Tamás Hajdu
Biographic Data
| ID | 3584819 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tamás Hajdu |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tamás |
| FAMILY NAME | Hajdu |
| SIGNATURE | HAJDU T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Eötvös Loránd University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3604-1125 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 34 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2009 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Bioarchaeological research of Early Iron Age Pre-Scythian burials from Hungary
Background: The transition between the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and the Early Iron Age (EIA) in the Carpathian Basin was marked by major cultural changes. During the 9th century BC, the Mezocsat group emerged in the Great Hungarian Plain, the adjacent northern foothills, and southwestern Slovakia. Known mainly from cemeteries, the absence of settlements suggests a mobile pastoral lifestyle. Their inhumation burials and grave goods indicate strong co…
Multiple/mass burials from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of the Carpathian Basin – A comparative study
Background: The Gava culture dominated the Eastern Carpathian Basin (12–9th c. BCE) is characterised by a homogeneous material culture, settlement with a high density of archaeological finds and distinctive Hajduboszormeny-style metallurgy. Despite its prominence, cemeteries associated with the culture are largely unknown. In the 9–8th centuries BCE, the appearance of steppe-related Mezocsat culture introduced significant changes, including rare …
Neolithic, Copper, and Bronze Age woodland composition and exploitation in the Great Hungarian Plain, East‐Central Europe
In the prehistoric communities of the Great Hungarian Plain (GHP), the exploitation of forest steppe and floodplain woodlands started at ∼6000 cal BC. So far, only scattered and irregular wood charcoal analyses have been performed on Holocene archaeological sites, therefore the species composition of the GHP woodlands is known mainly from pollen records. This study aims to fill this gap by systematic sampling and analysis of key Early, Middle and…
Biological anthropological analysis of the Avar Period skeletal finds from Hatvan-Sportpálya, Hungary
This study presents the anthropological and palaeopathological analysis of 54 individuals from the Avar Period cemetery at Hatvan-Sportpálya (Heves County, Hungary). The assemblage is dominated by adults (83.3%), while subadults are underrepresented, likely due to taphonomic and recovery biases. Metric and morphological data align with regional Avar populations, showing predominantly Western Eurasian ancestry with occasional East Asian–related tr…
The population history of Central Europe in the Early Bronze Age (2200/2100–1600/1500 BC) - a craniometric approach
During the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, migrations and the advent of working bronze alloy materials triggered profound cultural, social, and economic shifts across Central Europe. As a result of this processes, many communities with distinct archaeological and cultural characteristics emerged during the Central European Early Bronze Age (between circa 2200/2100 and 1600/1500 BC) in Central Europe, and with the Middle Bronze Age of the Car…
Biological Anthropological Examination of a Few Iron Age Burials From Pilismarót-Basaharc
Pilismarót-Basaharc is a biritual Iron Age cemetery in Hungary. In this study the preliminary results of the anthropological investigations are summarized. We selected a few graves to present the human remains as representative examples. During the analysis, we primarily focused on biological age, morphological sex and paleopathological alterations that can be observed on the bones, as well as different anatomical variations
Pilismarót-Basaharc vaskori népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata
Pilismarót-Basaharc is a unique Iron Age cemetery in the Danube Bend, which represents the transition between the Early and the Late Iron Age burial rite and custom. The anthropological material of the Iron Age cemetery consists of 57 inhumation and 33 cremation graves. Additionally, highly fragmented and incomplete skeletal remains from nine settlement-related pits were also uncovered. In relation to the skeletal burials, 10 males, 15 females, 5…
