDR,B for supplying tabulations regarding coverage of interventions in the Matlab study area. Bettie Martin assisted with some figures and tables. We also benefited from comments on an earlier draft by Marc Debay and Henry Mosley and Fannie Fonseca. John Bongaarts suggested the validation exercise. Saifuddin Ahmed wrote the program in the C language as an independen…
Child Survival in Developing Countries
Contextual determinants of maternal mortality in rural Pakistan
Maternal mortality is high in Pakistan, particularly in the rural areas which have poor access to health services. We investigated the risk factors associated with maternal mortality in sixteen rural districts of Balochistan and the North-West Frontier (NWFP) provinces of Pakistan. We designed a nested case-control study comprising 261 cases (maternal deaths reported during last five years) and 9135 controls (women who survived a pregnancy during…
Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums
OBJECTIVES: To describe breastfeeding practices and investigate the influence of exclusive breastfeeding in early infancy on the risk of infant deaths, especially those attributable to respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhea. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on a birth cohort of 1677 infants who were born in slum areas of Dhaka in Bangladesh and followed from birth to 12 months of age. After enrollment at birth, the infa…
Husbands' and Wives' Reports of Contraceptive Use
Many Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in the past decade have queried husbands and wives about their current contraceptive use. In this study, couples' concurrence on use and method used is compared by means of data from 23 countries, mostly in sub‐Saharan Africa. Husbands report higher levels of use than do their wives in every country studied, with ranges from 2 percent higher (Brazil) to 150 percent higher (Mali). Many of the discrepancies…
Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia
This paper examines the interaction between contraceptive use and breastfeeding in relation to resumption of intercourse and duration of amenorrhea post-partum. We used data from the month-by-month calendar of reproductive events from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Peru and Indonesia. The analyses show that breastfeeding women were less likely than non-breastfeeding women to have resumed sexual intercourse in the early months post-partum…
Estimation of Births Averted Due to Breast-Feeding and Increases in Levels of Contraception Needed to Substitute for Breast-Feeding
After contraceptive use, breast-feeding duration is the major determinant of the birth interval length. Three methods of estimating births averted by breast-feeding, and the increase in contraceptive use needed to substitute for breast-feeding, are presented. Method 1 simply utilizes Bongaarts’ C i , and the other two are based on mean birth intervals with and without breast-feeding. Estimates for each method are derived for six countries with DH…
Does Use of the Calendar in Surveys Reduce Heaping
This study examines heaping of reported durations of three postpartum variables in five countries based on two methods of data collection in retrospective surveys. Two Demographic and Health Surveys were conducted for each of the countries, one that used a five‐year month‐by‐month calendar to record the durations and a subsequent survey in which duration information was collected from simple questions in the body of the questionnaire. Heaping ind…
Assessing the Use of Profiling in Searches by Law Enforcement Personnel
Medicine (41 obras) · Population (38 obras) · Demography (37 obras) · Global Maternal and Child Health (32 obras) · Environmental health (29 obras) · Sociology (22 obras) · Demography (21 obras) · Economic growth (18 obras) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (17 obras) · Family planning (17 obras)