Ayelet Gilboa
Biographic Data
| ID | 3584984 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ayelet Gilboa |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ayelet |
| FAMILY NAME | Gilboa |
| SIGNATURE | GILBOA A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Haifa |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5601-2962 |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 505 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
The Colors of Power
The Assyrian–Egyptian–Babylonian transition in the southern Levant as seen from Megiddo
In the southern Levant, the stormy 7th century BCE saw the transition from Neo-Assyrian to Egyptian to Babylonian imperial control. Historical sources illuminating this process are scarce, as are high- precision archaeological data. Tel Megiddo, the site of the Assyrian provincial capital Magiddû, is one of the archaeological exceptions as it preserves a late Iron Age stratigraphic sequence. Recently published data and interpretations by the Megi…
Dynamics of Ivory Consumption and Exchange in the Late Bronze and Iron Age Southern Levant
One Thousand Years of Mediterranean Silver Trade to the Levant
Silver exchanged by weight for its intrinsic value was the most important measure of value and means of payment in the southern Levant, starting from the Middle Bronze Age II–III through the Iron Age (~1700/1650‒600 BC). Since silver is not available locally in the Levant, its ongoing use as currency in the region triggered long-distance trade initiatives, and its availability or lack thereof had a direct impact on the economy. The continued use …
A thousand years of Nubian supply of sub-Saharan ivory to the Southern Levant, ca. 1600–600 BCE
Finely crafted ivory objects were highly valued prestige commodities in the Levant and more generally throughout the ancient Near East, wielded as symbols of authority, rulership, and participation in trans-regional trade networks. Our research aims to trace the networks and agents involved in the trade of ivory to the Southern Levant over a period of a thousand years (1600 BCE–600 BCE) by identifying its biological and geographical sources. This…
Dor, the Carmel Coast and the Earliest Phoenician Maritime Ventures
Hoofprints in the sand
Geoarchaeology at the marine waterfront of a coastal urban center
Between Israel and Phoenicia
The history of Tel Shiqmona, on Israel’s Carmel coast, in the Iron Age has remained almost totally obscure since its excavation some 50 years ago. Recent analysis has revealed the site’s singularity—the only one around the Mediterranean that can be demonstrated to have produced the luxurious purple dye for half a millennium. This article is the first discussion of a central episode (three strata) in the site’s history. We argue that during the La…
The long 7th century BCE at Tel Shiqmona (Israel)
The 7th century in the southern Levant is characterized by Assyrian rule and subsequent Egyptian domination. Despite the relatively violent nature of this century, and abundant historical documentation, occupations both in the southern Levant and Lebanon are dated with low resolution. This deficiency was mainly created by a lack of destruction layers within this century, resulting in a dearth of chronological anchors for ceramic developments. At …
Fast Forward
In this paper I look at Solomon and Hiram's joint maritime ventures as narrated in the Bible from a long-term archaeological perspective. I show that the second half of the tenth century BCE indeed constitutes a watershed in the recovery of Levantine sea-borne trade after the late Bronze Age collapse, which may be understood as providing support for the Biblical texts. I argue, however, that there is no compelling reason to attribute this phenome…
The Southern Levantine Roots of the Phoenician Mercantile Phenomenon
I propose here a new way to look at the process through which, following the Bronze Age collapse and culminating in the second half of the 9th century b.c.e., polities in south Lebanon became the most important Levantine commercial hubs in the Mediterranean and the main patrons of the so-called Phoenician expansion. My approach differs from others dealing with the Phoenician question in that its definitions are not projected from a yet-to-happen …
How is forgery of ancient silver identified? A reply to Elsayed-Ali (2021)
The earliest silver currency hoards in the Southern Levant
From Iberia to Laurion
Regional mineralogical and technological characterization of Cypriot Iron Age pottery
Excavations at Tel Dor, a Phoenician site on the northern coast of Israel, produced one of the most varied and best-stratified assemblages of Cypriot Iron Age ceramics ever found outside Cyprus. A long-term investigation of the nature of socio-economic liaisons between Dor and Cyprus, inter alia, by identifying through ceramic typology and petrography the specific Cypriot production centres that sent their products to Dor is currently in progress…
Nomads of the Mediterranean: Trade and Contact in the Bronze and Iron Ages
Pigments on Late Bronze Age painted Canaanite pottery at Tel Esur
Debasement of silver throughout the Late Bronze – Iron Age transition in the Southern Levant
Post-charring diagenetic alteration of archaeological lentils by bacterial degradation
Pollution and human mobility in the southern Levant during the Iron Age using chemical and isotopic analysis of human tooth enamel