Temperature exposure and sleep duration: Evidence from time use surveys
The Earth's climate is projected to warm significantly in the 21st century, and this will affect human societies in many ways. Since sleep is a basic human need and part of everyone's life, the question of how temperature affects human sleep naturally arises. This paper examines the effect of daily mean temperature on sleep duration using nationally representative Hungarian time use surveys between 1976 and 2010. Compared to a day with an average…
A Gáta–Wieselburg-kultúra temetője és kiemelkedő síregyüttesei Nagycenk-Farkasverem lelőhelyről
Absztrakt Az M85 autóút nyomvonalának ásatásain 2017–2018-ban, Nagycenk határában a réz/bronztágyak mennyiségében és típusában is egyedülálló, újabb bronzkori temető került elő. A csontvázas temetkezések és mellékleteik a Nyugat-Magyarországon, Kelet-Ausztriában és Délnyugat-Szlovákiában elterjedt Gáta–Wieselburg-kultúrához köthetők (Rei. BA1–A2, Kr. e. 2200/2100–1600/1500). A jelen előzetes közleményben a harminckét síros nagycenk-farkasvermi te…
Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe
The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Neolithic communities were the first to spread farming across large parts of Europe. We report genome-wide data for 250 individuals: 178 individuals from whole-cemetery surveys of the Alföld Linearbankeramik Culture eastern LBK site of Polgár-Ferenci-hát, the western LBK site of Nitra Horné Krškany and the western LBK settlement and massacre site of Asparn-Schletz, as well as 48 LBK individuals from 16 other sites and …
New radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age Tiszafüred-Majoroshalom site (Eastern Hungary)
In this paper we present new AMS radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age cemetery of Tiszafüred-Majoroshalom excavated between 1961 and 1972. The cemetery provides crucial information on the cultural development and chronology of the Bronze Age Otomani-Füzesabony and the Tumulus cultures of Eastern Central Europe, in addition to the transition between the Middle and Late Bronze Age (approx. 1500 BC) in the Great Hungarian Plain
Győr-Kálvária összevont lelőhely késő vaskori embertani leleteinek biológiai antropológiai vizsgálata
Absztrakt A tanulmány a Győr-Kálvária összevont lelőhelyen feltárt húsz csontvázas és két hamvasztásos késő vaskori kelta temetkezésből előkerült emberi maradványok klasszikus embertani és makroszkópos paleopatológiai eredményeit mutatja be
Two Bronze Age Miniature Wagon and Wheel Burials in Encs (North‐eastern Hungary)
During an excavation of a Bronze Age, Füzesabony‐culture cemetery at Encs (north‐eastern Hungary), a clay wagon model with spoked wheels (grave 1290) and three miniature solid clay wheels were found (grave 1389). Miniature wagon and wheel models in burials began to appear in the Late Copper Age and lasted until the Iron Age in Central Europe. Their presence allows of several interpretations. These spoked wheels of grave 1290 provide early evidenc…
“Coneheads” in the Gepid period: Artificial cranial deformation in a community by the Tisza River
The deliberate physical transformation of the human body is a very ancient custom that humans have been practicing since prehistoric times. Most methods concerned the soft tissues of the body, the piercing, expanding, and stretching of which have been widespread in terms of both time and space. Significantly fewer procedures targeted the bony skeletal parts. One of these is the artificial modification of the skull, of which, also, examples are kn…
Csúcsfejek” a gepida korból: Mesterséges koponyatorzítás egy Tisza menti temető népességének körében
Az emberi test fizikai úton való alakítása/módosítása már az őskor óta bevett szokás. A legáltalánosabb gyakorlat a test lágy részeit érintette. A lágyszövetek átfúrása, tágítása, nyújtása, valamint a tetoválás művészete mind földrajzi értelemben, mind kronológiai szempontból széles körben elterjedt. A testmódosító eljárások ezzel szemben a csontos vázat jóval ritkábban érintették. Ebbe a csoportba sorolhatjuk a koponya mesterséges torzítását, me…
