N H Gale
Biographic Data
| ID | 3585333 |
|---|---|
| NAME | N H Gale |
| GIVEN NAMES | N H |
| FAMILY NAME | Gale |
| SIGNATURE | GALE N H |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oxford |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 311 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
A Late Bronze Age Shipwreck with a Metal Cargo from Hishuley Carmel, Israel
A 13th-century-BC shipwreck site, Hishuley Carmel, is described and discussed. It provides direct evidence for marine transport of copper and tin along the Israeli coast and may indicate inland and maritime trade-routes of metals in the Mediterranean. The shipwreck represents a supply-system providing the demand for bronze in the Levant. Trace-elements and lead-isotope analysis suggest that the copper came from Cyprus, similarly to bun and oxhide…
Early Bronze Age Metal Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Compositional and Lead Isotope Evidence From Cyprus
This paper presents the results of chemical and lead isotope analyses of 17 Early and Middle Bronze Age artefacts from Cyprus. These suggest that a number of objects are of non‐Cypriot copper and lead to the identification of several as imports, a new explanation for some artefact types as ingots and a discussion of the nature of deposits at the key Cypriot site of Vasilia. This in turn allows a reconsideration of the role of Cyprus in an Aegean/…
Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: A Contribution to the Debate
The current consensus is outlined about the application of lead isotope analyses to metal provenance studies and to the unravelling of the Mediterranean Bronze Age copper trade, with special reference to copper oxhide ingots. Various misconceptions, especially some of those contained in Knapp (1999, 2000), are corrected. It is shown that there is no need to fall back on hypotheses based upon the Mediterranean-wide mixing/recycling of copper metal…
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 5, Ores From Bulgaria
Concerning the Metal Artefacts from Thermi on Lesbos: A Response
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 4, Ores From Cyprus
The Isotopic Composition of Tin in Some Ancient Metals and the Recycling Problem in Metal Provenancing
A recent suggestion that some ancient metallurgical processes might give rise to large changes (> 0.5%) in the isotopic composition of tin gave hope that it might be possible to identify ancient bronze samples which had undergone recycling and mixing processes. This paper describes a method for the analysis of the isotopic composition of tin by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and applies it to analyse a number of ancient bronzes and tin meta…
Lead Isotope Characteristics of the Cyprus Copper Ore Deposits Applied to Provenance Studies of Copper Oxhide Ingots
Nearly 200 new lead isotope analyses of sulphidic and oxidized ores from 26 copper mines on Cyprus show that the mines from different geological regions group in five distinctive isotopic groups, each with a substructure, related to the geological history of the ore formation. Comparison of lead isotope compositions of Bronze Age artefacts with these data can in many cases reveal the actual mines from which the copper for particular artefacts was…
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 3, Ores From the Aegean, Part 1
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 1, Ores From the Western Mediterranean
Evaluating Lead Isotope Data: Comments on E. V. Sayre, K. A. Yener, E. C. Joel and I. L. Barnes, ‘Statistical Evaluation of the Presently Accumulated Lead Isotope Data From Anatolia and Surrounding Re…
The sources of Mycenaean gypsum
Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals
Results of a combined archaeological and analytical project of Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper, bronze and lead artefacts from four distinct areas of mainland Greece are presented. The aim of the study is to understand better the stages of technological development of each region, their possible ore sources and also to assess any external contribution to or internal evolution of their metallurgy. Interesting results which could challenge t…
Identification of Lead Sources by Stable Isotope Ratios in Bones and Lead From Poundbury Camp, Dorset
Skeletal material from the Romano‐British cemetery at Poundbury Camp on the outskirts of Dorchester is remarkable for the high concentration of lead detected in the bones. In an attempt to discover whether this lead was local in origin or had been introduced in imported commodities lead isotope ratios were determined for a selection of bones. The isotope ratios indicated at least two sources for the lead. Three of the individuals tested appear to…
Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade
Lead isotope and neutron activation analyses of second millennium BC copper ingots are described. Examples from Cyprus, from the Mathiati hoard, and from Skouriotissa are consistent, and show similarities with Late Cypriot bronze artefacts from Hala Sultan Teke and Ayios Dhimitrios. Analysis of the Hagia Triada ingots shows that these Cretan examples were not imports from Cyprus. The possibility that they used Cretan ores is discussed and rejecte…
Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts
Few will doubt that in the East Mediterranean world and in the Near East the development of metallurgy was an important factor (though certainly not the only one) in the evolution of socio-economic organization in the Late Chalcolithic and especially in the Early and Late Bronze Age. The availability of silver, lead and gold added markedly to the possibilities of the acquisition of prestigious objects by the few, to developments in the concept of…
Early Bronze Age Trojan Metal Sources and Anatolians in the Cyclades
New chemical analyses of EB II copper‐alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead‐isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper‐ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself. At this period t…
The Provenance of Lead Used at Ayia Irini, Keos
The Sources of Mycenaean Silver and Lead
Lead-isotope and neutron-activation analyses are reported for Greek Bronze Age lead and silver artifacts from the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, from the Athenian Acropolis and Agora, from Vapheio, Thorikos, Menidi, and Perati, and for lead-silver ores from Laurion, Attica. The analyses prove that mines at Laurion were being exploited for silver, lead being produced as a byproduct, from at least as early as Middle Helladic times, continuing into the La…
Ancient Egyptian Silver
Ancient Egyptian Silver
Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy
Interest in the prehistory of the Cyclades may fairly be said to have been awakened in the middle of the nineteenth century when travellers like Walpole or Fiedler were intrigued by what we now regard as one of the characteristic products of ECII times in the Cyclades—the marble folded-arm figurines whose harmony, balance, and economy of artistic expression appeal so much to the admirers of twentieth-century artists such as Mondrian or Modigliani…
Mediterranean Obsidian Source Characterisation by Strontium Isotope Analysis
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 1, Ores From the Western Mediterranean
Lead Isotope Characteristics of the Cyprus Copper Ore Deposits Applied to Provenance Studies of Copper Oxhide Ingots
Nearly 200 new lead isotope analyses of sulphidic and oxidized ores from 26 copper mines on Cyprus show that the mines from different geological regions group in five distinctive isotopic groups, each with a substructure, related to the geological history of the ore formation. Comparison of lead isotope compositions of Bronze Age artefacts with these data can in many cases reveal the actual mines from which the copper for particular artefacts was…
Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy
Interest in the prehistory of the Cyclades may fairly be said to have been awakened in the middle of the nineteenth century when travellers like Walpole or Fiedler were intrigued by what we now regard as one of the characteristic products of ECII times in the Cyclades—the marble folded-arm figurines whose harmony, balance, and economy of artistic expression appeal so much to the admirers of twentieth-century artists such as Mondrian or Modigliani…
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 3, Ores From the Aegean, Part 1
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 4, Ores From Cyprus
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 5, Ores From Bulgaria
The Sources of Mycenaean Silver and Lead
Lead-isotope and neutron-activation analyses are reported for Greek Bronze Age lead and silver artifacts from the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, from the Athenian Acropolis and Agora, from Vapheio, Thorikos, Menidi, and Perati, and for lead-silver ores from Laurion, Attica. The analyses prove that mines at Laurion were being exploited for silver, lead being produced as a byproduct, from at least as early as Middle Helladic times, continuing into the La…
Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: A Contribution to the Debate
The current consensus is outlined about the application of lead isotope analyses to metal provenance studies and to the unravelling of the Mediterranean Bronze Age copper trade, with special reference to copper oxhide ingots. Various misconceptions, especially some of those contained in Knapp (1999, 2000), are corrected. It is shown that there is no need to fall back on hypotheses based upon the Mediterranean-wide mixing/recycling of copper metal…
The Provenance of Lead Used at Ayia Irini, Keos
Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts
Few will doubt that in the East Mediterranean world and in the Near East the development of metallurgy was an important factor (though certainly not the only one) in the evolution of socio-economic organization in the Late Chalcolithic and especially in the Early and Late Bronze Age. The availability of silver, lead and gold added markedly to the possibilities of the acquisition of prestigious objects by the few, to developments in the concept of…
Early Bronze Age Trojan Metal Sources and Anatolians in the Cyclades
New chemical analyses of EB II copper‐alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead‐isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper‐ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself. At this period t…