The Kelenderis pottery workshop(s)
During the Persian (or Achaemenid) period, simply band-painted bowls, plates, jugs, table amphorae and hydriae are documented in the Levant — in particular in the coastal regions — as one of the most common groups of decorated ceramics. Vessels of this style — mostly drinking vessels — were recorded in significant quantities at most coastal sites in southern Turkey, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, and occasionally also in Egypt. The band-painted decoratio…
The Pottery of Tel Esur, a Rural Canaanite Late Bronze Age Site on the Via Maris
Tel Esur is identifiable with D-f-tj (Djefty), mentioned by Thutmose III in his description of his march to Megiddo through the ʿAruna Pass. Recent excavations provide the first unequivocal indication that the site was inhabited during the Late Bronze Age as a farm/hamlet, perhaps also a waystation. The main architectural feature is a large partially-excavated structure, whose contents—mainly pottery—were well preserved by a destruction level. We…
The Iron Age Maritime Interface at the South Bay of Tel Dor
The aim of the Tel Dor joint Sea and Land Project is to reassess and expand understanding of the maritime interface of Iron Age Dor. During 2016 and 2017 five features excavated under water provided new data about the development and chronology of this interface. The results support a revised dating and interpretation of previously excavated structures and the identification of several new stone‐built coastal fortification and maritime features, …
Elusive destructions
Hazor, a key Iron Age II site in the southern Levant, was excavated by Yigael Yadin in the 1950s and subsequently by Amnon Ben-Tor. The Iron Age II stratigraphic sequence established proved very influential and nearly canonical; it was interpreted as representing periodic building-and-destruction cycles. The three superimposed ‘cities’ thus reconstructed were inter-alia understood to reflect alternating Israelite/Aramean domination in this confli…
Sediments exposed to high temperatures
Phytolith-rich layers from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages at Tel Dor (Israel)
Geoarchaeology in an urban context
Report on the First Stage of the Iron Age Dating Project in Israel
The traditional chronology of ancient Israel in the 11th–9th centuries BCE was constructed mainly by correlating archaeological phenomena with biblical narratives and with Bible-derived chronology. The chronology of Cyprus and Greece, and hence of points further west, are in turn based on that of the Levant. Thus, a newly proposed chronology, about 75–100 yr lower than the conventional one, bears crucial implications not only for biblical history…
Towards computerized typology and classification of ceramics
Dating the Iron Age I/II Transition in Israel
Nearly a decade ago, a different chronology than the conventional absolute chronology for the early Iron Age in Israel was suggested. The new, lower chronology “transfers” Iron Age I and Iron Age IIA contexts in Israel, traditionally dated to the 11th and 10th centuries BCE, to the 10th and 9th centuries, respectively. Thus, it places the Iron I|IIA transition at about 920–900 BCE. This alternative chronology carries important implications for Is…
Computer-based, automatic recording and illustration of complex archaeological artifacts
Debasement of silver throughout the Late Bronze – Iron Age transition in the Southern Levant
Early Iron Age Radiometric Dates from Tel Dor
The absolute date of the Iron Age I and IIa periods in Israel, and by inference in the Southern Levant at large, are to date among the hottest debated issues in Syro-Palestinian archaeology. As there are no pegs of absolute chronology throughout this range, conventional chronology had been established on proposed correlations of the material record with events and social phenomena as portrayed in historical and literary sources, chiefly the Hebre…
An integrated approach to reconstructing primary activities from pit deposits
From Iberia to Laurion
Oxygen isotope composition of Sparidae (sea bream) tooth enamel from well-dated archaeological sites as an environmental proxy in the East Mediterranean
The earliest silver currency hoards in the Southern Levant
Post-charring diagenetic alteration of archaeological lentils by bacterial degradation
Pollution and human mobility in the southern Levant during the Iron Age using chemical and isotopic analysis of human tooth enamel
Wet sieving a complex tell
Cypriot Barrel Juglets at Khirbet Qeiyafa and other Sites in the Levant
The destruction level of the much contested Stratum IV at Khirbet Qeiyafa yielded two Cypriot vessels, both of them miniature barrel juglets. Their stratigraphic context and the shape of the one complete specimen indicate that they are among the earliest such vessels ever shipped out of Cyprus. This paper considers these vessels from two major perspectives. First, it draws on them as the starting point for highlighting a commercial phenomenon tha…
Understanding faunal contexts of a complex Tell
Notes on Iron IIA 14 C Dates from Tell el-Qudeirat (Kadesh Barnea)
Short-lived samples from an iron Age IIA context at Tell el-Qudeirat in northeastern Sinai, identified by many with biblical Kadesh Barnea, were subjected to radiocarbon dating. The results indicate dates that are very high—even higher than those currently adhered to by proponents of the 'high' iron Age chronology. These dates were obtained after independent measuring in three radiocarbon laboratories. Repeated 14C intercomparisons, in this case …