Tiszaug-Országúti bevágás gepida kori népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata
A Tiszaug-Országúti bevágás nevet viselő, népvándorlás kori lelőhely vizsgálatának legfőbb célja volt, hogy az embertani leletanyag feldolgozásával és az eredmények közreadásával hiánypótló adatokat nyújtson a Kr.u. 5-6. század Kárpát-medence területén élő népességek demográfiai viszonyaival, életmódjával, betegségeivel kapcsolatban. A temető 194 egyénjével jelenlegi állás szerint az egyik legnagyobb hazai gepida kori temetők közé sorolandó, amel…
The First ‘Urnfields’ in the Plains of the Danube and the Po
Archaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between ‘cultural transmission’ and ‘demic diffusion’, many alternative models borrowed from sociology can be used to explain the spread of innovations. The emergence of urnfields in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe is certainly one of these large-scale phenomena; its wide distribution has …
Methods and Opportunities in the Research of Bronze Age Communities: The Outcomes of the Bioarchaeological Research Programme of the Momentum Mobility Research Group (2015-2020)
Although there is no textual evidence known from the Bronze Age, written sources describing migrations of later (i.e. Early Medieval) periods effecting the Carpathian Basin were interpreted as instances of cultural and population change which could be comparable with processes that took place during the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin. In the past two decades, Eurasian archaeological research received a new impetus to investigate the traces of…
Módszerek és lehetőségek a bronzkori közösségek kutatásában: A Lendület Mobilitás Kutatócsoport biorégészeti elemzési eredményei (2015-2020)
Bár írásos emlékeket nem ismerünk a bronzkor időszakából, a Kárpát-medencét érintő későbbi (pl. kora középkori) népvándorlásokra vonatkozó források ismeretében gyakran a bronzkor változásait is új népek betelepüléséhez, kisebb-nagyobb migrációkhoz kötötte a régészeti kutatás. Az utóbbi két évtizedben újra előtérbe került a történelem előtti időkben feltételezhető eurázsiai vándorlások nyomainak azonosítása, a kutatásba immár más tudományágak, töb…
Jászberény Szent Pál-halom Árpád-kori népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata (11–13. század)
Munkánk során Jászberény Szent Pál-halom 239 egyénének maradványait vizsgáltuk klasszikus embertani és paleopatológiai szempontból. A temető leletanyagából 88 férfit, 71 nőt és 80 ismeretlen nemű (köztük 48 gyermek) egyént különítettünk el. A demográfiai elemzések szerint a közösség tagjainak 22,5%-a vesztette életét a felnőtt korba való lépés előtt. Nők esetén a mortalitási görbe kb. 30 éves korban, míg férfiak esetén kb. 40 éves korban csúcsoso…
Results of the analysis of the Early Iron Age human remains unearthed at Alsónyék, Hungary
The material of our examination comprise the anthropological remains of the Early Iron Age individuals unearthed at the site Alsónyék-Elkerülő 2
Kasnosrednjovjekovna i ranonovovjekovna populacija iz Ivankova, istočna Hrvatska: Rezultati (Bio)arheološke Analize
U radu su predstavljeni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških iskopavanja provedenih uz crkvu Rođenja sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Ivankovu pored Vinkovaca prilikom čega je istraženo 55 grobova. Riječ je o rimokatoličkome župnom groblju koje se, na osnovi stratigrafskih odnosa i pronađenih nalaza materijalne kulture, može datirati od kraja 13. sve do 18. stoljeća, tj. u kasni srednji i rani novi vijek. Arheološki nalazi su u skladu s vremenskim periodom skro…
A Rákóczifalva-Kastélydombon feltárt bronzkori embertani leletek vizsgálatának eredményei
In 1962, a bi-ritual Bronze Age cemetery (cremation and inhumation burials) were excavated by Zsolt Csalog at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, Hungary). The Early Bronze Age skeletons and cremains belonged to the Nagyrév culture. The Late Bronze Age individuals were the bearers of the so-called Rákóczifalva cultural group of the Tumulus culture. The study provides the results of the biological anthropological analysis of hum…
Hyperostosis frontalis interna in ancient populations from the Carpathian Basin – A possible relationship between lifestyle and risk of development