Early Bronze Age Metal Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Compositional and Lead Isotope Evidence From Cyprus
This paper presents the results of chemical and lead isotope analyses of 17 Early and Middle Bronze Age artefacts from Cyprus. These suggest that a number of objects are of non‐Cypriot copper and lead to the identification of several as imports, a new explanation for some artefact types as ingots and a discussion of the nature of deposits at the key Cypriot site of Vasilia. This in turn allows a reconsideration of the role of Cyprus in an Aegean/…
A Late Bronze Age Shipwreck with a Metal Cargo from Hishuley Carmel, Israel
A 13th-century-BC shipwreck site, Hishuley Carmel, is described and discussed. It provides direct evidence for marine transport of copper and tin along the Israeli coast and may indicate inland and maritime trade-routes of metals in the Mediterranean. The shipwreck represents a supply-system providing the demand for bronze in the Levant. Trace-elements and lead-isotope analysis suggest that the copper came from Cyprus, similarly to bun and oxhide…
Mediterranean Obsidian Source Characterisation by Strontium Isotope Analysis
Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade
Lead isotope and neutron activation analyses of second millennium BC copper ingots are described. Examples from Cyprus, from the Mathiati hoard, and from Skouriotissa are consistent, and show similarities with Late Cypriot bronze artefacts from Hala Sultan Teke and Ayios Dhimitrios. Analysis of the Hagia Triada ingots shows that these Cretan examples were not imports from Cyprus. The possibility that they used Cretan ores is discussed and rejecte…
Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals
Results of a combined archaeological and analytical project of Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper, bronze and lead artefacts from four distinct areas of mainland Greece are presented. The aim of the study is to understand better the stages of technological development of each region, their possible ore sources and also to assess any external contribution to or internal evolution of their metallurgy. Interesting results which could challenge t…
The Isotopic Composition of Tin in Some Ancient Metals and the Recycling Problem in Metal Provenancing
A recent suggestion that some ancient metallurgical processes might give rise to large changes (> 0.5%) in the isotopic composition of tin gave hope that it might be possible to identify ancient bronze samples which had undergone recycling and mixing processes. This paper describes a method for the analysis of the isotopic composition of tin by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and applies it to analyse a number of ancient bronzes and tin meta…
The sources of Mycenaean gypsum
Identification of Lead Sources by Stable Isotope Ratios in Bones and Lead From Poundbury Camp, Dorset
Skeletal material from the Romano‐British cemetery at Poundbury Camp on the outskirts of Dorchester is remarkable for the high concentration of lead detected in the bones. In an attempt to discover whether this lead was local in origin or had been introduced in imported commodities lead isotope ratios were determined for a selection of bones. The isotope ratios indicated at least two sources for the lead. Three of the individuals tested appear to…
Ancient Egyptian Silver
Ancient Egyptian Silver
Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy
Interest in the prehistory of the Cyclades may fairly be said to have been awakened in the middle of the nineteenth century when travellers like Walpole or Fiedler were intrigued by what we now regard as one of the characteristic products of ECII times in the Cyclades—the marble folded-arm figurines whose harmony, balance, and economy of artistic expression appeal so much to the admirers of twentieth-century artists such as Mondrian or Modigliani…
Mediterranean Obsidian Source Characterisation by Strontium Isotope Analysis
The Sources of Mycenaean Silver and Lead
Lead-isotope and neutron-activation analyses are reported for Greek Bronze Age lead and silver artifacts from the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, from the Athenian Acropolis and Agora, from Vapheio, Thorikos, Menidi, and Perati, and for lead-silver ores from Laurion, Attica. The analyses prove that mines at Laurion were being exploited for silver, lead being produced as a byproduct, from at least as early as Middle Helladic times, continuing into the La…
Early Bronze Age Trojan Metal Sources and Anatolians in the Cyclades
New chemical analyses of EB II copper‐alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead‐isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper‐ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself. At this period t…
The Provenance of Lead Used at Ayia Irini, Keos
Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts
Few will doubt that in the East Mediterranean world and in the Near East the development of metallurgy was an important factor (though certainly not the only one) in the evolution of socio-economic organization in the Late Chalcolithic and especially in the Early and Late Bronze Age. The availability of silver, lead and gold added markedly to the possibilities of the acquisition of prestigious objects by the few, to developments in the concept of…