Between the Carmel and the Sea
Between Israel and Phoenicia
The history of Tel Shiqmona, on Israel’s Carmel coast, in the Iron Age has remained almost totally obscure since its excavation some 50 years ago. Recent analysis has revealed the site’s singularity—the only one around the Mediterranean that can be demonstrated to have produced the luxurious purple dye for half a millennium. This article is the first discussion of a central episode (three strata) in the site’s history. We argue that during the La…
The Iron Age Maritime Interface at the South Bay of Tel Dor
The aim of the Tel Dor joint Sea and Land Project is to reassess and expand understanding of the maritime interface of Iron Age Dor. During 2016 and 2017 five features excavated under water provided new data about the development and chronology of this interface. The results support a revised dating and interpretation of previously excavated structures and the identification of several new stone‐built coastal fortification and maritime features, …
Dor and Iron Age Chronology
Recently, Stefan Münger proposed that Egyptian so-called 'mass-produced' stamp-seal amulets may be traced to a Tanite origin and dated to the late 21st–early 22nd Egyptian Dynasties. Among these, it has been suggested that some scarabs bear the name of Siamun of the late 21st Dynasty, who ruled in the first half of the 10th century BCE. Since in Palestine these scarab seals first occur in late Iron Age I contexts, Münger suggests that they corrob…
A thousand years of Nubian supply of sub-Saharan ivory to the Southern Levant, ca. 1600–600 BCE
Finely crafted ivory objects were highly valued prestige commodities in the Levant and more generally throughout the ancient Near East, wielded as symbols of authority, rulership, and participation in trans-regional trade networks. Our research aims to trace the networks and agents involved in the trade of ivory to the Southern Levant over a period of a thousand years (1600 BCE–600 BCE) by identifying its biological and geographical sources. This…
Geoarchaeology at the marine waterfront of a coastal urban center
The Dynamics of Phoenician Bichrome Pottery
Phoenician Bichrome pottery has long been considered one of the most conspicuous and early manifestations of the elusive "incipient Phoenician culture." To date, the group has been considered mainly from chrono-typological and technological aspects. The Tel Dor excavations have produced well-stratified deposits of the early Iron Age, including numerous Phoenician Bichrome vessels, many in primary deposition. These, calibrated with long-known find…
Early Iron Age Radiometric Dates from Tel Dor
The absolute date of the Iron Age I and IIa periods in Israel, and by inference in the Southern Levant at large, are to date among the hottest debated issues in Syro-Palestinian archaeology. As there are no pegs of absolute chronology throughout this range, conventional chronology had been established on proposed correlations of the material record with events and social phenomena as portrayed in historical and literary sources, chiefly the Hebre…
An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate
The debate over the chronology of the early Iron Age in Israel by far transcends Palestinian archaeology, history, and biblical historiography. Chronologies for most of the adjacent regions, and those of entities farther afield, such as Cyprus and Greece, are largely dependent on the Levant. The debate has centered to date mainly on historical considerations, adjusting the chronologies of the material record to the different proposed scenarios. T…
Dor and Iron Age Chronology
Dor and Iron Age Chronology
Recently, Stefan Münger proposed that Egyptian so-called 'mass-produced' stamp-seal amulets may be traced to a Tanite origin and dated to the late 21st–early 22nd Egyptian Dynasties. Among these, it has been suggested that some scarabs bear the name of Siamun of the late 21st Dynasty, who ruled in the first half of the 10th century BCE. Since in Palestine these scarab seals first occur in late Iron Age I contexts, Münger suggests that they corrob…
Towards computerized typology and classification of ceramics
Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the Southern Phoenician Coast
This paper attempts to interpret group identities along the Canaanite coast in the Early Iron Age, beginning with an analysis of functional and symbolic properties of ceramics. The starting point is the material culture of Dor, the SKL town according to Egyptian testimony. It is argued that there are significant differences between specific aspects of the material culture of Philistia and that on the coast to its north, but that these do not stem…
Geoarchaeology in an urban context
Dating the Iron Age I/II Transition in Israel
Nearly a decade ago, a different chronology than the conventional absolute chronology for the early Iron Age in Israel was suggested. The new, lower chronology “transfers” Iron Age I and Iron Age IIA contexts in Israel, traditionally dated to the 11th and 10th centuries BCE, to the 10th and 9th centuries, respectively. Thus, it places the Iron I|IIA transition at about 920–900 BCE. This alternative chronology carries important implications for Is…