Case Studies on the Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Cremation Burials in Hungary
János Dani, Kitti Köhler, Gabriella Kulcsár, István Major, Eszter Melis, Róbert Patay, Géza Szabó, Tamás Hajdu, István Futó, Róbert Huszánk, Viktória Kiss, Case Studies on the Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Cremation Burials in Hungary, Bridging Science and Heritage in the Balkans: Studies in Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Restoration and Conservation, pp. 29-37
The First ‘Urnfields’ in the Plains of the Danube and the Po
Archaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between ‘cultural transmission’ and ‘demic diffusion’, many alternative models borrowed from sociology can be used to explain the spread of innovations. The emergence of urnfields in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe is certainly one of these large-scale phenomena; its wide distribution has …
Intra-Couple Income Distribution and Subjective Well-Being: The Moderating Effect of Gender Norms
This article examines the relationship between intra-couple income distribution and subjective well-being, using nationally representative data from Hungary. We show that the association between the woman’s relative income (WRI) (the woman’s share of the couple’s total income) and life satisfaction is negative not only for men but for women as well. Because we control for financial disadvantages on the individual and household level, as well as f…
The chronology and meaning of the Transdanubian encrusted pottery decoration
Vorgestellt wird die Analyse keramischer Funde des bronzezeitlichen Gräberfeldes von Bonyhád (Ungarn), einem Fundplatz der Kultur Inkrustierter Keramik. Hier konnten deutliche Korrelationen zwischen Gefäßdekoration und -größen mit jenen in den Gräbern bestatteten Personen und ihrem Sterbealter erkannt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellte sich den Verfassern die Frage nach der Natur der Gefäßverzierungen: Handelt es sich bei den bemerkenswert vi…
Ambient temperature and sexual activity: Evidence from time use surveys
Previous research has found that unusually hot temperatures reduce birth rates eight to ten months later
The association between experiential and material expenditures and subjective well-being: New evidence from Hungarian survey data
Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe
The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Neolithic communities were the first to spread farming across large parts of Europe. We report genome-wide data for 250 individuals: 178 individuals from whole-cemetery surveys of the Alföld Linearbankeramik Culture eastern LBK site of Polgár-Ferenci-hát, the western LBK site of Nitra Horné Krškany and the western LBK settlement and massacre site of Asparn-Schletz, as well as 48 LBK individuals from 16 other sites and …
Results of the analysis of the Early Iron Age human remains unearthed at Alsónyék, Hungary
The material of our examination comprise the anthropological remains of the Early Iron Age individuals unearthed at the site Alsónyék-Elkerülő 2
Appearance of hyperostosis frontalis interna in some osteoarcheological series from Hungary
A hajdúnánási avar temető embertani leletei
A tanulmány a Hajdúnánás-Fürj halom járás lelőhelyen feltárt 18 avar kori (6 férfi, 8 nő és 4 subadultus korú) egyén antropológiai és paleopatológiai vizsgálatainak eredményeit közli. A koponyák metrikus adatai alapján a népesség heterogén volt. A becsült testmagasság szerint az avar kori összesített, valamint a vizsgált régióban jellemző értékeknél a férfiak valamivel, a nők jelentősen alacsonyabbak voltak. A taxonómiai vizsgálatok eredményei al…
New skeletal tuberculosis cases in past populations from Western Hungary (Transdanubia)
Anthropological examination of the chronologically separated groups of the 11th-13th century Zalavár-Chapel (Zalavár-Kápolna) cemetery from Hungary
The Zalavár-Chapel (Hungarian: Zalavár-Kápolna) cemetery was found near the village Zalavár, located in the western part of the Lake Balaton, in the area of the Little-Balaton (in Hungarian: Kis-Balaton) in Hungary. Burial around the chapel started in the second half of the 11th century and was finished in the 13th century. During this period, significant changes occurred in the burial customs, thus the graves can be divided into four groups (hor…