Identification of Lead Sources by Stable Isotope Ratios in Bones and Lead From Poundbury Camp, Dorset
Skeletal material from the Romano‐British cemetery at Poundbury Camp on the outskirts of Dorchester is remarkable for the high concentration of lead detected in the bones. In an attempt to discover whether this lead was local in origin or had been introduced in imported commodities lead isotope ratios were determined for a selection of bones. The isotope ratios indicated at least two sources for the lead. Three of the individuals tested appear to…
Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade
Lead isotope and neutron activation analyses of second millennium BC copper ingots are described. Examples from Cyprus, from the Mathiati hoard, and from Skouriotissa are consistent, and show similarities with Late Cypriot bronze artefacts from Hala Sultan Teke and Ayios Dhimitrios. Analysis of the Hagia Triada ingots shows that these Cretan examples were not imports from Cyprus. The possibility that they used Cretan ores is discussed and rejecte…
The sources of Mycenaean gypsum
Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals
Results of a combined archaeological and analytical project of Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper, bronze and lead artefacts from four distinct areas of mainland Greece are presented. The aim of the study is to understand better the stages of technological development of each region, their possible ore sources and also to assess any external contribution to or internal evolution of their metallurgy. Interesting results which could challenge t…
Evaluating Lead Isotope Data: Comments on E. V. Sayre, K. A. Yener, E. C. Joel and I. L. Barnes, ‘Statistical Evaluation of the Presently Accumulated Lead Isotope Data From Anatolia and Surrounding Re…
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 1, Ores From the Western Mediterranean
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 3, Ores From the Aegean, Part 1
Concerning the Metal Artefacts from Thermi on Lesbos: A Response
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 4, Ores From Cyprus
The Isotopic Composition of Tin in Some Ancient Metals and the Recycling Problem in Metal Provenancing
A recent suggestion that some ancient metallurgical processes might give rise to large changes (> 0.5%) in the isotopic composition of tin gave hope that it might be possible to identify ancient bronze samples which had undergone recycling and mixing processes. This paper describes a method for the analysis of the isotopic composition of tin by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and applies it to analyse a number of ancient bronzes and tin meta…
Lead Isotope Characteristics of the Cyprus Copper Ore Deposits Applied to Provenance Studies of Copper Oxhide Ingots
Nearly 200 new lead isotope analyses of sulphidic and oxidized ores from 26 copper mines on Cyprus show that the mines from different geological regions group in five distinctive isotopic groups, each with a substructure, related to the geological history of the ore formation. Comparison of lead isotope compositions of Bronze Age artefacts with these data can in many cases reveal the actual mines from which the copper for particular artefacts was…
Lead Isotope Data From the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 5, Ores From Bulgaria
Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: A Contribution to the Debate
The current consensus is outlined about the application of lead isotope analyses to metal provenance studies and to the unravelling of the Mediterranean Bronze Age copper trade, with special reference to copper oxhide ingots. Various misconceptions, especially some of those contained in Knapp (1999, 2000), are corrected. It is shown that there is no need to fall back on hypotheses based upon the Mediterranean-wide mixing/recycling of copper metal…
Early Bronze Age Metal Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Compositional and Lead Isotope Evidence From Cyprus
This paper presents the results of chemical and lead isotope analyses of 17 Early and Middle Bronze Age artefacts from Cyprus. These suggest that a number of objects are of non‐Cypriot copper and lead to the identification of several as imports, a new explanation for some artefact types as ingots and a discussion of the nature of deposits at the key Cypriot site of Vasilia. This in turn allows a reconsideration of the role of Cyprus in an Aegean/…
A Late Bronze Age Shipwreck with a Metal Cargo from Hishuley Carmel, Israel
A 13th-century-BC shipwreck site, Hishuley Carmel, is described and discussed. It provides direct evidence for marine transport of copper and tin along the Israeli coast and may indicate inland and maritime trade-routes of metals in the Mediterranean. The shipwreck represents a supply-system providing the demand for bronze in the Levant. Trace-elements and lead-isotope analysis suggest that the copper came from Cyprus, similarly to bun and oxhide…
Archaeology (20 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (18 works) · History (17 works) · Geology (12 works) · Ancient history (10 works) · Bronze (10 works) · Bronze Age (10 works) · Geography (10 works) · Archaeological Research and Protection (8 works) · History (8 works)