Sediments exposed to high temperatures
Phytolith-rich layers from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages at Tel Dor (Israel)
Report on the First Stage of the Iron Age Dating Project in Israel
The traditional chronology of ancient Israel in the 11th–9th centuries BCE was constructed mainly by correlating archaeological phenomena with biblical narratives and with Bible-derived chronology. The chronology of Cyprus and Greece, and hence of points further west, are in turn based on that of the Levant. Thus, a newly proposed chronology, about 75–100 yr lower than the conventional one, bears crucial implications not only for biblical history…
Early Iron Age Dor (Israel)
This paper presents a study of archaeozoological remains from an early Iron Age (Iron I-IIA) sequence at the "Sea People"/Phoenician site of Tel Dor, on Israel's Carmel coast (Area D2). Detailed taphonomic and archaeozoological documentation provides information on a wide range of issues: subsistence practices of the site's inhabitants, which were based both on domestic animals and on the exploitation of the immediate environment; aspects of Dor'…
An integrated approach to reconstructing primary activities from pit deposits
Between the Carmel and the Sea
Notes on Iron IIA 14 C Dates from Tell el-Qudeirat (Kadesh Barnea)
Short-lived samples from an iron Age IIA context at Tell el-Qudeirat in northeastern Sinai, identified by many with biblical Kadesh Barnea, were subjected to radiocarbon dating. The results indicate dates that are very high—even higher than those currently adhered to by proponents of the 'high' iron Age chronology. These dates were obtained after independent measuring in three radiocarbon laboratories. Repeated 14C intercomparisons, in this case …
Understanding faunal contexts of a complex Tell
Cypriot Barrel Juglets at Khirbet Qeiyafa and other Sites in the Levant
The destruction level of the much contested Stratum IV at Khirbet Qeiyafa yielded two Cypriot vessels, both of them miniature barrel juglets. Their stratigraphic context and the shape of the one complete specimen indicate that they are among the earliest such vessels ever shipped out of Cyprus. This paper considers these vessels from two major perspectives. First, it draws on them as the starting point for highlighting a commercial phenomenon tha…
Computer-based, automatic recording and illustration of complex archaeological artifacts
Food, Economy, and Culture at Tel Dor, Israel
This paper presents the results of a study of the cultural and economic changes from a longue durée perspective as reflected in the animal remains from a nearly continuous occupation spanning the early Iron Age through the Roman period at Tel Dor, a harbor town on Israel's Carmel coast. Such long-term zooarchaeological analyses are currently rare. Focusing on the choice of food, as well as on animal exploitation methods/strategies, the paper asks…
An Iron Age I Canaanite/Phoenician Courtyard House at Tel Dor
In this paper, we present an analysis of an Iron Age I dwelling at the Phoenician site of Dor, on Israel's Carmel coast. We provide a definition for the architectural mental template for this type of house—a Central Courtyard Hash-Plan House. By combining an analysis of the size and layout of the house, and the distribution of artifacts and ecofacts in it, we define rooms devoted to specialized economic activities such as food production and stor…
Capital of Solomon's Fourth District? Israelite Dor
1 Kings 4 relates that Dor, the major port-town on Israel's Carmel coast, constituted part of the Solomonic state. This formed the basis for several historical reconstructions. Here, for the first time, we examine all the relevant archaeological data available after three decades of excavations at Tel Dor. We conclude that indeed, archaeology supports a scenario whereby Dor passed from Phoenician to Israelite hands, but that this happened in the …
On the Origin of Iron Age Phoenician Ceramics at Kommos, Crete
Excavations at Kommos, Crete, have unearthed hundreds of fragments of Iron Age Levantine transport jars—an unusual phenomenon in the Iron Age Mediterranean. Though usually termed “Phoenician,” their origin has never been demonstrated by fabric analysis. This article presents such an analysis, employing petrography and chemistry. To a large extent, this is a rather unexplored domain because fabric analyses of Phoenician Iron Age ceramics overseas …
On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region
When did the trade in lucrative spices from South Asia to the West commence? Recent organic residue analyses performed on small early Iron Age (11th–late 10th century BCE) Phoenician clay flasks provide the first concrete archaeological evidence that such sustainable trade took place much earlier than hitherto suspected. The analysis shows that several of the flasks contained cinnamon, which in this period could only have originated in South/Sout…
PXRF analysis of pigments in decorations on ceramics in the East Mediterranean
Archaeology (47 works) · Geography (37 works) · Archaeology and Historical Studies (32 works) · History (32 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (29 works) · Ancient history (25 works) · Geology (25 works) · Iron Age (22 works) · Ancient Near East History (21 works) · Bronze Age (19 works)