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis from Roman Hungary
This paper deals with cases of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) found at the Late Roman Age necropolis in Pécs, Hungary (4th century AD). The skeletal remains of two male individuals, aged between 60-70 years and 45-55 years, displayed right-sided ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament with extra-spinal manifestations typical in DISH cases. It is presumed that both male individuals were middle-class citizens. Their soci…
Childhood bone tuberculosis from Roman Pécs, Hungary
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000–1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age w…
Palaopathological investigation of an Árpádian Age series from Kaposvár road 61, Site 2
Palaopathological \ninvestigation of an Árpádian Age series from Kaposvár road 61, Site 2. The skeletal remains of \n202 individuals, 54 males, 60 females, 88 subadults and adults of undeterminable sex were \nanalysed in an Árpádian Age series from Kaposvár Road 61, Site 2. The life expectancy at birth in \nthe studied population was 22.7 years, the sex ratio was balanced. Enthesopathies (E), \ndegenerative joint diseases (DJD) and Schmorl-hernia…
A case of unilateral coronal synostosis from Medieval Hungary (9th century A.D.)
A unique single suture craniosynostosis case from the 9(th) century is presented in this paper. Although craniosynostosis is a fairly common pediatric anomaly nowadays, its occurrence in archaeological collections is an uncommon precedent. Since the diagnosis and treatment of premature cranial suture closure usually happens at an early age, evaluation of the whole developmental process is a rare opportunity. The right-sided coronal suture synosto…
The chronology and meaning of the Transdanubian encrusted pottery decoration
Vorgestellt wird die Analyse keramischer Funde des bronzezeitlichen Gräberfeldes von Bonyhád (Ungarn), einem Fundplatz der Kultur Inkrustierter Keramik. Hier konnten deutliche Korrelationen zwischen Gefäßdekoration und -größen mit jenen in den Gräbern bestatteten Personen und ihrem Sterbealter erkannt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellte sich den Verfassern die Frage nach der Natur der Gefäßverzierungen: Handelt es sich bei den bemerkenswert vi…
Antropológiai-régészeti együttműködés a biológiai antropológiai maradványok roncsolásos mintavételének szabályozására
necessity to elaborate a sampling policy has emerged. As it is important to conduct research and at the same time to preserve specimens, our recommendation intends to help in deciding whether or not to grant permission for destructive sampling, bearing in mind the importance of the conservation of archaeological heritage and cultural
The association between experiential and material expenditures and subjective well-being: New evidence from Hungarian survey data
The genomic history of southeastern Europe
The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe
Jászberény-Alsómuszáj honfoglalás kori lelőhely „B” sírjának embertani vizsgálata
A tanulmány a jászberény-alsómuszáji magyar honfoglalás kori lelőhely B sírjában nyugvó halott fizikai antropológiai elemzésének eredményeit adja közre. Elemzésünk a megmaradt koponyára és két femurra terjed ki
Intra-Couple Income Distribution and Subjective Well-Being: The Moderating Effect of Gender Norms
This article examines the relationship between intra-couple income distribution and subjective well-being, using nationally representative data from Hungary. We show that the association between the woman’s relative income (WRI) (the woman’s share of the couple’s total income) and life satisfaction is negative not only for men but for women as well. Because we control for financial disadvantages on the individual and household level, as well as f…
Hyperostosis frontalis interna in ancient populations from the Carpathian Basin – A possible relationship between lifestyle and risk of development
Case Studies on the Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Cremation Burials in Hungary
János Dani, Kitti Köhler, Gabriella Kulcsár, István Major, Eszter Melis, Róbert Patay, Géza Szabó, Tamás Hajdu, István Futó, Róbert Huszánk, Viktória Kiss, Case Studies on the Radiocarbon Dating of Bronze Age Cremation Burials in Hungary, Bridging Science and Heritage in the Balkans: Studies in Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Restoration and Conservation, pp. 29-37
Kehida-Fövenyes 8–9. századi népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata
In our work, 167 individuals from the Late Avar Period cemetery of Kehida-Fövenyes (8–9th century) were analysed. Altogether 65 children, 36 males and 50 females were examined, however in the case of 16 adults the sex determination was not possible. The newborn age group (0–1 year) is underrepresented in the cemetery. A biological imbalance can be observed between the ratio of males and females. According to the demographic data and pathological …
Ambient temperature and sexual activity: Evidence from time use surveys
Previous research has found that unusually hot temperatures reduce birth rates eight to ten months later
Kasnosrednjovjekovna i ranonovovjekovna populacija iz Ivankova, istočna Hrvatska: Rezultati (Bio)arheološke Analize
U radu su predstavljeni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških iskopavanja provedenih uz crkvu Rođenja sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Ivankovu pored Vinkovaca prilikom čega je istraženo 55 grobova. Riječ je o rimokatoličkome župnom groblju koje se, na osnovi stratigrafskih odnosa i pronađenih nalaza materijalne kulture, može datirati od kraja 13. sve do 18. stoljeća, tj. u kasni srednji i rani novi vijek. Arheološki nalazi su u skladu s vremenskim periodom skro…
A Rákóczifalva-Kastélydombon feltárt bronzkori embertani leletek vizsgálatának eredményei
In 1962, a bi-ritual Bronze Age cemetery (cremation and inhumation burials) were excavated by Zsolt Csalog at Rákóczifalva-Kastélydomb (Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, Hungary). The Early Bronze Age skeletons and cremains belonged to the Nagyrév culture. The Late Bronze Age individuals were the bearers of the so-called Rákóczifalva cultural group of the Tumulus culture. The study provides the results of the biological anthropological analysis of hum…
Methods and Opportunities in the Research of Bronze Age Communities: The Outcomes of the Bioarchaeological Research Programme of the Momentum Mobility Research Group (2015-2020)
Although there is no textual evidence known from the Bronze Age, written sources describing migrations of later (i.e. Early Medieval) periods effecting the Carpathian Basin were interpreted as instances of cultural and population change which could be comparable with processes that took place during the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin. In the past two decades, Eurasian archaeological research received a new impetus to investigate the traces of…
Módszerek és lehetőségek a bronzkori közösségek kutatásában: A Lendület Mobilitás Kutatócsoport biorégészeti elemzési eredményei (2015-2020)
Bár írásos emlékeket nem ismerünk a bronzkor időszakából, a Kárpát-medencét érintő későbbi (pl. kora középkori) népvándorlásokra vonatkozó források ismeretében gyakran a bronzkor változásait is új népek betelepüléséhez, kisebb-nagyobb migrációkhoz kötötte a régészeti kutatás. Az utóbbi két évtizedben újra előtérbe került a történelem előtti időkben feltételezhető eurázsiai vándorlások nyomainak azonosítása, a kutatásba immár más tudományágak, töb…
Jászberény Szent Pál-halom Árpád-kori népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata (11–13. század)
Munkánk során Jászberény Szent Pál-halom 239 egyénének maradványait vizsgáltuk klasszikus embertani és paleopatológiai szempontból. A temető leletanyagából 88 férfit, 71 nőt és 80 ismeretlen nemű (köztük 48 gyermek) egyént különítettünk el. A demográfiai elemzések szerint a közösség tagjainak 22,5%-a vesztette életét a felnőtt korba való lépés előtt. Nők esetén a mortalitási görbe kb. 30 éves korban, míg férfiak esetén kb. 40 éves korban csúcsoso…
Archaeology (18 works) · Geography (18 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (15 works) · Medicine (13 works) · Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies (12 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (12 works) · History (12 works) · Bronze Age (11 works) · Demography (10 works) · Ancient history (9 works)